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Pathak PK, Yadav N, Kaladhar VC, Jaiswal R, Kumari A, Igamberdiev AU, Loake GJ, Gupta KJ. The emerging roles of nitric oxide and its associated scavengers-phytoglobins-in plant symbiotic interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:563-577. [PMID: 37843034 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A key feature in the establishment of symbiosis between plants and microbes is the maintenance of the balance between the production of the small redox-related molecule, nitric oxide (NO), and its cognate scavenging pathways. During the establishment of symbiosis, a transition from a normoxic to a microoxic environment often takes place, triggering the production of NO from nitrite via a reductive production pathway. Plant hemoglobins [phytoglobins (Phytogbs)] are a central tenant of NO scavenging, with NO homeostasis maintained via the Phytogb-NO cycle. While the first plant hemoglobin (leghemoglobin), associated with the symbiotic relationship between leguminous plants and bacterial Rhizobium species, was discovered in 1939, most other plant hemoglobins, identified only in the 1990s, were considered as non-symbiotic. From recent studies, it is becoming evident that the role of Phytogbs1 in the establishment and maintenance of plant-bacterial and plant-fungal symbiosis is also essential in roots. Consequently, the division of plant hemoglobins into symbiotic and non-symbiotic groups becomes less justified. While the main function of Phytogbs1 is related to the regulation of NO levels, participation of these proteins in the establishment of symbiotic relationships between plants and microorganisms represents another important dimension among the other processes in which these key redox-regulatory proteins play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Yadav
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rekha Jaiswal
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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Napieraj N, Janicka M, Augustyniak B, Reda M. Exogenous Putrescine Modulates Nitrate Reductase-Dependent NO Production in Cucumber Seedlings Subjected to Salt Stress. Metabolites 2023; 13:1030. [PMID: 37755310 PMCID: PMC10535175 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are small aliphatic compounds that participate in the plant response to abiotic stresses. They also participate in nitric oxide (NO) production in plants; however, their role in this process remains unknown. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the role of putrescine (Put) in NO production in the roots of cucumber seedlings subjected to salt stress (120 mM NaCl) for 1 and 24 h. In salinity, exogenous Put can regulate NO levels by managing NO biosynthesis pathways in a time-dependent manner. In cucumber roots exposed to 1 h of salinity, exogenous Put reduced NO level by decreasing nitrate reductase (NR)-dependent NO production and reduced nitric oxide synthase-like (NOS-like) activity. In contrast, during a 24 h salinity exposure, Put treatment boosted NO levels, counteracting the inhibitory effect of salinity on the NR and plasma membrane nitrate reductase (PM-NR) activity in cucumber roots. The role of endogenous Put in salt-induced NO generation was confirmed using Put biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, the application of Put can modulate the NR activity at the genetic and post-translational levels. After 1 h of salt stress, exogenous Put upregulated CsNR1 and CsNR2 expression and downregulated CsNR3 expression. Put also decreased the NR activation state, indicating a reduction in the level of active dephosphorylated NR (dpNR) in the total enzyme pool. Conversely, in the roots of plants subjected to 24 h of salinity, exogenous Put enhanced the NR activation state, indicating an enhancement of the dpNR form in the total NR pool. These changes were accompanied by a modification of endogenous PA content. Application of exogenous Put led to an increase in the amount of Put in the roots and reduced endogenous spermine (Spm) content in cucumber roots under 24 h salinity. The regulatory role of exogenous Put on NO biosynthesis pathways may link with plant mechanisms of response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Napieraj
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland; (N.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Małgorzata Janicka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland; (N.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Beata Augustyniak
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Reda
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland; (N.N.); (M.J.)
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Graska J, Fidler J, Gietler M, Prabucka B, Nykiel M, Labudda M. Nitric Oxide in Plant Functioning: Metabolism, Signaling, and Responses to Infestation with Ecdysozoa Parasites. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:927. [PMID: 37508359 PMCID: PMC10376146 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that is involved in a wide range of physiological processes in plants, including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Changes in endogenous NO concentration lead to activation/deactivation of NO signaling and NO-related processes. This paper presents the current state of knowledge on NO biosynthesis and scavenging pathways in plant cells and highlights the role of NO in post-translational modifications of proteins (S-nitrosylation, nitration, and phosphorylation) in plants under optimal and stressful environmental conditions. Particular attention was paid to the interactions of NO with other signaling molecules: reactive oxygen species, abscisic acid, auxins (e.g., indole-3-acetic acid), salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. In addition, potential common patterns of NO-dependent defense responses against attack and feeding by parasitic and molting Ecdysozoa species such as nematodes, insects, and arachnids were characterized. Our review definitely highlights the need for further research on the involvement of NO in interactions between host plants and Ecdysozoa parasites, especially arachnids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Graska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.F.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (M.N.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.F.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (M.N.)
