1
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Sumiya N. Coordination mechanism of cell and cyanelle division in the glaucophyte alga Cyanophora sudae. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:855-867. [PMID: 34553240 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In unicellular algae with a single chloroplast, two mechanisms coordinate cell and chloroplast division: the S phase-specific expression of chloroplast division genes and the permission of cell cycle progression from prophase to metaphase by the onset of chloroplast division. This study investigated whether a similar mechanism exists in a unicellular alga with multiple chloroplasts using the glaucophyte alga Cyanophora sudae, which contains four chloroplasts (cyanelles). Cells with eight cyanelles appeared after the S phase arrest with a topoisomerase inhibitor camptothecin, suggesting that the mechanism of S phase-specific expression of cyanelle division genes was conserved in this alga. Inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis by β-lactam antibiotic ampicillin arrested cells in the S-G2 phase, and inhibition of septum invagination with cephalexin resulted in cells with two nuclei and one cyanelle, despite inhibition of cyanelle division. This indicates that even in the unicellular alga with four chloroplasts, the cell cycle progresses to the M phase following the progression of chloroplast division to a certain division stage. These results suggested that C. sudae has two mechanisms for coordinating cell and cyanelle division, similar to the unicellular algae with a single chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Sumiya
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8521, Japan.
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
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2
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Barrett J, Girr P, Mackinder LCM. Pyrenoids: CO 2-fixing phase separated liquid organelles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118949. [PMID: 33421532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrenoids are non-membrane bound organelles found in chloroplasts of algae and hornwort plants that can be seen by light-microscopy. Pyrenoids are formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of Rubisco, the primary CO2 fixing enzyme, with an intrinsically disordered multivalent Rubisco-binding protein. Pyrenoids are the heart of algal and hornwort biophysical CO2 concentrating mechanisms, which accelerate photosynthesis and mediate about 30% of global carbon fixation. Even though LLPS may underlie the apparent convergent evolution of pyrenoids, our current molecular understanding of pyrenoid formation comes from a single example, the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In this review, we summarise current knowledge about pyrenoid assembly, regulation and structural organization in Chlamydomonas and highlight evidence that LLPS is the general principle underlying pyrenoid formation across algal lineages and hornworts. Detailed understanding of the principles behind pyrenoid assembly, regulation and structural organization within diverse lineages will provide a fundamental understanding of this biogeochemically important organelle and help guide ongoing efforts to engineer pyrenoids into crops to increase photosynthetic performance and yields.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Barrett
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Philipp Girr
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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3
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Russell S, Jackson C, Reyes-Prieto A. High Sequence Divergence but Limited Architectural Rearrangements in Organelle Genomes of Cyanophora (Glaucophyta) Species. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 68:e12831. [PMID: 33142007 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyanophora is the glaucophyte model taxon. Following the sequencing of the nuclear genome of C. paradoxa, studies based on single organelle and nuclear molecular markers revealed previously unrecognized species diversity within this glaucophyte genus. Here, we present the complete plastid (ptDNA) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomes of C. kugrensii, C. sudae, and C. biloba. The respective sizes and coding capacities of both ptDNAs and mtDNAs are conserved among Cyanophora species with only minor differences due to specific gene duplications. Organelle phylogenomic analyses consistently recover the species C. kugrensii and C. paradoxa as a clade and C. sudae and C. biloba as a separate group. The phylogenetic affiliations of the four Cyanophora species are consistent with architectural similarities shared at the organelle genomic level. Genetic distance estimations from both organelle sequences are also consistent with phylogenetic and architecture evidence. Comparative analyses confirm that the Cyanophora mitochondrial genes accumulate substitutions at 3-fold higher rates than plastid counterparts, suggesting that mtDNA markers are more appropriate to investigate glaucophyte diversity and evolutionary events that occur at a population level. The study of complete organelle genomes is becoming the standard for species delimitation and is particularly relevant to study cryptic diversity in microbial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Russell
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Jackson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Adrian Reyes-Prieto
