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Mendonça M, Barroca M, Collins T. Endo-1,4-β-xylanase-containing glycoside hydrolase families: Characteristics, singularities and similarities. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108148. [PMID: 37030552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Endo-1,4-β-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are O-glycoside hydrolases that cleave the internal β-1,4-D-xylosidic linkages of the complex plant polysaccharide xylan. They are produced by a vast array of organisms where they play critical roles in xylan saccharification and plant cell wall hydrolysis. They are also important industrial biocatalysts with widespread application. A large and ever growing number of xylanases with wildly different properties and functionalites are known and a better understanding of these would enable a more effective use in various applications. The Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes database (CAZy), which classifies evolutionarily related proteins into a glycoside hydrolase family-subfamily organisational scheme has proven powerful in understanding these enzymes. Nevertheless, ambiguity currently exists as to the number of glycoside hydrolase families and subfamilies harbouring catalytic domains with true endoxylanase activity and as to the specific characteristics of each of these families/subfamilies. This review seeks to clarify this, identifying 9 glycoside hydrolase families containing enzymes with endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity and discussing their properties, similarities, differences and biotechnological perspectives. In particular, substrate specificities and hydrolysis patterns and the structural determinants of these are detailed, with taxonomic aspects of source organisms being also presented. Shortcomings in current knowledge and research areas that require further clarification are highlighted and suggestions for future directions provided. This review seeks to motivate further research on these enzymes and especially of the lesser known endo-1,4-β-xylanase containing families. A better understanding of these enzymes will serve as a foundation for the knowledge-based development of process-fitted endo-1,4-β-xylanases and will accelerate their development for use with even the most recalcitrant of substrates in the biobased industries of the future.
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Chen Z, Mense AL, Brewer LR, Shi YC. Wheat bran layers: composition, structure, fractionation, and potential uses in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6636-6659. [PMID: 36728922 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2171962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Wheat bran, the main by-product of dry milling of wheat, is currently mainly used in the animal feed industry, but has attracted attention as a food ingredient owing to its high dietary fiber and phytochemical contents, providing excellent physiological effects. The bran layers (aleurone layer, outer pericarp and intermediate layer) contain different compositions, structures, and nutrients, and have different properties. Each layer, when separated and isolated, potentially could find more extensive applications in foods. This triggered interest in isolating the bran layers using milling and wet- or dry-fractionation techniques based on their chemical or physical properties. The recent progress has allowed the production of commercial products from wheat bran layers, particularly aleurone-rich products, enhancing the value of wheat bran layers and their applications in food. The present review highlights the recent advances in studying the chemical composition including distribution of chemical components, physical structure, biopolymer matrix, and physicochemical properties of each wheat bran layer. Technologies to fractionate wheat bran layers and utilization of different bran layers in foods are discussed and reviewed, providing new strategies for improving the value of wheat bran and utilization of wheat bran in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Andrew L Mense
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Wheat Marketing Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lauren R Brewer
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yong-Cheng Shi
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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3
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Enzymes to unravel bioproducts architecture. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 41:107546. [PMID: 32275940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are essential and ubiquitous biocatalysts involved in various metabolic pathways and used in many industrial processes. Here, we reframe enzymes not just as biocatalysts transforming bioproducts but also as sensitive probes for exploring the structure and composition of complex bioproducts, like meat tissue, dairy products and plant materials, in both food and non-food bioprocesses. This review details the global strategy and presents the most recent investigations to prepare and use enzymes as relevant probes, with a focus on glycoside-hydrolases involved in plant deconstruction and proteases and lipases involved in food digestion. First, to expand the enzyme repertoire to fit bioproduct complexity, novel enzymes are mined from biodiversity and can be artificially engineered. Enzymes are further characterized by exploring sequence/structure/dynamics/function relationships together with the environmental factors influencing enzyme interactions with their substrates. Then, the most advanced experimental and theoretical approaches developed for exploring bioproducts at various scales (from nanometer to millimeter) using active and inactive enzymes as probes are illustrated. Overall, combining multimodal and multiscale approaches brings a better understanding of native-form or transformed bioproduct architecture and composition, and paves the way to mainstream the use of enzymes as probes.
