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Song J, Liu Y, Yin X, Nan Y, Shi Y, Chen X, Liang H, Zhang J, Ma B. Isolation and structural elucidation of prebiotic oligosaccharides from Ziziphi Spinosae Semen. Carbohydr Res 2023; 534:108948. [PMID: 37783055 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Six oligosaccharides were discovered and isolated for the first time from Ziziphi Spinosae Semen. On the basis of spectroscopic analysis, their structures were determined to be verbascose (1), verbascotetraose (2), stachyose (3), manninotriose (4), raffinose (5), and melibiose (6). The prebiotic effect of the oligosaccharide fraction was assayed by eight gut bacterial growth in vitro, revealing a significant increase in cell density, up to 4-fold, for Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus johnsonii. The impact of six oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization (DPs) and structures on the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus was evaluated. As a result, stachyose and raffinose demonstrated superior support for bacterial growth compared to the other oligosaccharides. This study explored the structure-activity relationship of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) and showed that the more the monosaccharide type, the more supportive the gut bacteria growth when oligosaccharides have the same molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiangchang Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yi Nan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China; Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuhao Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China; Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Haizhen Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Baiping Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510060, China; Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Shao S, Xu W, Xie Z, Li M, Zhao J, Yang X, Yu P, Yang H. Distinctive carbohydrate profiles of black ginseng revealed by IM-MS combined with PMP labeling and multivariate data analysis. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:2243-2250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Yan X, Chen X, Fu C, Jing C, Zhao D, Sun L. Ginseng oligosaccharides protect neurons from glutamate-induced oxidative damage through the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Food Funct 2022; 13:8605-8615. [PMID: 35894549 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01432g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ginseng oligosaccharides (GSOs) on neuronal oxidative injury induced by glutamate (GLU) and the molecular mechanisms involved were investigated. Cell damage was assessed using MTT assays, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate and flow cytometry were used to detect the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential respectively. The levels of catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were measured in PC12 cells and Drosophila brain tissue. The climbing ability of Drosophila was observed. Levels of proteins, including Cyt C, Bcl-2/BAX, and Nrf2/HO-1-associated proteins, were determined by western blotting and immunofluorescence. It was found that GSOs reversed GLU-induced reductions in cell viability and the LDH release rate, and rescued ROS accumulation. GSOs also mitigated the deleterious effects of GLU on the mitochondrial membrane potential and Cyt C release, thus alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased GSH levels and CAT activity in both cells and Drosophila brain tissue. The climbing index in GSO-treated Drosophila was significantly higher than that in the tert-butyl-hydroperoxide-treated flies. Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. These findings indicate that GSOs protect against GLU-induced neuronal oxidative damage through Nrf2/HO-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuci Yan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China.
| | - Xuenan Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China.
| | - Chunge Fu
- Changchun Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Changchun, 1287 Dama Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Chenxu Jing
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China.
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China.
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China. .,Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Cross-Regional Cooperation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Product Research and Development, PR China
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Li Z, Jiang R, Jing C, Liu J, Xu X, Sun L, Zhao D. Protective effect of oligosaccharides isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer against UVB-induced skin barrier damage in BALB/c hairless mice and human keratinocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114677. [PMID: 34562563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Skin barrier dysfunction can lead to water and electrolyte loss, triggering homeostatic imbalances that can trigger atopic dermatitis and anaphylaxis. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb with known therapeutic benefits for the treatment of skin diseases, including photodamage repair effects and reduction of pigmentation. However, few reports exist that describe effectiveness of ginseng active components for repair of skin barrier damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ginseng oligosaccharide extract (GSO) was prepared from P. ginseng via water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation and resin and gel purification. GSO composition and structural characteristics were determined using LC-MS, HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR. To evaluate GSO as a skin barrier repair-promoting treatment, skin of UVB-irradiated BALB/c hairless mice was treated with or without GSO then skin samples were evaluated for epidermal thickness, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and stratum corneum water content. In addition, UVB-exposed skin samples and HaCaT cells were analyzed to assess GSO treatment effects on levels of epidermal cornified envelope (CE) protein and other skin barrier proteins, such as filaggrin (FLG), involucrin (IVL), and aquaporin-3 (AQP3). Meanwhile, GSO treatment was also evaluated for effects on UVB-irradiated hairless mouse skin and HaCaT cells based on levels of serine protease inhibitor Kazal type-5 (SPINK5), trypsin-like kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5), chymotrypsin-like KLK7, and desmoglein 1 (DSG1). These proteins are associated with UVB-induced skin barrier damage manifesting as dryness and desquamation. RESULTS GSO was shown to consist of oligosaccharides comprised of seven distinct types of monosaccharides with molecular weights of approximately 1 kDa that were covalently linked together via β-glycosidic bonds. In vivo, GSO applied to dorsal skin of BALB/c hairless mice attenuated UVB-induced epidermal thickening and moisture loss. Furthermore, GSO ameliorated UVB-induced reductions of levels of FLG, IVL, and AQP3 proteins. Additionally, GSO treatment led to increased DSG1 protein levels due to decreased expression of KLK7. In vitro, GSO treatment of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells led to increases of FLG, IVL, and AQP3 mRNA levels and corresponding proteins, while mRNA levels of desquamation-related proteins SPINK5, KLK5, KLK7, and DSG1 and associated protein levels were restored to normal levels. CONCLUSION A P. ginseng oligosaccharide preparation repaired UVB-induced skin barrier damage by alleviating skin dryness and desquamation symptoms, highlighting its potential as a natural cosmetic additive that can promote skin barrier repair after UVB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhuo Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chenxu Jing
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jianzeng Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Jilin Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Characteristic Health Product Research and Development Cross-regional Cooperation Science and Technology Innovation Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
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Shao S, Wang Y, Xie Z, Xu R, Wan X, Wang E, Wang Z, Liu S, Chen C, Yang H. 96-well plate format in conjunction with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to orbitrap mass spectrometry for high-throughput screening protein binders from ginseng. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114498. [PMID: 34952293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Conventional strategies for screening of protein binders cannot be used for complicated samples such as ligand libraries created by combinatorial chemistry or from natural product extracts. In the current study, we developed a novel method in a competitive binding configuration for screening protein binders from complicated samples by a combination of streptavidin-coated 96-well plate format in conjunction with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS). The concanavalin A (Con A) modified 96-well plate and lysozyme modified 96-well plate (as control) were incubated with oligosaccharide standards respectively, and the compounds with the decreased peak areas in experimental group compared to those in the control group were detected as binders by UHPLC-ESI-MS. The factors such as incubation time, incubation temperature, and buffer, which might affect the binding affinity and reproducibility were optimized. The potential of the approach is examined using the extracts of Radix ginseng cruda and American ginseng. The relative binding degrees (RBDs) of the detected disaccharides were relatively high in the extracts of Radix ginseng cruda, and those of the trisaccharides were similar in the extracts of the two kinds of ginseng. To our knowledge, it's the first time to reveal the differences and analogies in lectin peanut agglutinin (PNA)-binding capabilities of oligosaccharides between the extracts of radix ginseng cruda and American ginseng, indicating the efficiency of the method for analysis of complicated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Shao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Zhaoyang Xie
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Ruiyang Xu
- Jilin Shenshi Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130028, China
| | - Xilin Wan
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Enpeng Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Zhongxi Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Changbao Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
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Li X, Liang J, Zhang DY, Kuang HX, Xia YG. Low-polymerization compositional fingerprinting for characterization of Schisandra polysaccharides by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:983-996. [PMID: 34229018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-negative electrospray-mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI--MS) coupled with microwave assisted mild acid (MAMA) depolymerization is proposed here for unusual discrimination and characterization of plant polysaccharides: a case study of fruit polysaccharides in Schisandra chinensis and S. sphenanthera (SCP and SSP). The optimized MAMA hydrolysis procedure was proposed for sample preparations of low-polymerization saccharides (Mw < 5000 Da) released in SCP and SSP. In addition, HILIC-MS/MS was employed for elucidation of isomeric glycosidic linkages in terms of 18O labelling. The MAMA hydrolysates showed that the amount of neutral →(4Hex1)n→ moiety is confirmed to be more bigger than that of acidic →(4HexA1)n → in SCP, whereas the amount of acidic →(4HexA1)n→ moiety seems to be more bigger than that of neutral →(4Hex1)n→ in SSP. The resulting low-polymerization compositional fingerprinting (LCF) showed the performance on rapid visualization of SCP and SSP by HILIC-MIM-MS. Principal components analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) further unveils several key Q-markers (e.g., m/z 503, 369, 665, 827, 989, 1151 and 735) for rapid discrimination of SCP and SSP. This practical study showed that the LCF with PCA and HCA could effectively reflect structural differences and could rapidly achieve discrimination of SCP and SSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Jun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Dong-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China.