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
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4
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Price DC, Goodenough UW, Roth R, Lee JH, Kariyawasam T, Mutwil M, Ferrari C, Facchinelli F, Ball SG, Cenci U, Chan CX, Wagner NE, Yoon HS, Weber APM, Bhattacharya D. Analysis of an improved Cyanophora paradoxa genome assembly. DNA Res 2020; 26:287-299. [PMID: 31098614 PMCID: PMC6704402 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucophyta are members of the Archaeplastida, the founding group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that also includes red algae (Rhodophyta), green algae, and plants (Viridiplantae). Here we present a high-quality assembly, built using long-read sequences, of the ca. 100 Mb nuclear genome of the model glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa. We also conducted a quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy (QFDEEM) analysis of C. paradoxa cells to investigate glaucophyte morphology in comparison to other organisms. Using the genome data, we generated a resolved 115-taxon eukaryotic tree of life that includes a well-supported, monophyletic Archaeplastida. Analysis of muroplast peptidoglycan (PG) ultrastructure using QFDEEM shows that PG is most dense at the cleavage-furrow. Analysis of the chlamydial contribution to glaucophytes and other Archaeplastida shows that these foreign sequences likely played a key role in anaerobic glycolysis in primordial algae to alleviate ATP starvation under night-time hypoxia. The robust genome assembly of C. paradoxa significantly advances knowledge about this model species and provides a reference for exploring the panoply of traits associated with the anciently diverged glaucophyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C Price
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Robyn Roth
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Marek Mutwil
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Camilla Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fabio Facchinelli
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Steven G Ball
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-USTL, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Ugo Cenci
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-USTL, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Cheong Xin Chan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicole E Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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5
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Takano H, Tsunefuka T, Takio S, Ishikawa H, Takechi K. Visualization of Plastid Peptidoglycan in the Charophyte Alga Klebsormidium nitens Using a Metabolic Labeling Method. CYTOLOGIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.83.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Takano
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University
- Institute of Pulsed Power Science, Kumamoto University
| | | | - Susumu Takio
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University
- Center for Water Cycle, Marine Environment and Disaster Management, Kumamoto University
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University
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6
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Sato N, Toyoshima M, Tajima N, Takechi K, Takano H. Single-Pixel Densitometry Revealed the Presence of Peptidoglycan in the Intermembrane Space of the Moss Chloroplast Envelope in Conventional Electron Micrographs. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1743-1751. [PMID: 29017001 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are believed to be descendants of ancestral cyanobacteria that have a peptidoglycan layer between the outer and the inner membranes. In particular, cyanelles having peptidoglycan in Cyanophora paradoxa are considered as evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts. The moss Physcomitrella patens has a complete set of genes involved in the synthesis of peptidoglycan, but a peptidoglycan layer has not been observed by conventional electron microscopy to date. Recently, a new metabolic labeling technique using a fluorescent probe was applied to visualize putative peptidoglycan surrounding the chloroplasts. The exact localization of the peptidoglycan, however, has not been clearly identified. Here we examined conventional electron micrographs of two types of moss materials (mutants or ampicillin-treated plants), one presumably having peptidoglycan and the other presumably lacking peptidoglycan, and analyzed in detail, by single-pixel densitometry, the electron density of the chloroplast envelope membranes and the intermembrane space. Statistical analysis showed that the relative electron density within the intermembrane space with respect to that of the envelope membranes was significantly higher in the materials presumably having peptidoglycan than in the materials presumably devoid of peptidoglycan. We consider this difference as bona fide evidence for the presence of peptidoglycan between the outer and the inner envelope membranes in the wild-type chloroplasts of the moss, although its density is lower than that in bacteria and cyanelles. We will also discuss this low-density peptidoglycan in the light of the phylogenetic origin of peptidoglycan biosynthesis enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toyoshima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Tajima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Takechi
