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Ramesh SV, Yogindran S, Gnanasekaran P, Chakraborty S, Winter S, Pappu HR. Virus and Viroid-Derived Small RNAs as Modulators of Host Gene Expression: Molecular Insights Into Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:614231. [PMID: 33584579 PMCID: PMC7874048 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.614231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-derived siRNAs (vsiRNAs) generated by the host RNA silencing mechanism are effectors of plant’s defense response and act by targeting the viral RNA and DNA in post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) pathways, respectively. Contrarily, viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) compromise the host RNA silencing pathways and also cause disease-associated symptoms. In this backdrop, reports describing the modulation of plant gene(s) expression by vsiRNAs via sequence complementarity between viral small RNAs (sRNAs) and host mRNAs have emerged. In some cases, silencing of host mRNAs by vsiRNAs has been implicated to cause characteristic symptoms of the viral diseases. Similarly, viroid infection results in generation of sRNAs, originating from viroid genomic RNAs, that potentially target host mRNAs causing typical disease-associated symptoms. Pathogen-derived sRNAs have been demonstrated to have the propensity to target wide range of genes including host defense-related genes, genes involved in flowering and reproductive pathways. Recent evidence indicates that vsiRNAs inhibit host RNA silencing to promote viral infection by acting as decoy sRNAs. Nevertheless, it remains unclear if the silencing of host transcripts by viral genome-derived sRNAs are inadvertent effects due to fortuitous pairing between vsiRNA and host mRNA or the result of genuine counter-defense strategy employed by viruses to enhance its survival inside the plant cell. In this review, we analyze the instances of such cross reaction between pathogen-derived vsiRNAs and host mRNAs and discuss the molecular insights regarding the process of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Ramesh
- ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, India
| | - Sneha Yogindran
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabu Gnanasekaran
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | | | - Stephan Winter
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hanu R Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Takino H, Kitajima S, Hirano S, Oka M, Matsuura T, Ikeda Y, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Mino M. Global transcriptome analyses reveal that infection with chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) affects gene expression profile of chrysanthemum plants, but the genes involved in plant hormone metabolism and signaling may not be silencing target of CSVd-siRNAs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2019.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid Resistance in Chrysanthemum. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120719. [PMID: 30562919 PMCID: PMC6315827 DOI: 10.3390/v10120719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) is one of the most severe threats in Chrysanthemum morifolium production. Over the last decade, several studies have reported the natural occurrence of CSVd resistance in chrysanthemum germplasms. Such CSVd-resistant germplasms are desirable for the stable production of chrysanthemum plants. Current surveys include finding new resistant chrysanthemum cultivars, breeding, and revealing resistant mechanisms. We review the progress, from discovery to current status, of CSVd-resistance studies, while introducing information on the improvement of associated inoculation and diagnostic techniques.