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Biochemical characterization and low-resolution SAXS shape of a novel GH11 exo-1,4-β-xylanase identified in a microbial consortium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8035-8049. [PMID: 31407040 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnologies that aim to produce renewable fuels, chemicals, and bioproducts from residual ligno(hemi)cellulosic biomass mostly rely on enzymatic depolymerization of plant cell walls (PCW). This process requires an arsenal of diverse enzymes, including xylanases, which synergistically act on the hemicellulose, reducing the long and complex xylan chains to oligomers and simple sugars. Thus, xylanases play a crucial role in PCW depolymerization. Until recently, the largest xylanase family, glycoside hydrolase family 11 (GH11) has been exclusively represented by endo-catalytic β-1,4- and β-1,3-xylanases. Analysis of a metatranscriptome library from a microbial lignocellulose community resulted in the identification of an unusual exo-acting GH11 β-1,4-xylanase (MetXyn11). Detailed characterization has been performed on recombinant MetXyn11 including determination of its low-resolution small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) molecular envelope in solution. Our results reveal that MetXyn11 is a monomeric globular enzyme that liberates xylobiose from heteroxylans as the only product. MetXyn11 has an optimal activity in a pH range from 6 to 9 and an optimal temperature of 50 °C. The enzyme maintained above 65% of its original activity in the pH range 5 to 6 after being incubated for 72 h at 50 °C. Addition of the enzyme to a commercial enzymatic cocktail (CelicCtec3) promoted a significant increase of enzymatic hydrolysis yields of hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane bagasse (16% after 24 h of hydrolysis).
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Sharma K, Antunes IL, Rajulapati V, Goyal A. Molecular characterization of a first endo-acting β-1,4-xylanase of family 10 glycoside hydrolase (PsGH10A) from Pseudopedobacter saltans comb. nov. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Paës G, Habrant A, Terryn C. Fluorescent Nano-Probes to Image Plant Cell Walls by Super-Resolution STED Microscopy. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7010011. [PMID: 29415498 PMCID: PMC5874600 DOI: 10.3390/plants7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a complex network of polymers making up the cell walls of plants. It represents a feedstock of sustainable resources to be converted into fuels, chemicals, and materials. Because of its complex architecture, lignocellulose is a recalcitrant material that requires some pretreatments and several types of catalysts to be transformed efficiently. Gaining more knowledge in the architecture of plant cell walls is therefore important to understand and optimize transformation processes. For the first time, super-resolution imaging of poplar wood samples has been performed using the Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) technique. In comparison to standard confocal images, STED reveals new details in cell wall structure, allowing the identification of secondary walls and middle lamella with fine details, while keeping open the possibility to perform topochemistry by the use of relevant fluorescent nano-probes. In particular, the deconvolution of STED images increases the signal-to-noise ratio so that images become very well defined. The obtained results show that the STED super-resolution technique can be easily implemented by using cheap commercial fluorescent rhodamine-PEG nano-probes which outline the architecture of plant cell walls due to their interaction with lignin. Moreover, the sample preparation only requires easily-prepared plant sections of a few tens of micrometers, in addition to an easily-implemented post-treatment of images. Overall, the STED super-resolution technique in combination with a variety of nano-probes can provide a new vision of plant cell wall imaging by filling in the gap between classical photon microscopy and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Paës
- FARE Laboratory, INRA, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 2 Esplanade Roland Garros, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - Anouck Habrant
- FARE Laboratory, INRA, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 2 Esplanade Roland Garros, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - Christine Terryn
- Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire (PICT), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51100 Reims, France.
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Tavares EQP, Buckeridge MS. Do plant cell walls have a code? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:286-94. [PMID: 26706079 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A code is a set of rules that establish correspondence between two worlds, signs (consisting of encrypted information) and meaning (of the decrypted message). A third element, the adaptor, connects both worlds, assigning meaning to a code. We propose that a Glycomic Code exists in plant cell walls where signs are represented by monosaccharides and phenylpropanoids and meaning is cell wall architecture with its highly complex association of polymers. Cell wall biosynthetic mechanisms, structure, architecture and properties are addressed according to Code Biology perspective, focusing on how they oppose to cell wall deconstruction. Cell wall hydrolysis is mainly focused as a mechanism of decryption of the Glycomic Code. Evidence for encoded information in cell wall polymers fine structure is highlighted and the implications of the existence of the Glycomic Code are discussed. Aspects related to fine structure are responsible for polysaccharide packing and polymer-polymer interactions, affecting the final cell wall architecture. The question whether polymers assembly within a wall display similar properties as other biological macromolecules (i.e. proteins, DNA, histones) is addressed, i.e. do they display a code?