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Takano
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- Institute of Pulsed Power Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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7
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Sato N, Takano H. Diverse origins of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of chloroplast peptidoglycan. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:635-645. [PMID: 28382528 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are believed to be descendants of ancestral cyanobacteria that had peptidoglycan layer between the outer and the inner membranes. Historically, the glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa and the rhizopod Paulinella chromatophora were believed to harbor symbiotic cyanobacteria having peptidoglycan, which were conventionally named "cyanelles". In addition, the complete set of genes involved in the synthesis of peptidoglycan has been found in the moss Physcomitrella patens and some plants and algae. The presence of peptidoglycan-like structures was demonstrated by a new metabolic labeling technique in P. patens. However, many green algae and all known red algae lack peptidoglycan-related genes. That is the reason why we questioned the origin of peptidoglycan-synthesizing enzymes in the chloroplasts of the green algae and plants. We performed phylogenetic analysis of ten enzymes involved in the synthesis of peptidoglycan exploiting the Gclust homolog clusters and additional genomic data. As expected, all the identified genes encoded in the chromatophore genome of P. chromatophora were closely related to cyanobacterial homologs. In the green algae and plants, only two genes, murA and mraY, were found to be closely related to cyanobacterial homologs. The origins of all other genes were diverse. Unfortunately, the origins of C. paradoxa genes were not clearly determined because of incompleteness of published genomic data. We discuss on the probable evolutionary scenarios to explain the mostly non-cyanobacterial origins of the biosynthetic enzymes of chloroplast peptidoglycan: A plausible one includes extensive multiple horizontal gene transfers during the early evolution of Viridiplantae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Hiroyoshi Takano
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
- Institute of Pulsed Power Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
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8
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Yao Q, Jewett AI, Chang YW, Oikonomou CM, Beeby M, Iancu CV, Briegel A, Ghosal D, Jensen GJ. Short FtsZ filaments can drive asymmetric cell envelope constriction at the onset of bacterial cytokinesis. EMBO J 2017; 36:1577-1589. [PMID: 28438890 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ, the bacterial homologue of eukaryotic tubulin, plays a central role in cell division in nearly all bacteria and many archaea. It forms filaments under the cytoplasmic membrane at the division site where, together with other proteins it recruits, it drives peptidoglycan synthesis and constricts the cell. Despite extensive study, the arrangement of FtsZ filaments and their role in division continue to be debated. Here, we apply electron cryotomography to image the native structure of intact dividing cells and show that constriction in a variety of Gram-negative bacterial cells, including Proteus mirabilis and Caulobacter crescentus, initiates asymmetrically, accompanied by asymmetric peptidoglycan incorporation and short FtsZ-like filament formation. These results show that a complete ring of FtsZ is not required for constriction and lead us to propose a model for FtsZ-driven division in which short dynamic FtsZ filaments can drive initial peptidoglycan synthesis and envelope constriction at the onset of cytokinesis, later increasing in length and number to encircle the division plane and complete constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andrew I Jewett
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Wei Chang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Catherine M Oikonomou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Morgan Beeby
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Cristina V Iancu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ariane Briegel
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Debnath Ghosal
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Grant J Jensen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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9
