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Liz Filartiga A, Mantuano D, Vieira RC, De Toni KLG, Vasques GM, Mantovani A. Root morphophysiology changes during the habitat transition from soil to canopy of the aroid vine Rhodospatha oblongata. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:347-360. [PMID: 33038225 PMCID: PMC7872123 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aroid vine Rhodospatha oblongata is characterized by a habitat change from terrestrial to canopy, relying on aerial roots at maturity to obtain water and nutrients from the forest soil. We hypothesize that morphophysiological acclimation occurs in roots as they grow under atmospheric conditions. These changes would guarantee the whole-plant survival of aroid vines in the new and potentially stressful habitat of the canopy. METHODS Terrestrial and aerial roots were compared on a morphophysiological basis. Root anatomy, water balance, water absorption capacity via fluorescent tracer, and photochemical activity via chlorophyll fluorescence were measured. KEY RESULTS While thin fasciculate roots occur on terrestrial crawling individuals, two clearly distinct aerial roots (anchor and feeder) are produced on canopy individuals, which both adhere to the host trunk. The colour of both aerial roots changes during development from red and brownish to striped and green at maturity. Colour changes are induced by the replacement of epidermis, exodermis and outer cortex by an inner layer of lignified cork on the root region exposed to the atmosphere. In the root region that is in contact with the host, covering substitutions do not occur and both exodermis and lignified cork, along with several epidermal hairs, appear. Water retention capacity was higher in green roots than in other root types. Rehydration capacity via water absorption by hairs of aerial roots was confirmed by fluorescence. Chlorophyll fluorescence data indicated low levels of photosynthetic capacity in aerial roots. CONCLUSIONS Plants should evolve strategies to survive stress situations. The transition from soil to canopy imposes abiotic changes and potentially stressful situations on R. oblongata. We conclude that the morphophysiological changes observed represent an important strategy that permits the maintenance of aroid roots and the survival of R. oblongata in the canopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinawa Liz Filartiga
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Functional Ecology, Institute of Botany CAS, Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Dulce Mantuano
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Sala A1-118, Bloco A, CCS, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Vieira
- Laboratório de Morfologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Sala A1-108, Bloco A, CCS, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karen Lucia Gama De Toni
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Jardim Botânico, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M Vasques
- Embrapa Solos, Rua Jardim Botânico, 1024, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-000, Brazil
| | - André Mantovani
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Jardim Botânico, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Woolfson KN, Haggitt ML, Zhang Y, Kachura A, Bjelica A, Rey Rincon MA, Kaberi KM, Bernards MA. Differential induction of polar and non-polar metabolism during wound-induced suberization in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:931-942. [PMID: 29315972 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Wound-induced suberin deposition involves the temporal and spatial coordination of phenolic and fatty acid metabolism. Phenolic metabolism leads to both soluble metabolites that accumulate as defense compounds as well as hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives that form the basis of the poly(phenolic) domain found in suberized tissue. Fatty acid metabolism involves the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids, 1-alkanols, ω-hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω-dioic acids that form a poly(aliphatic) domain, commonly referred to as suberin. Using the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis inhibitor fluridone (FD), we reduced wound-induced de novo biosynthesis of ABA in potato tubers, and measured the impact on the expression of genes involved in phenolic metabolism (StPAL1, StC4H, StCCR, StTHT), aliphatic metabolism (StCYP86A33, StCYP86B12, StFAR3, StKCS6), metabolism linking phenolics and aliphatics (StFHT) or acyl chains and glycerol (StGPAT5, StGPAT6), and in the delivery of aliphatic monomers to the site of suberization (StABCG1). In FD-treated tissue, both aliphatic gene expression and accumulation of aliphatic suberin monomers were delayed. Exogenous ABA restored normal aliphatic suberin deposition in FD-treated tissue, and enhanced aliphatic gene expression and poly(aliphatic) domain deposition when applied alone. By contrast, phenolic metabolism genes were not affected by FD treatment, while FD + ABA and ABA treatments slightly enhanced the accumulation of polar metabolites. These data support a role for ABA in the differential induction of phenolic and aliphatic metabolism during wound-induced suberization in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn N Woolfson
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Meghan L Haggitt
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Kachura
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Anica Bjelica
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - M Alejandra Rey Rincon
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Karina M Kaberi
