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Wang F, Wang Q, Yu Q, Ye J, Gao J, Liu H, Yong JWH, Yu Y, Liu X, Kong H, He X, Ma J. Is the NH 4 +-induced growth inhibition caused by the NH 4 + form of the nitrogen source or by soil acidification? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968707. [PMID: 36160982 PMCID: PMC9505920 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil acidification often occurs when the concentration of ammonium (NH4 +) in soil rises, such as that observed in farmland. Both soil acidification and excess NH4 + have serious adverse effects on crop growth and food production. However, we still do not know which of these two inhibitors has a greater impact on the growth of crops, and the degree of their inhibitory effect on crop growth have not been accurately evaluated. 31 wheat cultivars originating in various areas of China were planted under 5 mM sole NH4 + (ammonium nitrogen, AN) or nitrate nitrogen in combined with two pH levels resembling acidified conditions (5.0 and 6.5). The results showed that the shoots and roots biomass were severely reduced by AN in both and these reduction effects were strengthened by a low medium pH. The concentration of free NH4 + and amino acids, the glutamine synthetase activity were significantly higher, but the total soluble sugar content was reduced under NH4 + conditions, and the glutamine synthetase activity was reduced by a low medium pH. Cultivar variance was responsible for the largest proportion of the total variance in plant dry weight, leaf area, nodal root number, total root length and root volume; the nitrogen (N) form explains most of the variation in N and C metabolism; the effects of pH were the greatest for plant height and root average diameter. So, soil acidification and excess NH4 + would cause different degrees of inhibition effects on different plant tissues. The findings are expected to be useful for applying effective strategies for reducing NH4 + stress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaogang Yu
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Gao
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitian Liu
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jean W. H. Yong
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yijun Yu
- Arable Soil Quality and Fertilizer Administration Station of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Arable Soil Quality and Fertilizer Administration Station of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haimin Kong
- Arable Soil Quality and Fertilizer Administration Station of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua He
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junwei Ma
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Kaur H, Peel A, Acosta K, Gebril S, Ortega JL, Sengupta‐Gopalan C. Comparison of alfalfa plants overexpressing glutamine synthetase with those overexpressing sucrose phosphate synthase demonstrates a signaling mechanism integrating carbon and nitrogen metabolism between the leaves and nodules. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00115. [PMID: 31245757 PMCID: PMC6508842 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Alfalfa, like other legumes, establishes a symbiotic relationship with the soil bacteria, Sinorhizobium meliloti, which results in the formation of the root nodules. Nodules contain the bacteria enclosed in a membrane-bound vesicle, the symbiosome where it fixes atmospheric N2 and converts it into ammonia using the bacterial enzyme, nitrogenase. The ammonia released into the cytoplasm from the symbiosome is assimilated into glutamine (Gln) using carbon skeletons produced by the metabolism of sucrose (Suc), which is imported into the nodules from the leaves. The key enzyme involved in the synthesis of Suc in the leaves is sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and glutamine synthetase (GS) is the enzyme with a role in ammonia assimilation in the root nodules. Alfalfa plants, overexpressing SPS or GS, or both showed increased growth and an increase in nodule function. The endogenous genes for the key enzymes in C/N metabolism showed increased expression in the nodules of both sets of transformants. Furthermore, the endogenous SPS and GS genes were also induced in the leaves and nodules of the transformants, irrespective of the transgene, suggesting that the two classes of plants share a common signaling pathway regulating C/N metabolism in the nodules. This study reaffirms the utility of the nodulated legume plant to study C/N interaction and the cross talk between the source and sink for C and N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanpreet Kaur
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico
| | - Amanda Peel
- Department of Learning, Teaching and CurriculumUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri
| | - Karen Acosta
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Sayed Gebril
- Department of HorticultureSohag UniversitySohagEgypt
| | - Jose Luis Ortega