| | - Yong-Gang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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Zhang N, Huang X, Guo YL, Yue H, Chen CB, Liu SY. Evaluation of storage period of fresh ginseng for quality improvement of dried and red processed varieties. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:290-295. [PMID: 35509815 PMCID: PMC9058840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dried and red ginseng are well-known types of processed ginseng and are widely used as healthy food. The dried and red ginseng quality may vary with the storage period of raw ginseng. Therefore, herein, the effect of the storage period of fresh ginseng on processed ginseng quality was evaluated through multicomponent quantification with statistical analysis. Methods A method based on ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in multiple-reaction monitoring mode (UPLC-MRM-MS) was developed for quantitation of ginsenosides and oligosaccharides in dried and red ginseng. Principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were conducted to evaluate the dynamic distributions of ginsenosides and oligosaccharides after different storage periods. Results Eighteen PPD, PPT and OLE ginsenosides and nine reducing and nonreducing oligosaccharides were identified and quantified. With storage period extension, the ginsenoside content in the processed ginseng increased slightly in the first 2 weeks and decreased gradually in the following 9 weeks. The content of reducing oligosaccharides decreased continuously as storage time extending, while that of the nonreducing oligosaccharides increased. Chemical conversions occurred during storage, based on which potential chemical markers for the storage period evaluation of fresh ginseng were screened. Conclusion According to ginsenoside and oligosaccharide distributions, it was found that the optimal storage period was 2 weeks and that the storage period of fresh ginseng should not exceed 4 weeks at 0 °C. This study provides deep insights into the quality control of processed ginseng and comprehensive factors for storage of raw ginseng.
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Low Molecular Weight Oligosaccharide from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer against UV-Mediated Apoptosis and Inhibits Tyrosinase Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8879836. [PMID: 33727947 PMCID: PMC7935584 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8879836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To find new anti-UV and whitening agents, 21 fractions isolated from three preparations of ginseng (white, red, and black ginseng) were screened, and their antioxidant effects on AAPH- or H2O2-induced damage were investigated. Furthermore, the protective effect against UV-mediated apoptosis and the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the targeted fractions were evaluated in vitro and in a zebrafish model. Among all fractions, F10 from white ginseng was selected as having the strongest anti-UV and antimelanogenesis activities. This fraction exhibited excellent inhibitory effects on the pigmentation of zebrafish, which may be due to its potential tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Additionally, the chemical composition of F10 was evaluated by UPLC-MS and NMR instruments. The results indicated that F10 had a carbohydrate content of more than 76%, and the weight-average molecular weight was approximately 239 Da. Disaccharide sucrose was the main active compound in F10. These results suggest that F10 could be used as an ingredient for whitening cosmetics and regarded as an anti-UV filter in the future.