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Sun C, Zhang Y, Liu L, Liu X, Li B, Jin C, Lin X. Molecular functions of nitric oxide and its potential applications in horticultural crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:71. [PMID: 33790257 PMCID: PMC8012625 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) regulates plant growth, enhances nutrient uptake, and activates disease and stress tolerance mechanisms in most plants, making NO a potential tool for use in improving the yield and quality of horticultural crop species. Although the use of NO in horticulture is still in its infancy, research on NO in model plant species has provided an abundance of valuable information on horticultural crop species. Emerging evidence implies that the bioactivity of NO can occur through many potential mechanisms but occurs mainly through S-nitrosation, the covalent and reversible attachment of NO to cysteine thiol. In this context, NO signaling specifically affects crop development, immunity, and environmental interactions. Moreover, NO can act as a fumigant against a wide range of postharvest diseases and pests. However, for effective use of NO in horticulture, both understanding and exploring the biological significance and potential mechanisms of NO in horticultural crop species are critical. This review provides a picture of our current understanding of how NO is synthesized and transduced in plants, and particular attention is given to the significance of NO in breaking seed dormancy, balancing root growth and development, enhancing nutrient acquisition, mediating stress responses, and guaranteeing food safety for horticultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, 310015, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Cultivated Land Quality and Fertilizer Administration Station, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baohai Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongwei Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianyong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
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Jedelská T, Luhová L, Petřivalský M. Nitric oxide signalling in plant interactions with pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:848-863. [PMID: 33367760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species have emerged as crucial signalling and regulatory molecules across all organisms. In plants, fungi, and fungi-like oomycetes, NO is involved in the regulation of multiple processes during their growth, development, reproduction, responses to the external environment, and biotic interactions. It has become evident that NO is produced and used as a signalling and defence cue by both partners in multiple forms of plant interactions with their microbial counterparts, ranging from symbiotic to pathogenic modes. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of NO in plant-pathogen interactions, focused on biotrophic, necrotrophic, and hemibiotrophic fungi and oomycetes. Actual advances and gaps in the identification of NO sources and fate in plant and pathogen cells are discussed. We review the decisive role of time- and site-specific NO production in germination, oriented growth, and active penetration by filamentous pathogens of the host tissues, as well in pathogen recognition, and defence activation in plants. Distinct functions of NO in diverse interactions of host plants with fungal and oomycete pathogens of different lifestyles are highlighted, where NO in interplay with reactive oxygen species governs successful plant colonization, cell death, and establishment of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Jedelská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Sharma A, Soares C, Sousa B, Martins M, Kumar V, Shahzad B, Sidhu GPS, Bali AS, Asgher M, Bhardwaj R, Thukral AK, Fidalgo F, Zheng B. Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of oxidative stress in plants under metal stress: a review on molecular and biochemical aspects. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:318-344. [PMID: 31240720 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Given their sessile nature, plants continuously face unfavorable conditions throughout their life cycle, including water scarcity, extreme temperatures and soil pollution. Among all, metal(loid)s are one of the main classes of contaminants worldwide, posing a serious threat to plant growth and development. When in excess, metals which include both essential and non-essential elements, quickly become phytotoxic, inducing the occurrence of oxidative stress. In this way, in order to ensure food production and safety, attempts to enhance plant tolerance to metal(loid)s are urgently needed. Nitric oxide (NO) is recognized as a signaling molecule, highly involved in multiple physiological events, like the response of plants to abiotic stress. Thus, substantial efforts have been made to assess NO potential in alleviating metal-induced oxidative stress in plants. In this review, an updated overview of NO-mediated protection against metal toxicity is provided. After carefully reviewing NO biosynthetic pathways, focus was given to the interaction between NO and the redox homeostasis followed by photosynthetic performance of plants under metal excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Cristiano Soares
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sousa
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Maria Martins
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Botany, DAV University, Jalandhar, 144012, India
| | - Babar Shahzad
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Gagan P S Sidhu
- Department of Environment Education, Government College of Commerce and Business Administration, Chandigarh, 160047, India
| | - Aditi S Bali
- Department of Botany, M.C.M.D.A.V. College for Women, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohd Asgher