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Adkar‐Purushothama CR, Sano T, Perreault J. Viroid-derived small RNA induces early flowering in tomato plants by RNA silencing. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2446-2458. [PMID: 30011126 PMCID: PMC6637976 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Viroid infection often leads to early flowering in the host plant. This report describes the targeting of the FRIGIDA-like protein 3 (FRL3) mRNA in tomato plants by a small RNA derived from the conserved left terminal region of the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). This targeting leads to the silencing of the FRL3 mRNA. Viroid infection assays using a severe variant of PSTVd induced early flowering in tomato plants by the down-regulation of greater amounts of the target than did a mild PSTVd variant. The targeting of the FRL3 mRNA by RNA silencing was validated by both an artificial microRNA experiment transiently expressing viroid-derived small RNAs in tomato plants, and by 5' RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). These data unambiguously demonstrated the role of small RNAs in the early flowering seen in viroid-infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charith Raj Adkar‐Purushothama
- RNA Group/Groupe ARN, Département de BiochimieFaculté de Médecine des Sciences de la SantéPavillon de Recherche Appliquée au CancerUniversité de Sherbrooke3201 rue JeanMignaultSherbrookeQCJ1E 4K8Canada
- MYM Nutraceuticals Inc1500 ‐ 409 Granville StreetVancouverBCV6C 1T2Canada
| | - Teruo Sano
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life ScienceHirosaki UniversityHirosaki036‐8561Japan
| | - Jean‐Pierre Perreault
- RNA Group/Groupe ARN, Département de BiochimieFaculté de Médecine des Sciences de la SantéPavillon de Recherche Appliquée au CancerUniversité de Sherbrooke3201 rue JeanMignaultSherbrookeQCJ1E 4K8Canada
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Nabeshima T, Doi M, Hosokawa M. Comparative Analysis of Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid Accumulation and Movement in Two Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium) Cultivars with Differential Susceptibility to the Viroid Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1940. [PMID: 29250083 PMCID: PMC5715398 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) was inoculated into two chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) cultivars, the CSVd-susceptible cultivar Piato and the CSVd-resistant cultivar Mari Kazaguruma. For CSVd inoculation, grafting and Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation were used. In grafting experiments, CSVd was detectable in Mari Kazaguruma after grafting onto infected Piato, but after removal of infected rootstocks, CSVd could not be detected in the uppermost leaves. In agroinfection experiments, CSVd systemic infection was observed in Piato but not in Mari Kazaguruma. However, agro-inoculated leaves of Mari Kazaguruma accumulated circular CSVd RNA to levels equivalent to those in Piato at 7 days post-inoculation. In situ detection of CSVd in inoculated leaves revealed that CSVd was absent in phloem of Mari Kazaguruma, while CSVd strongly localized to this site in Piato. We hypothesize that CSVd resistance in Mari Kazaguruma relates not to CSVd replication but to CSVd movement in leaves.
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Iraklis B, Kanda H, Nabeshima T, Onda M, Ota N, Koeda S, Hosokawa M. Digestion of chrysanthemum stunt viroid by leaf extracts of Capsicum chinense indicates strong RNA-digesting activity. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1617-28. [PMID: 27053224 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE CSVd could not infect Nicotiana benthamiana when the plants were pretreated with crude leaf extract of Capsicum chinense 'Sy-2'. C. chinense leaves were revealed to contain strong RNA-digesting activity. Several studies have identified active antiviral and antiviroid agents in plants. Capsicum plants are known to contain antiviral agents, but the mechanism of their activity has not been determined. We aimed to elucidate the mechanism of Capsicum extract's antiviroid activity. Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) was inoculated into Nicotiana benthamiana plants before or after treating the plants with a leaf extract of Capsicum chinense 'Sy-2'. CSVd infection was determined using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) 3 weeks after inoculation. When Capsicum extract was sprayed or painted onto N. benthamiana before inoculation, it was effective in preventing infection by CSVd. To evaluate CSVd digestion activity in leaf extracts, CSVd was mixed with leaf extracts of Mirabilis, Phytolacca, Pelargonium and Capsicum. CSVd-digesting activities were examined by quantifying undigested CSVd using qRT-PCR, and RNA gel blotting permitted visualization of the digested CSVd. Only Capsicum leaf extract digested CSVd, and in the Capsicum treatment, small digested CSVd products were detected by RNA gel blot analysis. When the digesting experiment was performed for various cultivars and species of Capsicum, only cultivars of C. chinense showed strong CSVd-digesting activity. Our observations indicated that Capsicum extract contains strong RNA-digesting activity, leading to the conclusion that this activity is the main mechanism for protection from infection by CSVd through spraying or painting before inoculation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a strong RNA-digesting activity by a plant extract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroko Kanda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nabeshima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayu Onda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nao Ota
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sota Koeda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Munetaka Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Suzuki R, Fukuta S, Matsumoto Y, Hasegawa T, Kojima H, Hotta M, Miyake N. Development of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay as a simple detection method of Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus in chrysanthemum and tomato. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:29-34. [PMID: 27400833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For a simple and rapid detection of Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV) from chrysanthemum and tomato, a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed. A primer set designed to the genome sequences of CSNV worked most efficiently at 63°C and could detect CSNV RNA within 12min by fluorescence monitoring using an isothermal DNA amplification and fluorescence detection device. The result of a specificity test using seven other viruses and one viroid-infectable chrysanthemum or tomato showed that the assay could amplify CSNV specifically, and a sensitivity comparison showed that the RT-LAMP assay was as sensitive as the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The RT-LAMP assay using crude RNA, extracted simply, could detect CSNV. Overall, the RT-LAMP assay was found to be a simple, specific, convenient, and time-saving method for CSNV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Suzuki
- Aichi Agricultural Research Center, 1-1 Sagamine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1193, Japan.