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Liu M, Cai M, Ding P. Oligosaccharides from Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines: A Review of Chemical Diversity and Biological Activities. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:577-608. [PMID: 33730992 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Most of traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) substances come from medicinal plants, among which oligosaccharides have gradually attracted widespread attention at home and abroad due to their important biological activities and great medicinal potential. Numerous in vitro and in vivo experiments exhibited that oligosaccharides possess various activities, such as antitumor, anti-oxidation, modulate the gut microflora, anti-inflammatory, anti-infection, and immune-regulatory activities. Generally, biological activities are closely related to chemical structures, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic bond connection, etc. The structural analysis of oligosaccharides is an important basis for studying their structure-activity relationship, but the structural diversity and complexity of carbohydrate compounds limit the study of oligosaccharides activities. Understanding the structures and biological functions of oligosaccharides is important for the development of new bioactive substances with natural oligosaccharides. This review provides a systematic introduction of the current knowledge of the chemical structures and biological activities of oligosaccharides. Most importantly, the reported chemical characteristics and biological activities of the famous TCHM oligosaccharides were briefly summarized, including Morinda officinalis, Rehmannia glutinosa, Arctium lappa, Polygala tenuifolia, Panax ginseng, Lycium barbarum and Astragalus membranaceus. TCHM oligosaccharides play an important role in nutrition, health care, disease diagnosis and prevention as well as have broad application prospects in the field of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ping Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Guo M, Shao S, Wang D, Zhao D, Wang M. Recent progress in polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Food Funct 2020; 12:494-518. [PMID: 33331377 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01896a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) has a long history of medicinal use and can treat a variety of diseases. P. ginseng contains a variety of active ingredients, such as saponins, polypeptides, volatile oils, and polysaccharides. Among them, saponins have always been considered as the main components responsible for its pharmacological activities. However, more and more studies have shown that polysaccharides play an indispensable role in the medicinal value of ginseng. Modern biological and medical studies have found that ginseng polysaccharides have complex structural characteristics and diverse biological activities, such as immune regulation, anti-tumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-radiation functions, among others. Additionally, the structural characteristics of ginseng polysaccharides are closely related to their activity. In this review, the research background, extraction, purification, structural characteristics, and biological activities of ginseng polysaccharides from different parts of P. ginseng (roots, flowers stems and leaves, and berries) under different growth conditions (artificially cultivated ginseng, mountain ginseng, and wild ginseng) are summarized. The structural characteristics of purified polysaccharides were reviewed. Meanwhile, their biological activities were introduced, and some possible mechanisms were listed. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides was discussed. Some research perspectives for the study of ginseng polysaccharides were also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
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Chen Y, Hu Z, Qi W, Gao S, Jiang J, Wang S, Xu L, Xu X, Song M, Hang T. Pharmacovigilance of herb-drug interactions: A pharmacokinetic study on the combination administration of herbal Kang'ai injection and chemotherapy irinotecan hydrochloride injection by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113784. [PMID: 33280996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chinese herbal drugs are often combined with chemotherapy drugs for the treatment of cancers. However, the combination administrations often do not have scientifically sound bases established on full preclinical and clinical investigations. A commonly used anti-colon-cancer herb-drug pair, irinotecan (CPT-11) hydrochloride injection and Kang'ai (KA) injection was taken as an example to investigate the possible pharmacokinetic interactions between Chinese herbal drugs and chemotherapy injections to determine the potential adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Rats were randomly divided into three groups and received 20 mg/kg CPT-11 injection 15 min after administration of 4 mL/kg saline for the CPT-11 single administration group and 4 mL/kg KA injection for the separated co-administration group, respectively. In the pre-mixed co-administration group, rats received a mixture of 20 mg/kg CPT-11 injection and 4 mL/kg KA injection. Blood samples were collected at 10 pre-determined time points between 0 and 24 h. The tissue samples were collected at 5 and 8 min after the injections, respectively. A reliable LC-MS/MS method was established for the simultaneous determination of CPT-11 and its metabolites, SN-38, SN-38 G and APC in the rat plasma and tissue samples, after full confirmation of two injections chemical and stability compatibilities. Compared to the C0 (5129 ± 757 ng/mL) and AUC0-t (7858 ± 1307 ng h/mL) of CPT-11 in the CPT-11 single administration group, the C0 (4574 ± 371 ng/mL) and AUC0-t (8779 ± 601 ng h/mL) after the separated co-administration remained unchanged, but the pre-mixed co-administration resulted with a significant increased C0 (29,454 ± 12,080 ng/mL) and AUC0-t (15,539 ± 5165 ng h/mL) (p < 0.05). Since the exposures of CPT-11 in most tissues in the pre-mixed co-administration group were dramatically lower than the separated co-administration group, the increased CPT-11 plasma concentration may be produced by the delayed tissue distribution because of the encapsulation by the components contained in KA injection, such as polysaccharides. Similar differences were also found in its metabolite, SN-38 G. There are obvious herb-drug interactions between CPT-11 injection and KA injection after the pre-mixed co-administration. The resulting excessive CPT-11 in the plasma may lead to many serious ADRs. Therefore, the full evaluation of herb-drug interactions is necessary and inappropriate combinations should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhaoliang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenzhu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shuxiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shixiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Taijun Hang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Gao Y, Yang X, Zheng W, Gao M, Gao Q, Xu D. Preparation, characterization, and cytokine-stimulating activity of oligosaccharides from Tremella fuciformis Berk. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13212. [PMID: 32301136 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Tremella fuciformis Berk polysaccharides (TP) have significant cytokine-stimulating activity and low oral bioavailability owing to their large molecular volume. Identifying and studying the smallest active structure of TP can potentially be beneficial for further utilization and research, therefore, TP was hydrolyzed and fractionated to obtain its (1→3)-mannan backbone fragments. The fragments were further isolated by ion-exchange resin, ultrafiltration, gel, and HPLC chromatography, and three oligosaccharide fractions, named TL4-1, TL4-2, TL4-3, were obtained. According to the determination of their physicochemical properties, they were composed of Man, and after methylation analysis they were mainly characterized as (1→3)-mannan oligosaccharides with a straight chain. TL4-1 contained di-, trisaccharides, TL4-2 included tetra-, penta-saccharides, and TL4-3 was made up of hex-, hepta-, octa-saccharides, according to LC-ESI/MS analysis. Cytokine stimulation experiments showed that the degree of polymerization (DP) should be more than six to maintain the activity of mannosan. Therefore, the smallest active unit of oligo-mannose was determined. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This paper reports the physical and chemical parameters, structure and biological potential of oligosaccharides from T. fuciformis Berk, a common edible fungus. Tremella has been used as an improving immunity drug in China with good effect. Oligosaccharides are more easily digested and utilized by human body, and maintain good activity. These results can increase people's interest in the product, and thus have a positive impact on the oligosaccharides of Tremella as health food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Jilin Institute of Ginseng Science, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Dao-di Herbs in Changbai Mountain, Changchun, China
| | | | - Wei Zheng
- The Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Miaomiao Gao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qipin Gao
- Jilin Institute of Ginseng Science, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Dao-di Herbs in Changbai Mountain, Changchun, China
| | - Duoduo Xu
- Jilin Institute of Ginseng Science, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Dao-di Herbs in Changbai Mountain, Changchun, China
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13
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Zhao B, Wang X, Liu H, Lv C, Lu J. Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of oligosaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:737-745. [PMID: 32027898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of present work was to investigate the antioxidant activity of oligosaccharides from mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and cultivated ginseng (CG). The antioxidant activity of total oligosaccharides from MCG and CG were compared preliminary. And then, the total oligosaccharides of MCG, which displayed stronger activity than that of CG, were separated by Carbon-Celite column and eluted with water and ethanol of different concentrations (30%, 50%, 70%, 95%, v/v). Five fractions, MCGOS-H2O, MCGOS-30, MCGOS-50, MCGOS-70, MCGOS-95, were obtained. Seven oligosaccharides were purified from MCGOS-30-MCGOS-95. The structure features of oligosaccharides (MCGO-1-MCGO-7) were characterized using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), methylation and gas chromatography-mass (GC-MS), as well as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ABTS radical scavenging assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power assay were adopted for antioxidant activity of all the different oligosaccharides sub-fraction. The result showed that the fractions of MCGOS-70 and MCGOS-95 exhibited significant radical scavenging activity with DPPH and ABTS. In conclusion, the oligosaccharides from MCG possessed the significant antioxidant activity. Therefore, we propose that the oligosaccharides from Panax ginseng can be developed as natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xinying Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Chongning Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Jincai Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Analysis of oligosaccharides from Panax ginseng by using solid-phase permethylation method combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q-Orbitrap/mass spectrometry. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:775-783. [PMID: 33192120 PMCID: PMC7655486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The reports about valuable oligosaccharides in ginseng are quite limited. There is an urgent need to develop a practical procedure to detect and analyze ginseng oligosaccharides. Methods The oligosaccharide extracts from ginseng were permethylated by solid-phase methylation method and then were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q-Orbitrap/MS. The sequence, linkage, and configuration information of oligosaccharides were determined by using accurate m/z value and tandem mass information. Several standard references were used to further confirm the identification. The oligosaccharide composition in white ginseng and red ginseng was compared using a multivariate statistical analysis method. Results The nonreducing oligosaccharide erlose among 12 oligosaccharides identified was reported for the first time in ginseng. In the comparison of the oligosaccharide extracts from white ginseng and red ginseng, a clear separation was observed in the partial least squares-discriminate analysis score plot, indicating the sugar differences in these two kinds of ginseng samples. The glycans with variable importance in the projection value large than 1.0 were considered to contribute most to the classification. The contents of oligosaccharides in red ginseng were lower than those in white ginseng, and the contents of maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, maltooctaose, maltononaose, sucrose, and erlose decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in red ginseng. Conclusion A solid-phase methylation method combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was successfully applied to analyze the oligosaccharides in ginseng extracts, which provides the possibility for holistic evaluation of ginseng oligosaccharides. The comparison of oligosaccharide composition of white ginseng and red ginseng could help understand the differences in pharmacological activities between these two kinds of ginseng samples from the perspective of glycans.