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, 185234, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Ashwani K Thukral
- Plant Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Fernanda Fidalgo
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
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Shivaraj SM, Vats S, Bhat JA, Dhakte P, Goyal V, Khatri P, Kumawat S, Singh A, Prasad M, Sonah H, Sharma TR, Deshmukh R. Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide crosstalk during heavy metal stress in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:437-455. [PMID: 31587278 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gases such as ethylene, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) have been recognized as vital signaling molecules in plants and animals. Of these gasotransmitters, NO and H2 S have recently gained momentum mainly because of their involvement in numerous cellular processes. It is therefore important to study their various attributes including their biosynthetic and signaling pathways. The present review provides an insight into various routes for the biosynthesis of NO and H2 S as well as their signaling role in plant cells under different conditions, more particularly under heavy metal stress. Their beneficial roles in the plant's protection against abiotic and biotic stresses as well as their adverse effects have been addressed. This review describes how H2 S and NO, being very small-sized molecules, can quickly pass through the cell membranes and trigger a multitude of responses to various factors, notably to various stress conditions such as drought, heat, osmotic, heavy metal and multiple biotic stresses. The versatile interactions between H2 S and NO involved in the different molecular pathways have been discussed. In addition to the signaling role of H2 S and NO, their direct role in posttranslational modifications is also considered. The information provided here will be helpful to better understand the multifaceted roles of H2 S and NO in plants, particularly under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheelavanta M Shivaraj
- Département de phytologie, University Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanskriti Vats
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Javaid A Bhat
- Soybean Research Institution, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Sheng, China
| | - Priyanka Dhakte
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Goyal
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Haryana, India
| | - Praveen Khatri
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Surbhi Kumawat
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Akshay Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Tilak R Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
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Berger A, Boscari A, Frendo P, Brouquisse R. Nitric oxide signaling, metabolism and toxicity in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4505-4520. [PMID: 30968126 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between legumes and rhizobia lead to the establishment of a symbiotic relationship characterized by the formation of a new organ, the nodule, which facilitates the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) by nitrogenase through the creation of a hypoxic environment. Significant amounts of nitric oxide (NO) accumulate at different stages of nodule development, suggesting that NO performs specific signaling and/or metabolic functions during symbiosis. NO, which regulates nodule gene expression, accumulates to high levels in hypoxic nodules. NO accumulation is considered to assist energy metabolism within the hypoxic environment of the nodule via a phytoglobin-NO-mediated respiration process. NO is a potent inhibitor of the activity of nitrogenase and other plant and bacterial enzymes, acting as a developmental signal in the induction of nodule senescence. Hence, key questions concern the relative importance of the signaling and metabolic functions of NO versus its toxic action and how NO levels are regulated to be compatible with nitrogen fixation functions. This review analyses these paradoxical roles of NO at various stages of symbiosis, and highlights the role of plant phytoglobins and bacterial hemoproteins in the control of NO accumulation.
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Tejada-Jimenez M, Llamas A, Galván A, Fernández E. Role of Nitrate Reductase in NO Production in Photosynthetic Eukaryotes. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8030056. [PMID: 30845759 PMCID: PMC6473468 DOI: 10.3390/plants8030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a gaseous secondary messenger that is critical for proper cell signaling and plant survival when exposed to stress. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in plants, under standard phototrophic oxygenic conditions, has long been a very controversial issue. A few algal strains contain NO synthase (NOS), which appears to be absent in all other algae and land plants. The experimental data have led to the hypothesis that molybdoenzyme nitrate reductase (NR) is the main enzyme responsible for NO production in most plants. Recently, NR was found to be a necessary partner in a dual system that also includes another molybdoenzyme, which was renamed NO-forming nitrite reductase (NOFNiR). This enzyme produces NO independently of the molybdenum center of NR and depends on the NR electron transport chain from NAD(P)H to heme. Under the circumstances in which NR is not present or active, the existence of another NO-forming system that is similar to the NOS system would account for NO production and NO effects. PII protein, which senses and integrates the signals of the C–N balance in the cell, likely has an important role in organizing cell responses. Here, we critically analyze these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Tejada-Jimenez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Angel Llamas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Aurora Galván