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico
| | - Champa Sengupta‐Gopalan
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico
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3
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Sweetlove LJ, Nielsen J, Fernie AR. Engineering central metabolism - a grand challenge for plant biologists. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:749-763. [PMID: 28004455 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of increasing crop productivity and nutrient-use efficiency is being addressed by a number of ambitious research projects seeking to re-engineer photosynthetic biochemistry. Many of these projects will require the engineering of substantial changes in fluxes of central metabolism. However, as has been amply demonstrated in simpler systems such as microbes, central metabolism is extremely difficult to rationally engineer. This is because of multiple layers of regulation that operate to maintain metabolic steady state and because of the highly connected nature of central metabolism. In this review we discuss new approaches for metabolic engineering that have the potential to address these problems and dramatically improve the success with which we can rationally engineer central metabolism in plants. In particular, we advocate the adoption of an iterative 'design-build-test-learn' cycle using fast-to-transform model plants as test beds. This approach can be realised by coupling new molecular tools to incorporate multiple transgenes in nuclear and plastid genomes with computational modelling to design the engineering strategy and to understand the metabolic phenotype of the engineered organism. We also envisage that mutagenesis could be used to fine-tune the balance between the endogenous metabolic network and the introduced enzymes. Finally, we emphasise the importance of considering the plant as a whole system and not isolated organs: the greatest increase in crop productivity will be achieved if both source and sink metabolism are engineered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41128, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800, Lyngby, Denmark
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, SE17121, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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4
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Wang F, Gao J, Tian Z, Liu Y, Abid M, Jiang D, Cao W, Dai T. Adaptation to rhizosphere acidification is a necessary prerequisite for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedling resistance to ammonium stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 108:447-455. [PMID: 27569412 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Because soil acidification accompanies ammonium (NH4+) stress, the tolerance of higher plants to ammonium is associated with their adaptation to root medium acidification. However, the underlying mechanisms of this adaptation have not been fully elucidated. The objective of this study was thus to elucidate the effect of rhizosphere pH on NH4+ tolerance in different winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Hydroponic experiments were carried out on two wheat cultivars: AK58 (an NH4+-sensitive cultivar) and XM25 (an NH4+-tolerant cultivar). Four pH levels resembling acidified (4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) were tested and 5 mM NH4+ nitrogen (AN) was used as a stress treatment, with 5 mM nitrate nitrogen used as a control. The addition of AN led to a severe reduction in biomass and an increase in free NH4+, amino acids, and the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in the shoots and roots of the two wheat cultivars. Further decreases in growth medium pH led to further increases in free NH4+, but decreases in total amino acids and the activities of GS and NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GDH). However, there was less of an increase in free NH4+ and less of a reduction in the activities of GS and NADH-GDH in the cultivar XM25 compared with AK58. In addition, total soluble sugar content and the root-to-shoot soluble sugar ratio were also decreased by AN treatment, except in the shoots of XM25. Decreasing pH resulted in lower root-to-shoot soluble sugar ratios with greater reductions in the AK58 cultivar. These results indicate that wheat growth was inhibited significantly by the addition of NH4+ combined with low pH. Low medium pH reduced the capacity for nitrogen assimilation and interrupted carbohydrate transport between the shoot and root. The NH4+-tolerant cultivar XM25 was better adapted to low rhizosphere pH due to its increased capacity for assimilating NH4+ efficiently and thereby avoiding toxic levels of intracellular NH4+ at low medium pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Jingwen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Zhongwei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Weixing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Tingbo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China.