| | - Shiro Fukuta
- Aichi Agricultural Research Center, 1-1 Sagamine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1193, Japan
| | - Yuho Matsumoto
- Aichi Agricultural Research Center, 1-1 Sagamine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1193, Japan
| | - Toru Hasegawa
- Higashi-mikawa Agricultural Institute, 11-48 Takayama, Toyohashi, Aichi 440-0833, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kojima
- Aichi Agricultural Research Center, 1-1 Sagamine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1193, Japan
| | - Makiko Hotta
- Aichi Agricultural Research Center, 1-1 Sagamine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1193, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyake
- Aichi Agricultural Research Center, 1-1 Sagamine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1193, Japan
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Nabeshima T, Doi M, Hosokawa M. Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) plants with chrysanthemum stunt viroid. J Virol Methods 2016; 234:169-73. [PMID: 27155239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Agroinfiltration was tested as a method of inoculation of chrysanthemum plants with chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd). Binary vectors harboring dimeric CSVd sequences in sense and antisense orientations were constructed, and Agrobacterium transfected with these binary vectors was infiltrated into chrysanthemum leaves. Northern blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that local infection was established within 7 days and systemic infection within 20 days. CSVd polarities showed no difference in infectivity. This study showed that agroinfiltration of chrysanthemum plants is an easy, rapid, and cost-effective method for CSVd inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Nabeshima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Motoaki Doi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Munetaka Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Liu XL, Zhao XT, Muhammad I, Ge BB, Hong B. Multiplex reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the simultaneous detection of CVB and CSVd in chrysanthemum. J Virol Methods 2014; 210:26-31. [PMID: 25241144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mRT-LAMP) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of Chrysanthemum Virus B (CVB) and Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd), which are the major viral pathogens of chrysanthemum worldwide. Two sets of mRT-LAMP primers were designed for the coat protein gene of CVB and the complete nucleotide sequence of CSVd, and a restriction enzyme cleavage site was inserted into two pairs of species-specific primers. The mRT-LAMP assay was designed by combining these two sets for a total of eight primers. The mRT-LAMP method distinguished between CVB and CSVd due to the subsequent restriction enzyme analysis. The sensitivity of the mRT-LAMP method was 10(3) times higher than classical PCR regarding the detection limits for CVB and CSVd. No positive results were observed when RNA from other chrysanthemum pathogens were used as mRT-LAMP templates. The method was verified by testing chrysanthemum samples collected from Beijing and Henan Province and showed high reliability and sensitivity. The developed mRT-LAMP assay also offers an efficient, convenient, and rapid tool for screening chrysanthemum virus and viroid, especially CVB and CSVd, and can be diagnosed in a single reaction. These results suggest that the new mRT-LAMP method may be used routinely for virus and viroid surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Liang Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Xi-Ting Zhao
- Department of Biological Science, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Imtiaz Muhammad
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bei-Bei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Zhang Z, Lee Y, Spetz C, Clarke JL, Wang Q, Blystad DR. Invasion of shoot apical meristems by Chrysanthemum stunt viroid differs among Argyranthemum cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 6:53. [PMID: 25763000 PMCID: PMC4329803 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) is a damaging pathogen attacking Argyranthemum plants. Our study attempted to reveal distribution patterns of CSVd in shoot apical meristems (SAM) and to explore reasons for differential ability of CSVd to invade SAM of selected Argyranthemum cultivars. Symptom development was also observed on greenhouse-grown Argyranthemum plants. Viroid localization using in situ hybridization revealed that the ability of CSVd to invade SAM differed among cultivars. In diseased 'Yellow Empire' and 'Butterfly', CSVd was found in all tissues including