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Emilio Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Astier J, Gross I, Durner J. Nitric oxide production in plants: an update. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3401-3411. [PMID: 29240949 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule in plant physiology. However, its production in photosynthetic organisms remains partially unresolved. The best characterized NO production route involves the reduction of nitrite to NO via different non-enzymatic or enzymatic mechanisms. Nitrate reductases (NRs), the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and the new complex between NR and NOFNiR (nitric oxide-forming nitrite reductase) described in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the main enzymatic systems that perform this reductive NO production in plants. Apart from this reductive route, several reports acknowledge the possible existence of an oxidative NO production in an arginine-dependent pathway, similar to the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity present in animals. However, no NOS homologs have been found in the genome of embryophytes and, despite an increasing amount of evidence attesting to the existence of NOS-like activity in plants, the involved proteins remain to be identified. Here we review NO production in plants with emphasis on the presentation and discussion of recent data obtained in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inonge Gross
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Durner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology Neuherberg, Germany
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Nitric Oxide as a Signaling Molecule in Plant-Bacterial Interactions. PLANT MICROBIOME: STRESS RESPONSE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5514-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Mollavali M, Perner H, Rohn S, Riehle P, Hanschen FS, Schwarz D. Nitrogen form and mycorrhizal inoculation amount and timing affect flavonol biosynthesis in onion (Allium cepa L.). MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:59-70. [PMID: 28948352 PMCID: PMC5748431 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis is known to be the most prevalent form of fungal symbiosis with plants. Although some studies focus on the importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis for enhanced flavonoids in the host plants, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship still is lacking. Therefore, we studied the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation of onions (Allium cepa L.) regarding flavonol concentration and the genes involved in flavonol biosynthesis when different forms of nitrogen were supplied. We hypothesized that mycorrhizal inoculation can act as a biotic stress and might lead to an increase in flavonols and expression of related genes. The three main quercetin compounds [quercetin-3,4'-di-O-β-D-glucoside (QDG), quercetin-4'-O-β-D-glucoside (QMG), and isorhamnetin-4'-O-β-D-glucoside (IMG)] of onion bulbs were identified and analyzed after inoculating with increasing amounts of mycorrhizal inocula at two time points and supplying either predominantly NO3- or NH4+ nitrogen. We also quantified plant dry mass, nutrient element uptake, chalcone synthase (CHS), flavonol synthase (FLS), and phenyl alanine lyase (PAL) gene expression as key enzymes for flavonol biosynthesis. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (highest amount) and colonization at late development stages (bulb growth) increased QDG and QMG concentrations if plants were additionally supplied with predominantly NH4+. No differences were observed in the IMG content. RNA accumulation of CHS, FLS, and PAL was affected by the stage of the mycorrhizal symbiosis and the nitrogen form. Accumulation of flavonols was not correlated, however, with either the percentage of myorrhization or the abundance of transcripts of flavonoid biosynthesis genes. We found that in plants at late developmental stages, RNA accumulation as a reflection of a current physiological situation does not necessarily correspond with the content of metabolites that accumulate over a long period. Our findings suggest that nitrogen form can be an important factor determining mycorrhizal development and that both nitrogen form and mycorrhizas interact to influence flavonol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanna Mollavali
- Vegetable Physiology Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Leibniz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Henrike Perner
- Leibniz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peer Riehle
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska S Hanschen
- Leibniz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany.
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Sujkowska-Rybkowska M, Czarnocka W, Sańko-Sawczenko I, Witoń D. Effect of short-term aluminum stress and mycorrhizal inoculation on nitric oxide metabolism in Medicago truncatula roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 220:145-154. [PMID: 29179082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which limits growth and yield of crop plants. Nevertheless, plant tolerance to stress may be improved by symbiotic associations including arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule involved in physiological processes and plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, almost no information about the NO metabolism has been gathered about AM. In the present work, Medicago truncatula seedlings were inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis, and 7-week-old plants were treated with 50μM AlCl3 for 3h. Cytochemical and molecular