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Q P Tavares
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Buckeridge
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Vázquez-Gutiérrez JL, Langton M. Current potential and limitations of immunolabeling in cereal grain research. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Zeder-Lutz G, Renau-Ferrer S, Aguié-Béghin V, Rakotoarivonina H, Chabbert B, Altschuh D, Rémond C. Novel surface-based methodologies for investigating GH11 xylanase–lignin derivative interactions. Analyst 2013; 138:6889-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00772c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Niemi P, Tamminen T, Smeds A, Viljanen K, Ohra-aho T, Holopainen-Mantila U, Faulds CB, Poutanen K, Buchert J. Characterization of lipids and lignans in brewer's spent grain and its enzymatically extracted fraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9910-9917. [PMID: 22963516 DOI: 10.1021/jf302684x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain (BSG), the major side stream of brewing, consists of the husks and the residual parts of malts after the mashing process. BSG was enzymatically fractionated by a two-step treatment with carbohydrate- and protein-degrading enzymes, which solubilized 66% of BSG. BSG contained 11% lipids, which were mostly triglycerides, but also a notable amount of free fatty acids was present. Lipids were mostly solubilized due to the alkaline pH applied in the protease treatment. The main fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids. Several lignans were identified in BSG, syringaresinol and secoisolariciresinol being the most abundant, many associated with the cell wall matrix and released by the alkaline-protease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piritta Niemi
- Bio and Process Technology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
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Niemi P, Faulds CB, Sibakov J, Holopainen U, Poutanen K, Buchert J. Effect of a milling pre-treatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates in brewer's spent grain. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 116:155-160. [PMID: 22609670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Millions of tonnes of brewer's spent grain (BSG) are annually produced worldwide as a by-product of the brewing industry. BSG has the potential to be a valuable source of food, chemicals and energy if cost-efficient fractionation methods can be developed. A 2-fold improvement in carbohydrate solubilisation could be achieved through the introduction of a milling step prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. Course and fine milled fractions were characterized by particle size distribution and light microscopy. Fine milling decreased particle size down to the micron level and this in turn improved the carbohydrate solubility yield by a multi-enzyme mixture from 23% up to 45%. Carbohydrate solubilisation could be further increased through the supplementation of this enzyme preparation with additional cellulases. The physical degradation caused by the milling also liberated soluble carbohydrates without the requirement of any enzymatic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piritta Niemi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
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12
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Paës G, Cortés J, Siméon T, O'Donohue MJ, Tran V. Thumb-loops up for catalysis: a structure/function investigation of a functional loop movement in a GH11 xylanase. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 1:e201207001. [PMID: 24688637 PMCID: PMC3962102 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201207001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamics is a key feature of enzyme catalysis. Unfortunately, current experimental and computational techniques do not yet provide a comprehensive understanding and description of functional macromolecular motions. In this work, we have extended a novel computational technique, which combines molecular modeling methods and robotics algorithms, to investigate functional motions of protein loops. This new approach has been applied to study the functional importance of the so-called thumb-loop in the glycoside hydrolase family 11 xylanase from Thermobacillus xylanilyticus (Tx-xyl). The results obtained provide new insight into the role of the loop in the glycosylation/deglycosylation catalytic cycle, and underline the key importance of the nature of the residue located at the tip of the thumb-loop. The effect of mutations predicted in silico has been validated by in vitro site-directed mutagenesis experiments. Overall, we propose a comprehensive model of Tx-xyl catalysis in terms of substrate and product dynamics by identifying the action of the thumb-loop motion during catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Paës
- CNRS, FRE3478 UFIP, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44322 Nantes, France ; University of Nantes, FRE3478 UFIP, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44322 Nantes, France ; INRA, UMR614 FARE, 2 esplanade Roland Garros, F-51686 Reims, France ; University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR614 FARE, 2 esplanade Roland Garros, F-51686 Reims, France
| | - Juan Cortés
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31400 Toulouse, France ; University of Toulouse, LAAS, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Siméon
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31400 Toulouse, France ; University of Toulouse, LAAS, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Michael J O'Donohue