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Lin X, Li N, Kudo H, Zhang Z, Li J, Wang L, Zhang W, Takechi K, Takano H. Genes Sufficient for Synthesizing Peptidoglycan are Retained in Gymnosperm Genomes, and MurE from Larix gmelinii can Rescue the Albino Phenotype of Arabidopsis MurE Mutation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:587-597. [PMID: 28158764 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The endosymbiotic theory states that plastids are derived from a single cyanobacterial ancestor that possessed a cell wall. Peptidoglycan (PG), the main component of the bacteria cell wall, gradually degraded during plastid evolution. PG-synthesizing Mur genes have been found to be retained in the genomes of basal streptophyte plants, although many of them have been lost from the genomes of angiosperms. The enzyme encoded by bacterial MurE genes catalyzes the formation of the UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid (UDP-MurNAc) tripeptide in bacterial PG biosynthesis. Knockout of the MurE gene in the moss Physcomitrella patens resulted in defects of chloroplast division, whereas T-DNA-tagged mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana for MurE revealed inhibition of chloroplast development but not of plastid division, suggesting that AtMurE is functionally divergent from the bacterial and moss MurE proteins. Here, we could identify 10 homologs of bacterial Mur genes, including MurE, in the recently sequenced genomes of Picea abies and Pinus taeda, suggesting the retention of the plastid PG system in gymnosperms. To investigate the function of gymnosperm MurE, we isolated an ortholog of MurE from the larch, Larix gmelinii (LgMurE) and confirmed its presence as a single copy per genome, as well as its abundant expression in the leaves of larch seedlings. Analysis with a fusion protein combining green fluorescent protein and LgMurE suggested that it localizes in chloroplasts. Cross-species complementation assay with MurE mutants of A. thaliana and P. patens showed that the expression of LgMurE cDNA completely rescued the albefaction defects in A. thaliana but did not rescue the macrochloroplast phenotype in P. patens. The evolution of plastid PG and the mechanism behind the functional divergence of MurE genes are discussed in the context of information about plant genomes at different evolutionary stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Ningning Li
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Hiromi Kudo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Biological Science, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Katsuaki Takechi
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Takano
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
- Institute of Pulsed Power Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
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10
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Abstract
FtsZ assembles in vitro into protofilaments (pfs) that are one subunit thick and ~50 subunits long. In vivo these pfs assemble further into the Z ring, which, along with accessory division proteins, constricts to divide the cell. We have reconstituted Z rings in liposomes in vitro, using pure FtsZ that was modified with a membrane targeting sequence to directly bind the membrane. This FtsZ-mts assembled Z rings and constricted the liposomes without any accessory proteins. We proposed that the force for constriction was generated by a conformational change from straight to curved pfs. Evidence supporting this mechanism came from switching the membrane tether to the opposite side of the pf. These switched-tether pfs assembled "inside-out" Z rings, and squeezed the liposomes from the outside, as expected for the bending model. We propose three steps for the full process of cytokinesis: (a) pf bending generates a constriction force on the inner membrane, but the rigid peptidoglycan wall initially prevents any invagination; (b) downstream proteins associate to the Z ring and remodel the peptidoglycan, permitting it to follow the constricting FtsZ to a diameter of ~250 nm; the final steps of closure of the septum and membrane fusion are achieved by excess membrane synthesis and membrane fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold P Erickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Masaki Osawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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11
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Abstract
Chloroplasts evolved from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont. It is believed that the synchronization of endosymbiotic and host cell division, as is commonly seen in existing algae, was a critical step in establishing the permanent organelle. Algal cells typically contain one or only a small number of chloroplasts that divide once per host cell cycle. This division is based partly on the S-phase-specific expression of nucleus-encoded proteins that constitute the chloroplast-division machinery. In this study, using the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, we show that cell-cycle progression is arrested at the prophase when chloroplast division is blocked before the formation of the chloroplast-division machinery by the overexpression of Filamenting temperature-sensitive (Fts) Z2-1 (Fts72-1), but the cell cycle progresses when chloroplast division is blocked during division-site constriction by the overexpression of either FtsZ2-1 or a dominant-negative form of dynamin-related protein 5B (DRP5B). In the cells arrested in the prophase, the increase in the cyclin B level and the migration of cyclin-dependent kinase B (CDKB) were blocked. These results suggest that chloroplast division restricts host cell-cycle progression so that the cell cycle progresses to the metaphase only when chloroplast division has commenced. Thus, chloroplast division and host cell-cycle progression are synchronized by an interactive restriction that takes place between the nucleus and the chloroplast. In addition, we observed a similar pattern of cell-cycle arrest upon the blockage of chloroplast division in the glaucophyte alga Cyanophora paradoxa, raising the possibility that the chloroplast division checkpoint contributed to the establishment of the permanent organelle.