techniques were used to measure the components of the NO metabolism, including NO content and localization, expression of genes encoding NO-synthesis (MtNR1, MtNR2 and MtNIR1) and NO-scavenging (MtGSNOR1, MtGSNOR2, MtHB1 and MtHB2) enzymes and the profile of protein tyrosine nitration (NO2-Tyr) in Medicago roots. For the first time, NO and NO2-Tyr accumulation was connected with fungal structures (arbuscules, vesicles and intercellular hyphae). Expression analysis of genes encoding NO-synthesis enzymes indicated that AM symbiosis results in lower production of NO in Al-treated roots in comparison to non-mycorrhizal roots. Elevated levels of transcription of genes encoding NO-scavenging enzymes indicated more active NO scavenging in AMF-inoculated Al-treated roots compared to non-inoculated roots. These results were confirmed by less NO accumulation and lower protein nitration in Al-stressed mycorrhizal roots in comparison to non-mycorrhizal roots. This study provides a new insight in NO metabolism in response to arbuscular mycorrhiza under normal and metal stress conditions. Our results suggest that mycorrhizal fungi decrease NO and tyrosine nitrated proteins content in Al-treated Medicago roots, probably via active NO scavenging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Sujkowska-Rybkowska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Weronika Czarnocka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Sańko-Sawczenko
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Witoń
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Hichri I, Boscari A, Meilhoc E, Catalá M, Barreno E, Bruand C, Lanfranco L, Brouquisse R. Nitric Oxide: A Multitask Player in Plant–Microorganism Symbioses. GASOTRANSMITTERS IN PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40713-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Navarro-RóDenas A, Xu H, Kemppainen M, Pardo AG, Zwiazek JJ. Laccaria bicolor aquaporin LbAQP1 is required for Hartig net development in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2475-86. [PMID: 25857333 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of ectomycorrhizal associations is crucial for growth of many forest trees. However, the signals that are exchanged between the fungus and the host plant during the colonization process are still poorly understood. In this study, we have identified the relationship between expression patterns of Laccaria bicolor aquaporin LbAQP1 and the development of ectomycorrhizal structures in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings. The peak expression of LbAQP1 was 700-fold higher in the hyphae within the root than in the free-living mycelium after 24 h of direct interaction with the roots. Moreover, in LbAQP1 knock-down strains, a non-mycorrhizal phenotype was developed without the Hartig net and the expression of the mycorrhizal effector protein MiSSP7 quickly declined after an initial peak on day 5 of interaction of the fungal hyphae with the roots. The increase in the expression of LbAQP1 required a direct contact of the fungus with the root and it modulated the expression of MiSSP7. We have also determined that LbAQP1 facilitated NO, H2 O2 and CO2 transport when heterologously expressed in yeast. The report demonstrates that the L. bicolor aquaporin LbAQP1 acts as a molecular signalling channel, which is fundamental for the development of Hartig net in root tips of P. tremuloides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Minna Kemppainen
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Alejandro G Pardo
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Janusz J Zwiazek
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
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16
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Metabolomics Suggests That Soil Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Decreased Free Amino Acid Content in Roots of Durum Wheat Grown under N-Limited, P-Rich Field Conditions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129591. [PMID: 26067663 PMCID: PMC4466249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a major impact on plant nutrition, defence against pathogens, a plant’s reaction to stressful environments, soil fertility, and a plant’s relationship with other microorganisms. Such effects imply a broad reprogramming of the plant’s metabolic activity. However, little information is available regarding the role of AMF and their relation to other soil plant growth—promoting microorganisms in the plant metabolome, especially under realistic field conditions. In the present experiment, we evaluated the effects of inoculation with AMF, either alone or in combination with plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), on the metabolome and changes in metabolic pathways in the roots of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grown under N-limited agronomic conditions in a P-rich environment. These two treatments were compared to infection by the natural AMF population (NAT). Soil inoculation with AMF almost doubled wheat root colonization by AMF and decreased the root concentrations of most compounds in all metabolic pathways, especially amino acids (AA) and saturated fatty acids, whereas inoculation with AMF+PGPR increased the concentrations of such compounds compared to inoculation with AMF alone. Enrichment metabolomics analyses showed that AA metabolic pathways were mostly changed by the treatments, with reduced amination activity in roots most likely due to a shift from the biosynthesis of common AA to γ-amino butyric acid. The root metabolome differed between AMF and NAT but not AMF+PGPR and AMF or NAT. Because the PGPR used were potent mineralisers, and AMF can retain most nitrogen (N) taken as organic compounds for their own growth, it is likely that this result was due to an increased concentration of mineral N in soil inoculated with AMF+PGPR compared to AMF alone.