- INRA, UMR614 FARE, 2 esplanade Roland Garros, F-51686 Reims, France ; University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR614 FARE, 2 esplanade Roland Garros, F-51686 Reims, France ; INRA, UMR792 LISBP, 137 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France ; INSA, UMR792 LISBP, 137 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Vinh Tran
- CNRS, FRE3478 UFIP, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44322 Nantes, France ; University of Nantes, FRE3478 UFIP, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44322 Nantes, France
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Song L, Siguier B, Dumon C, Bozonnet S, O'Donohue MJ. Engineering better biomass-degrading ability into a GH11 xylanase using a directed evolution strategy. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2012; 5:3. [PMID: 22244361 PMCID: PMC3299623 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving the hydrolytic performance of hemicellulases on lignocellulosic biomass is of considerable importance for second-generation biorefining. To address this problem, and also to gain greater understanding of structure-function relationships, especially related to xylanase action on complex biomass, we have implemented a combinatorial strategy to engineer the GH11 xylanase from Thermobacillus xylanilyticus (Tx-Xyn). RESULTS Following in vitro enzyme evolution and screening on wheat straw, nine best-performing clones were identified, which display mutations at positions 3, 6, 27 and 111. All of these mutants showed increased hydrolytic activity on wheat straw, and solubilized arabinoxylans that were not modified by the parental enzyme. The most active mutants, S27T and Y111T, increased the solubilization of arabinoxylans from depleted wheat straw 2.3-fold and 2.1-fold, respectively, in comparison to the wild-type enzyme. In addition, five mutants, S27T, Y111H, Y111S, Y111T and S27T-Y111H increased total hemicellulose conversion of intact wheat straw from 16.7%tot. xyl (wild-type Tx-Xyn) to 18.6% to 20.4%tot. xyl. Also, all five mutant enzymes exhibited a better ability to act in synergy with a cellulase cocktail (Accellerase 1500), thus procuring increases in overall wheat straw hydrolysis. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the results allows us to hypothesize that the increased hydrolytic ability of the mutants is linked to (i) improved ligand binding in a putative secondary binding site, (ii) the diminution of surface hydrophobicity, and/or (iii) the modification of thumb flexibility, induced by mutations at position 111. Nevertheless, the relatively modest improvements that were observed also underline the fact that enzyme engineering alone cannot overcome the limits imposed by the complex organization of the plant cell wall and the lignin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letian Song
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Béatrice Siguier
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Dumon
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Bozonnet
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Michael J O'Donohue
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
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15
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Paës G, Chabbert B. Characterization of Arabinoxylan/Cellulose Nanocrystals Gels to Investigate Fluorescent Probes Mobility in Bioinspired Models of Plant Secondary Cell Wall. Biomacromolecules 2011; 13:206-14. [DOI: 10.1021/bm201475a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Paës
- INRA, UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Reims, France
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources
et Environnement, Reims, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- INRA, UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Reims, France
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources
et Environnement, Reims, France
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16
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Dornez E, Holopainen U, Cuyvers S, Poutanen K, Delcour JA, Courtin CM, Nordlund E. Study of grain cell wall structures by microscopic analysis with four different staining techniques. J Cereal Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Paës G, Berrin JG, Beaugrand J. GH11 xylanases: Structure/function/properties relationships and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:564-92. [PMID: 22067746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
For technical, environmental and economical reasons, industrial demands for process-fitted enzymes have evolved drastically in the last decade. Therefore, continuous efforts are made in order to get insights into enzyme structure/function relationships to create improved biocatalysts. Xylanases are hemicellulolytic enzymes, which are responsible for the degradation of the heteroxylans constituting the lignocellulosic plant cell wall. Due to their variety, xylanases have been classified in glycoside hydrolase families GH5, GH8, GH10, GH11, GH30 and GH43 in the CAZy database. In this review, we focus on GH11 family, which is one of the best characterized GH families with bacterial and fungal members considered as true xylanases compared to the other families because of their high substrate specificity. Based on an exhaustive analysis of the sequences and 3D structures available so far, in relation with biochemical properties, we assess biochemical aspects of GH11 xylanases: structure, catalytic machinery, focus on their "thumb" loop of major importance in catalytic efficiency and substrate selectivity, inhibition, stability to pH and temperature. GH11 xylanases have for a long time been used as biotechnological tools in various industrial applications and represent in addition promising candidates for future other uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Paës
- INRA, UMR614 FARE, 2 esplanade Roland-Garros, F-51686 Reims, France.