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12
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Leisch N, Pende N, Weber PM, Gruber-Vodicka HR, Verheul J, Vischer NOE, Abby SS, Geier B, den Blaauwen T, Bulgheresi S. Asynchronous division by non-ring FtsZ in the gammaproteobacterial symbiont of Robbea hypermnestra. Nat Microbiol 2016; 2:16182. [PMID: 27723729 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The reproduction mode of uncultivable microorganisms deserves investigation as it can largely diverge from conventional transverse binary fission. Here, we show that the rod-shaped gammaproteobacterium thriving on the surface of the Robbea hypermnestra nematode divides by FtsZ-based, non-synchronous invagination of its poles-that is, the host-attached and fimbriae-rich pole invaginates earlier than the distal one. We conclude that, in a naturally occurring animal symbiont, binary fission is host-oriented and does not require native FtsZ to polymerize into a ring at any septation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Leisch
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Archaeal Biology and Ecogenomics Division, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nika Pende
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Archaeal Biology and Ecogenomics Division, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp M Weber
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Archaeal Biology and Ecogenomics Division, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jolanda Verheul
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Norbert O E Vischer
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sophie S Abby
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Archaeal Biology and Ecogenomics Division, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Geier
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Tanneke den Blaauwen
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Silvia Bulgheresi
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Archaeal Biology and Ecogenomics Division, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Takahashi T, Nishida T, Saito C, Yasuda H, Nozaki H. Ultra-high voltage electron microscopy of primitive algae illuminates 3D ultrastructures of the first photosynthetic eukaryote. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14735. [PMID: 26439276 PMCID: PMC4593968 DOI: 10.1038/srep14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A heterotrophic organism 1–2 billion years ago enslaved a cyanobacterium to become the first photosynthetic eukaryote, and has diverged globally. The primary phototrophs, glaucophytes, are thought to retain ancestral features of the first photosynthetic eukaryote, but examining the protoplast ultrastructure has previously been problematic in the coccoid glaucophyte Glaucocystis due to its thick cell wall. Here, we examined the three-dimensional (3D) ultrastructure in two divergent species of Glaucocystis using ultra-high voltage electron microscopy. Three-dimensional modelling of Glaucocystis cells using electron tomography clearly showed that numerous, leaflet-like flattened vesicles are distributed throughout the protoplast periphery just underneath a single-layered plasma membrane. This 3D feature is essentially identical to that of another glaucophyte genus Cyanophora, as well as the secondary phototrophs in Alveolata. Thus, the common ancestor of glaucophytes and/or the first photosynthetic eukaryote may have shown similar 3D structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishida
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, 7-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Chieko Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Yasuda
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, 7-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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14
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Takahashi T, Sato M, Toyooka K, Matsuzaki R, Kawafune K, Kawamura M, Okuda K, Nozaki H. Five Cyanophora (Cyanophorales, Glaucophyta) species delineated based on morphological and molecular data. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2014; 50:1058-1069. [PMID: 26988787 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyanophora is an important glaucophyte genus of unicellular biflagellates that may have retained ancestral features of photosynthetic eukaryotes. The nuclear genome of Cyanophora was recently sequenced, but taxonomic studies of more than two strains are lacking for this genus. Furthermore, no study has used molecular methods to taxonomically delineate Cyanophora species. Here, we delimited the species of Cyanophora using light and electron microscopy, combined with molecular data from several globally distributed strains, including one newly established. Using a light microscope, we identified two distinct morphological groups: one with ovoid to ellipsoidal vegetative cells and another with dorsoventrally flattened or broad, bean-shaped vegetative cells containing duplicated plastids. Our light and scanning electron microscopy clearly distinguished three species with ovoid to ellipsoidal cells (C. paradoxa Korshikov, C. cuspidata Tos.Takah. & Nozaki sp. nov., and C. kugrensii Tos.Takah. & Nozaki sp. nov.) and two species with broad, bean-shaped cells (C. biloba Kugrens, B.L.Clay, C.J.Mey. & R.E.Lee and C. sudae Tos.Takah. & Nozaki sp. nov.) based on differences in cell shape and surface ornamentations of the vegetative cells under the field-emission scanning electron microscope. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of P700 chl a apoprotein A2 (psaB) genes and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), as well as a comparison of secondary structures of nuclear rDNA ITS-2 and genetic distances of psaB genes, supported the delineation of five morphological species of Cyanophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsuzaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kawafune
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mai Kawamura
- Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, 780-8520, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okuda