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17
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Hichri I, Boscari A, Castella C, Rovere M, Puppo A, Brouquisse R. Nitric oxide: a multifaceted regulator of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2877-87. [PMID: 25732535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The specific interaction between legumes and Rhizobium-type bacteria leads to the establishment of a symbiotic relationship characterized by the formation of new differentiated organs named nodules, which provide a niche for bacterial nitrogen (N2) fixation. In the nodules, bacteria differentiate into bacteroids with the ability to fix atmospheric N2 via nitrogenase activity. As nitrogenase is strongly inhibited by oxygen, N2 fixation is made possible by the microaerophilic conditions prevailing in the nodules. Increasing evidence has shown the presence of NO during symbiosis, from early interaction steps between the plant and the bacterial partners to N2-fixing and senescence steps in mature nodules. Both the plant and the bacterial partners participate in NO synthesis. NO was found to be required for the optimal establishment of the symbiotic interaction. Transcriptomic analysis at an early stage of the symbiosis showed that NO is potentially involved in the repression of plant defence reactions, favouring the establishment of the plant-microbe interaction. In mature nodules, NO was shown to inhibit N2 fixation, but it was also demonstrated to have a regulatory role in nitrogen metabolism, to play a beneficial metabolic function for the maintenance of the energy status under hypoxic conditions, and to trigger nodule senescence. The present review provides an overview of NO sources and multifaceted effects from the early steps of the interaction to the senescence of the nodule, and presents several approaches which appear to be particularly promising in deciphering the roles of NO in N2-fixing symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imène Hichri
- INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR 1355, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR 7254, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Boscari
- INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR 1355, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR 7254, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
| | - Claude Castella
- INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR 1355, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR 7254, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
| | - Martina Rovere
- INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR 1355, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR 7254, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
| | - Alain Puppo
- INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR 1355, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR 7254, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR 1355, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR 7254, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
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18
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Fagard M, Launay A, Clément G, Courtial J, Dellagi A, Farjad M, Krapp A, Soulié MC, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Nitrogen metabolism meets phytopathology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5643-56. [PMID: 25080088 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is essential for life and is a major limiting factor of plant growth. Because soils frequently lack sufficient N, large quantities of inorganic N fertilizers are added to soils for crop production. However, nitrate, urea, and ammonium are a major source of global pollution, because much of the N that is not taken up by plants enters streams, groundwater, and lakes, where it affects algal production and causes an imbalance in aquatic food webs. Many agronomical data indicate that the higher use of N fertilizers during the green revolution had an impact on the incidence of crop diseases. In contrast, examples in which a decrease in N fertilization increases disease severity are also reported, indicating that there is a complex relationship linking N uptake and metabolism and the disease infection processes. Thus, although it is clear that N availability affects disease, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this review is to describe current knowledge of the mechanisms that link plant N status to the plant's response to pathogen infection and to the virulence and nutritional status of phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Fagard
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Alban Launay
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Gilles Clément
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Julia Courtial
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Alia Dellagi
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Mahsa Farjad
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Anne Krapp
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Marie-Christine Soulié
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
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19
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Yu M, Lamattina L, Spoel SH, Loake GJ. Nitric oxide function in plant biology: a redox cue in deconvolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1142-1156. [PMID: 24611485 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous, redox-active small molecule, is gradually becoming established as a central regulator of growth, development, immunity and environmental interactions in plants. A major route for the transfer of NO bioactivity is S-nitrosylation, the covalent attachment of an NO moiety to a protein cysteine thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol (SNO). This chemical transformation is rapidly emerging as a prototypic, redox-based post-translational modification integral to the life of plants. Here we review the myriad roles of NO and SNOs in plant biology and, where known, the molecular mechanisms underpining their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manda Yu
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), CC 12457600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B. Maia
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José J. G. Moura
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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21
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Scheler C, Durner J, Astier J. Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in plant biotic interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:534-9. [PMID: 23880111 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules in plants. Recent progress has been made in defining their role during plant biotic interactions. Over the last decade, their function in disease resistance has been highlighted and focused a lot of investigations. Moreover, NO and ROS have recently emerged as important players of defense responses after herbivore attacks. Besides their role in plant adaptive response development, NO and ROS have been demonstrated to be involved in symbiotic interactions between plants and microorganisms. Here we review recent data concerning these three sides of NO and ROS functions in plant biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Scheler