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Seabra AR, Carvalho HG. Glutamine synthetase in Medicago truncatula, unveiling new secrets of a very old enzyme. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:578. [PMID: 26284094 PMCID: PMC4515544 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the first step at which nitrogen is brought into cellular metabolism and is also involved in the reassimilation of ammonium released by a number of metabolic pathways. Due to its unique position in plant nitrogen metabolism, GS plays essential roles in all aspects of plant development, from germination to senescence, and is a key component of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and plant yield. Understanding the mechanisms regulating GS activity is therefore of utmost importance and a great effort has been dedicated to understand how GS is regulated in different plant species. The present review summarizes exciting recent developments concerning the structure and regulation of GS isoenzymes, using the model legume Medicago truncatula. These include the understanding of the structural determinants of both the cytosolic and plastid located isoenzymes, the existence of a seed-specific GS gene unique to M. truncatula and closely related species and the discovery that GS isoenzymes are regulated by nitric oxide at the post-translational level. The data is discussed and integrated with the potential roles of the distinct GS isoenzymes within the whole plant context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena G. Carvalho
- *Correspondence: Helena G. Carvalho, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Nitrogen Assimilation, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal,
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6
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Thomsen HC, Eriksson D, Møller IS, Schjoerring JK. Cytosolic glutamine synthetase: a target for improvement of crop nitrogen use efficiency? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:656-63. [PMID: 25017701 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the cytosolic enzyme glutamine synthetase 1 (GS1) has been investigated in numerous cases with the goal of improving crop nitrogen use efficiency. However, the outcome has generally been inconsistent. Here, we review possible reasons underlying the lack of success and conclude that GS1 activity may be downregulated via a chain of processes elicited by metabolic imbalances and environmental constraints. We suggest that a pivotal role of GS1 may be related to the maintenance of essential nitrogen (N) flows and internal N sensing during critical stages of plant development. A number of more refined overexpression strategies exploiting gene stacking combined with tissue and cell specific targeting to overcome metabolic bottlenecks are considered along with their potential in relation to new N management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne C Thomsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Section, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dennis Eriksson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Section, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inge S Møller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Section, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan K Schjoerring
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Section, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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7
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Setién I, Vega-Mas I, Celestino N, Calleja-Cervantes ME, González-Murua C, Estavillo JM, González-Moro MB. Root phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and NAD-malic enzymes activity increase the ammonium-assimilating capacity in tomato. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:49-63. [PMID: 24484958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant ammonium tolerance has been associated with the capacity to accumulate large amounts of ammonium in the root vacuoles, to maintain carbohydrate synthesis and especially with the capacity of maintaining high levels of inorganic nitrogen assimilation in the roots. The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) is considered a cornerstone in nitrogen metabolism, since it provides carbon skeletons for nitrogen assimilation. The hypothesis of this work was that the induction of anaplerotic routes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and malic enzyme (NAD-ME) would enhance tolerance to ammonium nutrition. An experiment was established with tomato plants (Agora Hybrid F1) grown under different ammonium concentrations. Growth parameters, metabolite contents and enzymatic activities related to nitrogen and carbon metabolism were determined. Unlike other tomato cultivars, tomato Agora Hybrid F1 proved to be tolerant to ammonium nutrition. Ammonium was assimilated as a biochemical detoxification mechanism, thus leading to the accumulation of Gln and Asn as free amino acids in both leaves and roots as an innocuous and transitory store of nitrogen, in addition to protein synthesis. When the concentration of ammonium in the nutrient solution was high, the cyclic operation of the TCA cycle seemed to be interrupted and would operate in two interconnected branches to provide α-ketoglutarate for ammonium assimilation: one branch supported by malate accumulation and by the induction of anaplerotic PEPC and NAD-ME in roots and MDH in leaves, and the other branch supported by stored citrate in the precedent dark period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Setién
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Izargi Vega-Mas
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Natalia Celestino
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - María Eréndira Calleja-Cervantes
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, IdAB-CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - José María Estavillo
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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8