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Doctoral Course, Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, 780-8520, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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15
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Miyagishima SY, Kabeya Y, Sugita C, Sugita M, Fujiwara T. DipM is required for peptidoglycan hydrolysis during chloroplast division. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:57. [PMID: 24602296 PMCID: PMC4015805 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroplasts have evolved from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont and their continuity has been maintained over time by chloroplast division, a process which is performed by the constriction of a ring-like division complex at the division site. The division complex has retained certain components of the cyanobacterial division complex, which function inside the chloroplast. It also contains components developed by the host cell, which function outside of the chloroplast and are believed to generate constrictive force from the cytosolic side, at least in red algae and Viridiplantae. In contrast to the chloroplasts in these lineages, those in glaucophyte algae possess a peptidoglycan layer between the two envelope membranes, as do cyanobacteria. RESULTS In this study, we show that chloroplast division in the glaucophyte C. paradoxa does not involve any known chloroplast division proteins of the host eukaryotic origin, but rather, peptidoglycan spitting and probably the outer envelope division process rely on peptidoglycan hydrolyzing activity at the division site by the DipM protein, as in cyanobacterial cell division. In addition, we found that DipM is required for normal chloroplast division in the moss Physcomitrella patens. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the regulation of peptidoglycan splitting was essential for chloroplast division in the early evolution of chloroplasts and this activity is likely still involved in chloroplast division in Viridiplantae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Miyagishima
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kabeya
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Chieko Sugita
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Mamoru Sugita
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujiwara
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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16
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Miyagishima SY, Nakamura M, Uzuka A, Era A. FtsZ-less prokaryotic cell division as well as FtsZ- and dynamin-less chloroplast and non-photosynthetic plastid division. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:459. [PMID: 25309558 PMCID: PMC4164004 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast division machinery is a mixture of a stromal FtsZ-based complex descended from a cyanobacterial ancestor of chloroplasts and a cytosolic dynamin-related protein (DRP) 5B-based complex derived from the eukaryotic host. Molecular genetic studies have shown that each component of the division machinery is normally essential for normal chloroplast division. However, several exceptions have been found. In the absence of the FtsZ ring, non-photosynthetic plastids are able to proliferate, likely by elongation and budding. Depletion of DRP5B impairs, but does not stop chloroplast division. Chloroplasts in glaucophytes, which possesses a peptidoglycan (PG) layer, divide without DRP5B. Certain parasitic eukaryotes possess non-photosynthetic plastids of secondary endosymbiotic origin, but neither FtsZ nor DRP5B is encoded in their genomes. Elucidation of the FtsZ- and/or DRP5B-less chloroplast division mechanism will lead to a better understanding of the function and evolution of the chloroplast division machinery and the finding of the as-yet-unknown mechanism that is likely involved in chloroplast division. Recent studies have shown that FtsZ was lost from a variety of prokaryotes, many of which lost PG by regressive evolution. In addition, even some of the FtsZ-bearing bacteria are able to divide when FtsZ and PG are depleted experimentally. In some cases, alternative mechanisms for cell division, such as budding by an increase of the cell surface-to-volume ratio, are proposed. Although PG is believed to have been lost from chloroplasts other than in glaucophytes, there is some indirect evidence for the existence of PG in chloroplasts. Such information is also useful for understanding how non-photosynthetic plastids are able to divide in FtsZ-depleted cells and the reason for the retention of FtsZ in chloroplast division. Here we summarize information to facilitate analyses of FtsZ- and/or DRP5B-less chloroplast and non-photosynthetic plastid division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Miyagishima
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of GeneticsMishima, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)Mishima, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CRESTKawaguchi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shin-ya Miyagishima, Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan e-mail:
| | - Mami Nakamura
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of GeneticsMishima, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)Mishima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Uzuka
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of GeneticsMishima, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)Mishima, Japan
| | - Atsuko Era
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of GeneticsMishima, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CRESTKawaguchi, Japan
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17