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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22
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Puppo A, Pauly N, Boscari A, Mandon K, Brouquisse R. Hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide: key regulators of the Legume-Rhizobium and mycorrhizal symbioses. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:2202-19. [PMID: 23249379 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE During the Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and nitric oxide (NO) appear to play an important signaling role in the establishment and the functioning of this interaction. Modifications of the levels of these reactive species in both partners impair either the development of the nodules (new root organs formed on the interaction) or their N(2)-fixing activity. RECENT ADVANCES NADPH oxidases (Noxs) have been recently described as major sources of H(2)O(2) production, via superoxide anion dismutation, during symbiosis. Nitrate reductases (NR) and electron transfer chains from both partners were found to significantly contribute to NO production in N(2)-fixing nodules. Both S-sulfenylated and S-nitrosylated proteins have been detected during early interaction and in functioning nodules, linking reactive oxygen species (ROS)/NO production to redox-based protein regulation. NO was also found to play a metabolic role in nodule energy metabolism. CRITICAL ISSUES H(2)O(2) may control the infection process and the subsequent bacterial differentiation into the symbiotic form. NO is required for an optimal establishment of symbiosis and appears to be a key player in nodule senescence. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A challenging question is to define more precisely when and where reactive species are generated and to develop adapted tools to detect their production in vivo. To investigate the role of Noxs and NRs in the production of H(2)O(2) and NO, respectively, the use of mutants under the control of organ-specific promoters will be of crucial interest. The balance between ROS and NO production appears to be a key point to understand the redox regulation of symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Puppo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, TGU INRA 1355-CNRS 7254, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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Bellin D, Asai S, Delledonne M, Yoshioka H. Nitric oxide as a mediator for defense responses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:271-7. [PMID: 23151172 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-12-0214-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sequential recognition of invading microbes and rapid induction of plant immune responses comprise at least two recognition systems. Early basal defenses are initiated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in the plasma membrane. Pathogens produce effectors to suppress defense but plants, in turn, can sense such effectors by dominant plant resistance (R) gene products. Plant PRR and R proteins modulate signaling networks for defense responses that rely on rapid production of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent research has shown that nitric oxide (NO) mainly mediates biological function through chemical reactions between locally controlled accumulation of RNS and proteins leading to potential alteration of protein function. Many proteins specifically regulated by NO and participating in signaling during plant defense response have been identified, highlighting the physiological relevance of these modifications in plant immunity. ROS function independently or in cooperation with NO during defense, modulating the RNS signaling functions through the entire process. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about regulatory mechanisms for NO burst and signaling, and crosstalk with ROS in response to pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bellin
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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24
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Eick M, Stöhr C. Denitrification by plant roots? New aspects of plant plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:909-918. [PMID: 22160216 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A specific form of plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase in plants is restricted to roots. Two peptides originated from plasma membrane integral proteins isolated from Hordeum vulgare have been assigned as homologues to the subunit NarH of respiratory nitrate reductase of Escherichia coli. Corresponding sequences have been detected for predicted proteins of Populus trichocarpa with high degree of identities for the subunits NarH (75%) and NarG (65%), however, with less accordance for the subunit NarI. These findings coincide with biochemical properties, particularly in regard to the electron donors menadione and succinate. Together with the root-specific and plasma membrane-bound nitrite/NO reductase, nitric oxide is produced under hypoxic conditions in the presence of nitrate. In this context, a possible function in nitrate respiration of plant roots and an involvement of plants in denitrification processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Eick
- Institut für Botanik, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Grimmer Strasse 88, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
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25
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Vandana S, Sustmann R, Rauen U, Stöhr C. FNOCT as a fluorescent probe for in vivo localization of nitric oxide distribution in tobacco roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 59:80-9. [PMID: 22277729 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The nitric oxide-specific fluorescent probe Fluorescent Nitric Oxide Cheletropic Trap (FNOCT) 8a was applied to intact tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) roots to detect sites of nitric oxide formation and NO distribution. Three week old tobacco seedlings were gently removed from the sand culture pots with intact roots and transferred to small Petri dishes, whose base was replaced by a thin coverslip. Intact roots were subjected to FNOCT 8a to localize NO-dependent fluorescence in these roots; controls with an exogenous NO donor confirmed the presence and distribution of the probe in the roots. To confirm the NO-dependent fluorescence, roots were incubated with the three different NO scavengers cPTIO {2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-L-oxyl-3-oxide}, methylene blue and sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate (DCC) followed by incubation with FNOCT 8a. Methylene blue and DCC were able to completely quench NO-dependent fluorescence, cPTIO quenched partially. The roots were incubated in the presence of NaNO₂ and NaNO₃, which are substrates for nitrite:nitric oxide reductase (NI-NOR) and plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase (PM-NR), respectively. The NO-dependent fluorescence was more or less same at the root tips upon treatment with NaNO₂, while the overall fluorescence was reduced in the presence of NaNO. Fluorescence from the living roots was visualized by inverted confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) using UV laser (excitation 360 nm and emission 408 nm). A specialized apparatus has been devised by the authors for analysis of intact roots as described in the methods section of this paper. Intact roots were chosen for microscopic observation rather than incised roots to avoid production of NO due to stress or physical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Vandana