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18
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Dornez E, Cuyvers S, Holopainen U, Nordlund E, Poutanen K, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Inactive fluorescently labeled xylanase as a novel probe for microscopic analysis of arabinoxylan containing cereal cell walls. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:6369-75. [PMID: 21561164 DOI: 10.1021/jf200746g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new technique to visualize cereal cell walls by fluorescence microscopy was developed. The novel staining technique is based on an inactive fluorescently labeled xylanase binding to arabinoxylan (AX), an important polysaccharide in grain cell walls in terms of the technological and physiological functionalities of grain. The xylanase probe could stain AX in the seed coat, nucellar epidermis, aleurone layer, and starchy endosperm, but not the highly substituted AX of the pericarp layer. The advantage of this new staining technique over the existing immunolabeling techniques is that the staining procedure is clearly faster and less laborious, and uses a smaller probe that can easily be produced by marking a well characterized enzyme with a fluorescent label. In the future, the here proposed technology can be used to develop probes having specificity also for cell wall components other than AX and thus to study plant cell walls further through fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmie Dornez
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20-box 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Cuyvers S, Hendrix J, Dornez E, Engelborghs Y, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Both Substrate Hydrolysis and Secondary Substrate Binding Determine Xylanase Mobility as Assessed by FRAP. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:4810-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp110963f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Cuyvers
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 - box 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Hendrix
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G - box 2403, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emmie Dornez
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 - box 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Engelborghs
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G - box 2403, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan A. Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 - box 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M. Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 - box 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Mélida H, García-Angulo P, Alonso-Simón A, Encina A, Alvarez J, Acebes JL. Novel type II cell wall architecture in dichlobenil-habituated maize calluses. PLANTA 2009; 229:617-31. [PMID: 19048286 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Growth of maize (Zea mays L.) callus-culture cells was inhibited using dichlobenil (2,6 dichlorobenzonitrile, DCB) concentrations > or =1 microM; I (50) value for the effect on inhibited fresh weight gain was 1.5 microM. By increasing the DCB concentration in the culture medium, DCB-habituated cells became 13 times more tolerant of the inhibitor (I (50): 20 microM). In comparison with non-habituated calluses, DCB-habituated calluses grew slower, were less friable and were formed by irregularly shaped cells surrounded by a thicker cell wall. By using an extensive array of techniques, changes in type II cell wall composition and structure associated with DCB habituation were studied. Walls from DCB-habituated cells showed a reduction of up to 75% in cellulose content, which was compensated for by a net increase in arabinoxylan content. Arabinoxylans also showed a reduction in their extractability and a marked increase in their relative molecular mass. DCB habituation also involved a shift from ferulate to coumarate-rich cells walls, and enrichment in cell wall esterified hydroxycinnamates and dehydroferulates. The content of polymers such as mixed-glucan, xyloglucan, mannans, pectins or proteins did not vary or was reduced. These results prove that the architecture of type II cell walls is able to compensate for deficiencies in cellulose content with a more extensive and phenolic cross-linked network of arabinoxylans, without necessitating beta-glucan or other polymer enhancement. As a consequence of this modified architecture, walls from DCB-habituated cells showed a reduction in their swelling capacity and an increase both in pore size and in resistance to polysaccharide hydrolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mélida
- Area de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de CC., Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
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Paës G, O'Donohue MJ. Engineering increased thermostability in the thermostable GH-11 xylanase from Thermobacillus xylanilyticus. J Biotechnol 2006; 125:338-50. [PMID: 16644050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis constitutes an attractive strategy for biorefining of abundant, low-cost agricultural by-products such as wheat bran and straw. However, to adopt such an approach, efficient enzymes are required, in particular xylanases. To promote heat-induced disorganization of the complex cell wall network in wheat bran and thus increase enzymatic hydrolysis, we have attempted to improve the thermoresistance of a GH-11 xylanase that is already moderately thermostable. Using a previously described engineering strategy that involves the introduction of disulphide bridges, a mutant (Tx-xyl-SS3) displaying enhanced thermostability and thermoactivity was obtained. The half life at 70 degrees C (180 min) of Tx-xyl-SS3 is 10-fold greater than that of the wild type enzyme and its specific activity is almost doubled (3500 IU mg(-1)). Despite these improvements, Tx-xyl-SS3 was unsuitable for use at significantly higher reaction temperatures (i.e. 85-95 degrees C) and thus the initial objective of this study remained unaccomplished. However, unexpectedly even at the normal hydrolytic temperature (60 degrees C), Tx-xyl-SS3 was able to solubilize 50% of the wheat bran arabinoxylans, 10 points more than the wild type enzyme in parallel reactions. The data presented here show that this improvement is not directly linked to the increase in thermostability and/or thermoactivity, but rather to other unidentified changes to physico-chemical properties that may allow Tx-xyl-SS3 to better penetrate the cell wall network in wheat bran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Paës
- INRA-UMR FARE 614, 8, rue Gabriel Voisin, BP 316, 51688 Reims Cedex 2, France
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Beaugrand J, Gebruers K, Ververken C, Fierens E, Croes E, Goddeeris B, Courtin CM, Delcour JA. Antibodies against wheat xylanase inhibitors as tools for the selective identification of their homologues in other cereals. J Cereal Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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