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Setién I, Fuertes-Mendizabal T, González A, Aparicio-Tejo PM, González-Murua C, González-Moro MB, Estavillo JM. High irradiance improves ammonium tolerance in wheat plants by increasing N assimilation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:758-71. [PMID: 23485260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium is a paradoxical nutrient ion. Despite being a common intermediate in plant metabolism whose oxidation state eliminates the need for its reduction in the plant cell, as occurs with nitrate, it can also result in toxicity symptoms. Several authors have reported that carbon enrichment in the root zone enhances the synthesis of carbon skeletons and, accordingly, increases the capacity for ammonium assimilation. In this work, we examined the hypothesis that increasing the photosynthetic photon flux density is a way to increase plant ammonium tolerance. Wheat plants were grown in a hydroponic system with two different N sources (10mM nitrate or 10mM ammonium) and with two different light intensity conditions (300 μmol photon m(-2)s(-1) and 700 μmol photon m(-2)s(-1)). The results show that, with respect to biomass yield, photosynthetic rate, shoot:root ratio and the root N isotopic signature, wheat behaves as a sensitive species to ammonium nutrition at the low light intensity, while at the high intensity, its tolerance is improved. This improvement is a consequence of a higher ammonium assimilation rate, as reflected by the higher amounts of amino acids and protein accumulated mainly in the roots, which was supported by higher tricarboxylic acid cycle activity. Glutamate dehydrogenase was a key root enzyme involved in the tolerance to ammonium, while glutamine synthetase activity was low and might not be enough for its assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Setién
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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9
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Ortega JL, Wilson OL, Sengupta-Gopalan C. The 5' untranslated region of the soybean cytosolic glutamine synthetase β(1) gene contains prokaryotic translation initiation signals and acts as a translational enhancer in plants. Mol Genet Genomics 2012; 287:881-93. [PMID: 23080263 PMCID: PMC3881598 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-012-0724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. In plants, it occurs as two major isoforms, a cytosolic form (GS(1)) and a nuclear encoded chloroplastic form. The focus of this paper is to determine the role of the 5'UTR of a GS(1) gene. GS(1) gene constructs with and without its 5' and 3' UTRs, driven by a constitutive promoter, were agroinfiltrated into tobacco leaves and the tissues were analyzed for both transgene transcript and protein accumulation. The constructs were also tested in an in vitro transcription/translation system and in Escherichia coli. Our results showed that while the 3'UTR functioned in the destabilization of the transcript, the 5'UTR acted as a translation enhancer in plant cells but not in the in vitro translation system. The 5'UTR of the GS(1) gene when placed in front of a reporter gene (uidA), showed a 20-fold increase in the level of GUS expression in agroinfiltrated leaves when compared to the same gene construct without the 5'UTR. The 5'UTR-mediated translational enhancement is probably another step in the regulation of GS in plants. The presence of the GS(1) 5'UTR in front of the GS(1) coding region allowed for its translation in E. coli suggesting the commonality of the translation initiation mechanism for this gene between plants and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Ortega
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Olivia L. Wilson
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Champa Sengupta-Gopalan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA,
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Tao P, Peng L, Huang X, Wang J. Comparative analysis of the variable 3' UTR and gene expression of the KIN and KIN-homologous LEA genes in Capsella bursa-pastoris. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1769-1777. [PMID: 22648014 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As the crucial members of the cold-regulated (COR) gene family, KIN genes are involved in diverse abiotic stress responses in plants. In the present study, KIN genes from the widespread plant Capsella bursa-pastoris were identified and analyzed to better understand the powerful adaptation of this species. Two KIN genes were cloned and sequenced by 3' RACE. As some COR genes are homologous to LEA genes, three KIN-homologous LEA genes were also identified. We deduced the amino acid sequences of the five proteins to estimate their phylogenetic relationships, and grouped them into three subfamilies (CI, CII, and CIII). Variable 3' UTRs were found in CI, CII, and CIII genes. Using qPCR, we evaluated the transcriptional levels of the five genes in different organs and embryonic stages. Two CI genes were exclusively expressed in early embryos and flowers. The CII and CIII genes showed obvious up-regulation in young leaves after heat stress, cold stress, and ABA treatment. Two of the CI genes, however, rarely responded to those stresses in young leaves. In contrast, all five genes showed differential responses in flowers when C. bursa-pastoris plants were sprayed with ABA. Furthermore, the expression of these genes in C. bursa-pastoris was compared to that of the corresponding Arabidopsis genes, and similar gene expression profiles were found in both species. Our findings suggest that these five genes play different roles in development and the responses to abiotic stresses in C. bursa-pastoris. Key message We characterized two KIN and three KIN-homologous LEA genes, and analyzed their variable 3'UTR and organ-specific, embryo-developmental, stress-induced gene expression in Capsella bursa-pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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