- Institute of Botany & Landscape Ecology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Grimmer Strasse 88, D17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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26
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Calcagno C, Novero M, Genre A, Bonfante P, Lanfranco L. The exudate from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus induces nitric oxide accumulation in Medicago truncatula roots. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:259-69. [PMID: 21744141 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule involved in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. While there is evidence for NO accumulation during legume nodulation, almost no information exists for arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM). Here, we investigated the occurrence of NO in the early stages of Medicago truncatula-Gigaspora margarita interaction, focusing on the plant response to fungal diffusible molecules. NO was visualized in root organ cultures and seedlings by confocal microscopy using the specific probe 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate. Five-minute treatment with the fungal exudate was sufficient to induce significant NO accumulation. The specificity of this response to AM fungi was confirmed by the lack of response in the AM nonhost Arabidopsis thaliana and by analyzing mutants impaired in mycorrhizal capacities. NO buildup resulted to be partially dependent on DMI1, DMI2, and DMI3 functions within the so-called common symbiotic signaling pathway which is shared between AM and nodulation. Significantly, NO accumulation was not induced by the application of purified Nod factor, while lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli, known to elicit defense-related NO production in plants, induced a significantly different response pattern. A slight upregulation of a nitrate reductase (NR) gene and the reduction of NO accumulation when the enzyme is inhibited by tungstate suggest NR as a possible source of NO. Genetic and cellular evidence, therefore, suggests that NO accumulation is a novel component in the signaling pathway that leads to AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Calcagno
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Meilhoc E, Boscari A, Bruand C, Puppo A, Brouquisse R. Nitric oxide in legume-rhizobium symbiosis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:573-81. [PMID: 21893254 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule with a broad spectrum of regulatory functions in plant growth and development. NO has been found to be involved in various pathogenic or symbiotic plant-microbe interactions. During the last decade, increasing evidence of the occurrence of NO during legume-rhizobium symbioses has been reported, from early steps of plant-bacteria interaction, to the nitrogen-fixing step in mature nodules. This review focuses on recent advances on NO production and function in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. First, the potential plant and bacterial sources of NO, including NO synthase-like, nitrate reductase or electron transfer chains of both partners, are presented. Then responses of plant and bacterial cells to the presence of NO are presented in the context of the N(2)-fixing symbiosis. Finally, the roles of NO as either a regulatory signal of development, or a toxic compound with inhibitory effects on nitrogen fixation, or an intermediate involved in energy metabolism, during symbiosis establishment and nodule functioning are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Meilhoc
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR441, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Horchani F, Prévot M, Boscari A, Evangelisti E, Meilhoc E, Bruand C, Raymond P, Boncompagni E, Aschi-Smiti S, Puppo A, Brouquisse R. Both plant and bacterial nitrate reductases contribute to nitric oxide production in Medicago truncatula nitrogen-fixing nodules. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1023-36. [PMID: 21139086 PMCID: PMC3032450 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.166140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling and defense molecule of major importance in living organisms. In the model legume Medicago truncatula, NO production has been detected in the nitrogen fixation zone of the nodule, but the systems responsible for its synthesis are yet unknown and its role in symbiosis is far from being elucidated. In this work, using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we explored the enzymatic source of NO production in M. truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti nodules under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. When transferred from normoxia to hypoxia, nodule NO production was rapidly increased, indicating that NO production capacity is present in functioning nodules and may be promptly up-regulated in response to decreased oxygen availability. Contrary to roots and leaves, nodule NO production was stimulated by nitrate and nitrite and inhibited by tungstate, a nitrate reductase inhibitor. Nodules obtained with either plant nitrate reductase RNA interference double knockdown (MtNR1/2) or bacterial nitrate reductase-deficient (napA) and nitrite reductase-deficient (nirK) mutants, or both, exhibited reduced nitrate or nitrite reductase activities and NO production levels. Moreover, NO production in nodules was found to be inhibited by electron transfer chain inhibitors, and nodule energy state (ATP-ADP ratio) was significantly reduced when nodules were incubated in the presence of tungstate. Our data indicate that both plant and bacterial nitrate reductase and electron transfer chains are involved in NO synthesis. We propose the existence of a nitrate-NO respiration process in nodules that could play a role in the maintenance of the energy status required for nitrogen fixation under oxygen-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Renaud Brouquisse
- UMR INRA 1301, CNRS 6243, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale, Institut Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France (F.H., M.P., A.B., E.E., E.B., A.P., R.B.); Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, UMR INRA 441, CNRS 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France (E.M., C.B.); UR d’Ecologie Végétale, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia (F.H., S.A.-S.); UMR INRA 619, Biologie du Fruit, F–33883 Villenave d’Ornon cedex, France (P.R.)
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