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Gao Y, Zheng W, Wang M, Xiao X, Gao M, Gao Q, Xu D. Molecular properties, structure, and antioxidant activities of the oligosaccharide Hep-2 isolated from cultured mycelium of Hericium erinaceus. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12985. [PMID: 31489657 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oligosaccharide Hep-2 from cultured mycelium of Hericium erinaceus was obtained with a hollow-fiber ultrafiltration cartridge and purified with a DEAE Sephadex A-50 column followed by a Bio-Gel P-30 column. The properties, structure, and antioxidant activities of Hep-2 were studied. Hep-2 had the molecular weight of 1,080 Da and consists of Glc and Gal in a molar ratio of 1.0:0.4. Fragmentation analysis by GC-MS suggests that the structure of Hep-2 consists of three linear sugar residues. Furthermore, we used the LC-MSn combined methylation method to determine the types of bonds between sugar residues. We found that the structure of Hep-2 is based on 2-7 sugars. Among these, the trisaccharides and pentasaccharides consist of 1 → 6-Gal, whereas the tetrasaccharides, hexasaccharides, and heptasaccharides consist of 1 → 4-Glc and 1 → 6-Gal. The activity tests indicated that Hep-2 significantly reduced the damage caused by H2 O2 in GES-1 cells, and could induce expression of T-SOD and GSH-px, scavengers of oxygen free radicals, in a concentration-response manner. Hep-2 also reduced cell apoptosis as assessed by changes in the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax proteins by western blot. Both sets of results suggest that Hep-2 might possess significant antioxidant activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This paper reports the physical and the chemical parameters, structure and biological potential of oligosaccharides from Hericium erinaceus, a common edible fungus. Hericium erinaceus has been used as an anti-atrophic gastritis drug in China with good effect. Oligosaccharides are more easily digested and utilized by human body, and have strong antioxidant activity. These results can increase people's interest in the product, and thus have a positive impact on the oligosaccharides of Hericium erinaceus as health food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Jilin Institute of Ginseng Science, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Province Key Lab of Macromolecule of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- The Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xulang Xiao
- Pharmacy Department, Kangping County People's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Miaomiao Gao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qipin Gao
- Jilin Institute of Ginseng Science, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Province Key Lab of Macromolecule of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Duoduo Xu
- Jilin Institute of Ginseng Science, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Dao-di Herbs in Changbai Mountain, Changchun, China
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Magnetic silica nanoparticles for use in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry of labile biomolecules such as oligosaccharides, amino acids, peptides and nucleosides. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:104. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-3208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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He YF, Cai HQ, Li WY, Xiu Y, Liu WL, Chi HY, Shen H, Yang MG, Pei J, Liu SY. A discrimination study of Asia ginseng and America ginseng by a comparison of ginsenosides, oligosaccharides and amino acids using a UPLC-MS method. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1506933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Fang He
- Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Han-Qing Cai
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ying Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xiu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Long Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yue Chi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hong Shen
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Guang Yang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jin Pei
- Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
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Effects of shenling baizhu powder herbal formula on intestinal microbiota in high-fat diet-induced NAFLD rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:1025-1036. [PMID: 29710519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease closely associated with obesity, diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Shenling Baizhu powder (SLBZP), a formulation of a variety of natural medicinal plants, has hepatoprotective properties and clinical efficacy in treating non-infectious intestinal disease. SLBZP has improved NAFLD symptoms; however, its mechanism of action is unknown. METHODS We established an NAFLD model in rats given a high-fat diet (HFD), administered different interventions and measured serum biochemical indices and inflammatory factors. Liver tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and oil red O, and colon tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The expression profiles of liver TLR4 pathway related protein was confirmed by western blotting. Changes in intestinal microbiota composition were analyzed using a 16S rDNA sequencing technique. RESULTS Of note, SLBZP effectively reduced body weight in HFD-fed rats (p < 0.05). Serum biochemical analysis indicated that SLBZP decreased the serum level of total cholesterol (TC) and improved liver function. Additionally, SLBZP decreased the serum level of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-β) (p < 0.05), and decreased the expression of TLR4 pathway related protein. Pathological examination showed that SLBZP alleviates hepatic steatosis and repairs colon mucosa. Microbiome analysis revealed that SLBZP improved the abundance of intestinal microbiota. In taxonomy-based analysis, compared with control rats, SLBZP-treated rats showed obvious changes in intestinal microbiota composition. Moreover, SLBZP increased the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, including Bifidobacterium and Anaerostipes. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that the effects of SLBZP against NAFLD may be related to the increased abundance of beneficial gut microbiota and decreased levels of LPS in the portal vein.