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Chiu SW, Roberts MAJ, Leake MC, Armitage JP. Positioning of chemosensory proteins and FtsZ through the Rhodobacter sphaeroides cell cycle. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:322-37. [PMID: 23944351 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial chemotaxis depends on signalling through large protein complexes. Each cell must inherit a complex on division, suggesting some co-ordination with cell division. In Escherichia coli the membrane-spanning chemosensory complexes are polar and new static complexes form at pre-cytokinetic sites, ensuring positioning at the new pole after division and suggesting a role for the bacterial cytoskeleton. Rhodobacter sphaeroides has both membrane-associated and cytoplasmic, chromosome-associated chemosensory complexes. We followed the relative positions of the two chemosensory complexes, FtsZ and MreB in aerobic and in photoheterotrophic R. sphaeroides cells using fluorescence microscopy. FtsZ forms polar spots after cytokinesis, which redistribute to the midcell forming nodes from which FtsZ extends circumferentially to form the Z-ring. Membrane-associated chemosensory proteins form a number of dynamic unit-clusters with mature clusters containing about 1000 CheW(3) proteins. Individual clusters diffuse randomly within the membrane, accumulating at new poles after division but not colocalizing with either FtsZ or MreB. The cytoplasmic complex colocalizes with FtsZ at midcells in new-born cells. Before cytokinesis one complex moves to a daughter cell, followed by the second moving to the other cell. These data indicate that two homologous complexes use different mechanisms to ensure partitioning, and neither complex utilizes FtsZ or MreB for positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wen Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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18
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Structure, regulation, and evolution of the plastid division machinery. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 291:115-53. [PMID: 22017975 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386035-4.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plastids have evolved from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont, and their continuity is maintained by the plastid division and segregation which is regulated by the eukaryotic host cell. Plastids divide by constriction of the inner- and outer-envelope membranes. Recent studies revealed that this constriction is performed by a large protein and glucan complex at the division site that spans the two envelope membranes. The division complex has retained certain components of the cyanobacterial division complex along with components developed by the host cell. Based on the information on the division complex at the molecular level, we are beginning to understand how the division complex has evolved and how it is assembled, constricted, and regulated in the host cell. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the plastid division machinery and some of the questions that will be addressed in the near future.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick W. Spiegel
- Department of Biological Sciences, SCEN 601, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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20
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Abstract
The bacterial tubulin homologue FtsZ forms a ring-like structure called the Z ring that drives cytokinesis. We showed previously that FtsZ-YFP-mts, which has a short amphipathic helix (mts) on its C terminus that inserts into the membrane, can assemble contractile Z rings in tubular liposomes without any other protein. Here we study mts-FtsZ-YFP, where the membrane tether is switched to the opposite side of the protofilament. This assembled 'inside-out' Z rings that wrapped around the outside surface of tubular liposomes. The inside-out Z rings were highly dynamic, and generated a constriction force that squeezed the tubular liposomes from outside. This is consistent with models where the constriction force is generated by curved protofilaments bending the membrane. We used this system to test how GTP hydrolysis by FtsZ is involved in Z-ring constriction. Without GTP hydrolysis, Z rings could still assemble and generate an initial constriction. However, the constriction quickly stopped, suggesting that Z rings became rigidly stabilized in the absence of GTP hydrolysis. We propose that remodelling of the Z ring, mediated by GTP hydrolysis and exchange of subunits, is necessary for the continuous constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Osawa
- Department of Cell Biology, 3079, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710-3709, USA.
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21
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Miyagishima SY. Mechanism of plastid division: from a bacterium to an organelle. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1533-44. [PMID: 21311032 PMCID: PMC3091088 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.170688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Miyagishima
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
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22
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FtsZ in bacterial cytokinesis: cytoskeleton and force generator all in one. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011; 74:504-28. [PMID: 21119015 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00021-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ, a bacterial homolog of tubulin, is well established as forming the cytoskeletal framework for the cytokinetic ring. Recent work has shown that purified FtsZ, in the absence of any other division proteins, can assemble Z rings when incorporated inside tubular liposomes. Moreover, these artificial Z rings can generate a constriction force, demonstrating that FtsZ is its own force generator. Here we review light microscope observations of how Z rings assemble in bacteria. Assembly begins with long-pitch helices that condense into the Z ring. Once formed, the Z ring can transition to short-pitch helices that are suggestive of its structure. FtsZ assembles in vitro into short protofilaments that are ∼30 subunits long. We present models for how these protofilaments might be further assembled into the Z ring. We discuss recent experiments on assembly dynamics of FtsZ in vitro, with particular attention to how two regulatory proteins, SulA and MinC, inhibit assembly. Recent efforts to develop antibacterial drugs that target FtsZ are reviewed. Finally, we discuss evidence of how FtsZ generates a constriction force: by protofilament bending into a curved conformation.