the uppermost cell layers in the apical dome (AD) and the youngest leaf primordia 1 and 2. In diseased 'Border Dark Red' and 'Border Pink', CSVd was detected in the lower part of the AD and elder leaf primordia, leaving the upper part of the AD, and leaf primordia 1 and 2 free of viroid. Histological observations and transmission electron microscopy showed similar developmental patterns of vascular tissues and plasmodesmata (PD) in the SAM of 'Yellow Empire' and 'Border Dark Red', while immunolocalization studies revealed a major difference in the number of callose (β-1, 3-glucan) particles deposited at PD in SAM. A lower number of callose particles were found deposited at PD of SAM of 'Yellow Empire' than 'Border Dark Red'. This difference is most likely responsible for the differences in ability of CSVd to invade SAM among Argyranthemum cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture of China – College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, YanglingChina
- Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, ÅsNorway
| | - YeonKyeong Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ÅsNorway
| | - Carl Spetz
- Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, ÅsNorway
| | - Jihong Liu Clarke
- Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, ÅsNorway
| | - Qiaochun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture of China – College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, YanglingChina
| | - Dag-Ragnar Blystad
- Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, ÅsNorway
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Cho WK, Jo Y, Jo KM, Kim KH. A current overview of two viroids that infect chrysanthemums: Chrysanthemum stunt viroid and Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid. Viruses 2013; 5:1099-113. [PMID: 23594461 PMCID: PMC3705267 DOI: 10.3390/v5041099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chrysanthemum (Dendranthema X grandiflorum) belongs to the family Asteraceae and it is one of the most popular flowers in the world. Viroids are the smallest known plant pathogens. They consist of a circular, single-stranded RNA, which does not encode a protein. Chrysanthemums are a common host for two different viroids, the Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) and the Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd). These viroids are quite different from each other in structure and function. Here, we reviewed research associated with CSVd and CChMVd that covered disease symptoms, identification, host range, nucleotide sequences, phylogenetic relationships, structures, replication mechanisms, symptom determinants, detection methods, viroid elimination, and development of viroid resistant chrysanthemums, among other studies. We propose that the chrysanthemum and these two viroids represent convenient genetic resources for host-viroid interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyong Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
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Scientific Opinion on the risk to plant health posed by Chrysanthemum stunt viroid for the EU territory, with identification and evaluation of risk reduction options. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Nabeshima T, Hosokawa M, Yano S, Ohishi K, Doi M. Screening of Chrysanthemum Cultivars with Resistance to Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2503/jjshs1.81.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Omori H, Hosokawa M, Shiba H, Shitsukawa N, Murai K, Yazawa S. Screening of Chrysanthemum Plants with Strong Resistance to Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2503/jjshs1.78.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Hosokawa M. Leaf Primordia-Free Shoot Apical Meristem Culture: A New Method for Production of Viroid-Free Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2503/jjshs1.77.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hosokawa M, Matsushita Y, Ohishi K, Yazawa S. Elimination of Chrysanthemum Chlorotic Mottle Viroid (CChMVd) Recently Detected in Japan by Leaf-primordia Free Shoot Apical Meristem Culture from Infected Cultivars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.2503/jjshs.74.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Munetaka Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Vegetable and Ornamental Horticulture, Department of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- Laboratory of Vegetable and Ornamental Horticulture, Department of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | | | - Susumu Yazawa
- Laboratory of Vegetable and Ornamental Horticulture, Department of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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