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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Bjelica A, Haggitt ML, Woolfson KN, Lee DPN, Makhzoum AB, Bernards MA. Fatty acid ω-hydroxylases from Solanum tuberosum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:2435-2448. [PMID: 27565479 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Potato StCYP86A33 complements the Arabidopsis AtCYP86A1 mutant, horst - 1. Suberin is a cell-wall polymer that comprises both phenolic and aliphatic components found in specialized plant cells. Aliphatic suberin is characterized by bi-functional fatty acids, typically ω-hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω-dioic acids, which are linked via glycerol to form a three-dimensional polymer network. In potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), over 65 % of aliphatics are either ω-hydroxy fatty acids or α,ω-dioic acids. Since the biosynthesis of α,ω-dioic acids proceeds sequentially through ω-hydroxy fatty acids, the formation of ω-hydroxy fatty acids represents a significant metabolic commitment during suberin deposition. Four different plant cytochrome P450 subfamilies catalyze ω-hydroxylation, namely, 86A, 86B, 94A, and 704B; though to date, only a few members have been functionally characterized. In potato, CYP86A33 has been identified and implicated in suberin biosynthesis through reverse genetics (RNAi); however, attempts to express the CYP86A33 protein and characterize its catalytic function have been unsuccessful. Herein, we describe eight fatty acid ω-hydroxylase genes (three CYP86As, one CYP86B, three CYP94As, and a CYP704B) from potato and demonstrate their tissue expression. We also complement the Arabidopsis cyp86A1 mutant horst-1 using StCYP86A33 under the control of the Arabidopsis AtCYP86A1 promoter. Furthermore, we provide preliminary analysis of the StCYP86A33 promoter using a hairy root transformation system to monitor pStCYP86A33::GUS expression constructs. These data confirm the functional role of StCYP86A33 as a fatty acid ω-hydroxylase, and demonstrate the utility of hairy roots in the study of root-specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Bjelica
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Meghan L Haggitt
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kathlyn N Woolfson
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Daniel P N Lee
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Abdullah B Makhzoum
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Vishwanath SJ, Delude C, Domergue F, Rowland O. Suberin: biosynthesis, regulation, and polymer assembly of a protective extracellular barrier. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:573-86. [PMID: 25504271 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Suberin is a lipid-phenolic biopolyester deposited in the cell walls of certain boundary tissue layers of plants, such as root endodermis, root and tuber peridermis, and seed coats. Suberin serves as a protective barrier in these tissue layers, controlling, for example, water and ion transport. It is also a stress-induced anti-microbial barrier. The suberin polymer contains a variety of C16-C24 chain-length aliphatics, such as ω-hydroxy fatty acids, α,ω-dicarboxylic fatty acids, and primary fatty alcohols. Suberin also contains high amounts of glycerol and phenolics, especially ferulic acid. In addition, non-covalently linked waxes are likely associated with the suberin polymer. This review focusses on the suberin biosynthetic enzymes identified to date, which include β-ketoacyl-CoA synthases, fatty acyl reductases, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferases, and phenolic acyltransferases. We also discuss recent advances in our understanding of the transport of suberin components intracellularly and to the cell wall, polymer assembly, and the regulation of suberin deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sollapura J Vishwanath
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
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Rowland O, Domergue F. Plant fatty acyl reductases: enzymes generating fatty alcohols for protective layers with potential for industrial applications. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 193-194:28-38. [PMID: 22794916 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary fatty alcohols are found throughout the biological world, either in free form or in a combined state. They are common components of plant surface lipids (i.e. cutin, suberin, sporopollenin, and associated waxes) and their absence can significantly perturb these essential barriers. Fatty alcohols and/or derived compounds are also likely to have direct functions in plant biotic and abiotic interactions. An evolutionarily related set of alcohol-forming fatty acyl reductases (FARs) is present in all kingdoms of life. Plant microsomal and plastid-associated FAR enzymes have been characterized, acting on acyl-coenzymeA (acyl-CoA) or acyl-acyl carrier protein (acyl-ACP) substrates, respectively. FARs have distinct substrate specificities both with regard to chain length and chain saturation. Fatty alcohols and wax esters, which are a combination of fatty alcohol and fatty acid, have a variety of commercial applications. The expression of FARs with desired specificities in transgenic microbes or oilseed crops would provide a novel means of obtaining these valuable compounds. In the present review, we report on recent progress in characterizing plant FAR enzymes and in understanding the biological roles of primary fatty alcohols, as well as describe the biotechnological production and industrial uses of fatty alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Rowland
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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