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23
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Facchinelli F, Weber APM. The metabolite transporters of the plastid envelope: an update. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:50. [PMID: 22645538 PMCID: PMC3355759 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The engulfment of a photoautotrophic cyanobacterium by a primitive mitochondria-bearing eukaryote traces back to more than 1.2 billion years ago. This single endosymbiotic event not only provided the early petroalgae with the metabolic capacity to perform oxygenic photosynthesis, but also introduced a plethora of other metabolic routes ranging from fatty acids and amino acids biosynthesis, nitrogen and sulfur assimilation to secondary compounds synthesis. This implicated the integration and coordination of the newly acquired metabolic entity with the host metabolism. The interface between the host cytosol and the plastidic stroma became of crucial importance in sorting precursors and products between the plastid and other cellular compartments. The plastid envelope membranes fulfill different tasks: they perform important metabolic functions, as they are involved in the synthesis of carotenoids, chlorophylls, and galactolipids. In addition, since most genes of cyanobacterial origin have been transferred to the nucleus, plastidial proteins encoded by nuclear genes are post-translationally transported across the envelopes through the TIC-TOC import machinery. Most importantly, chloroplasts supply the photoautotrophic cell with photosynthates in form of reduced carbon. The innermost bilayer of the plastidic envelope represents the permeability barrier for the metabolites involved in the carbon cycle and is literally stuffed with transporter proteins facilitating their transfer. The intracellular metabolite transporters consist of polytopic proteins containing membrane spans usually in the number of four or more α-helices. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that connecting the plastid with the host metabolism was mainly a process driven by the host cell. In Arabidopsis, 58% of the metabolite transporters are of host origin, whereas only 12% are attributable to the cyanobacterial endosymbiont. This review focuses on the metabolite transporters of the inner envelope membrane of plastids, in particular the electrochemical potential-driven class of transporters. Recent advances in elucidating the plastidial complement of metabolite transporters are provided, with an update on phylogenetic relationship of selected proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Facchinelli
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Miyagishima SY, Kabeya Y. Chloroplast division: squeezing the photosynthetic captive. Curr Opin Microbiol 2010; 13:738-46. [PMID: 21041111 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts have evolved from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont and have been retained in eukaryotic cells for more than one billion years via chloroplast division and inheritance by daughter cells during cell division. Recent studies revealed that chloroplast division is performed by a large protein complex at the division site, encompassing both the inside and the outside of the two envelope membranes. The division complex has retained a few components of the cyanobacterial division complex to go along with other components supplied by the host cell. On the basis of the information about the division complex, we are beginning to understand how the division complex evolved, and how eukaryotic host cells regulate chloroplast division during proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ya Miyagishima
- Initiative Research Program, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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25
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Frassanito AM, Barsanti L, Passarelli V, Evangelista V, Gualtieri P. A rhodopsin-like protein in Cyanophora paradoxa: gene sequence and protein immunolocalization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:965-71. [PMID: 20016996 PMCID: PMC11115890 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the DNA sequence of the rhodopsin gene in the alga Cyanophora paradoxa (Glaucophyta). The primers were designed according to the conserved regions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic rhodopsin-like proteins deposited in the GenBank. The sequence consists of 1,272 bp comprised of 5 introns. The correspondent protein, named Cyanophopsin, showed high identity to rhodopsin-like proteins of Archea, Bacteria, Fungi, and Algae. At the N-terminal, the protein is characterized by a region with no transmembrane alpha-helices (80 aa), followed by a region with 7alpha-helices (219 aa) and a shorter 35-aa C-terminal region. The DNA sequence of the N-terminal region was expressed in E. coli and the recombinant purified peptide was used as antigen in hens to obtain polyclonal antibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence in C. paradoxa cells showed a marked labeling of the muroplast (aka cyanelle) membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Barsanti
- Istituto di Biofisica, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Gualtieri
- Istituto di Biofisica, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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26
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Takano H, Takechi K. Plastid peptidoglycan. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Fujiwara MT, Sekine K, Yamamoto YY, Abe T, Sato N, Itoh RD. Live Imaging of Chloroplast FtsZ1 Filaments, Rings, Spirals, and Motile Dot Structures in the AtMinE1 Mutant and Overexpressor of Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:1116-26. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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