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Patel S, Rauf A. Adaptogenic herb ginseng (Panax) as medical food: Status quo and future prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Yang H, Shi L, Zhuang X, Su R, Wan D, Song F, Li J, Liu S. Identification of structurally closely related monosaccharide and disaccharide isomers by PMP labeling in conjunction with IM-MS/MS. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28079. [PMID: 27306514 PMCID: PMC4910106 DOI: 10.1038/srep28079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains particularly difficult for gaining unambiguous information on anomer, linkage, and position isomers of oligosaccharides using conventional mass spectrometry (MS) methods. In our laboratory, an ion mobility (IM) shift strategy was employed to improve confidence in the identification of structurally closely related disaccharide and monosaccharide isomers using IMMS. Higher separation between structural isomers was achieved using 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) derivatization in comparison with phenylhydrazine (PHN) derivatization. Furthermore, the combination of pre-IM fragmentation of PMP derivatives provided sufficient resolution to separate the isomers not resolved in the IMMS. To chart the structural variation observed in IMMS, the collision cross sections (CCSs) for the corresponding ions were measured. We analyzed nine disaccharide and three monosaccharide isomers that differ in composition, linkages, or configuration. Our data show that coexisting carbohydrate isomers can be identified by the PMP labeling technique in conjunction with ion-mobility separation and tandem mass spectrometry. The practical application of this rapid and effective method that requires only small amounts of sample is demonstrated by the successful analysis of water-soluble ginseng extract. This demonstrated the potential of this method to measure a variety of heterogeneous sample mixtures, which may have an important impact on the field of glycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Lei Shi
- High Temperature Reactor Holdings Co., Ltd., China Nuclear Engineering Group Co., Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhuang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Rui Su
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Debin Wan
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Fengrui Song
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jinying Li
- High Temperature Reactor Holdings Co., Ltd., China Nuclear Engineering Group Co., Beijing 100037, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
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1-(2,3-Dibenzimidazol-2-ylpropyl)-2-methoxybenzene Is a Syk Inhibitor with Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Molecules 2016; 21:508. [PMID: 27096863 PMCID: PMC6274291 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the protective action of our bodies against external pathogens by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Proper regulation of inflammatory responses is required to maintain our body’s homeostasis, as well as there are demands to develop proper acute or chronic inflammation. In this study, we elucidated the regulatory mechanism of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses by a novel compound, 1-(2,3-dibenzimidazol-2-ylpropyl)-2-methoxybenzene (DBMB). We found that DBMB suppressed inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), reacted to exposure to a number of toll like receptor (TLR) ligands. Such observations occurred following to decreased mRNA expression of several pro-inflammatory mediators, and such diminished mRNA levels were caused by inhibited transcriptional factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB, as evaluated by luciferase reporter assay and molecular biological approaches. To find the potential targets of DBMB, we screened phosphorylated forms of NF-κB signal molecules: inhibitor of κBα (IκBα), IκB kinase (IKK)α/β, Akt, 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1), p85, and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). We found that DBMB treatment could suppress signal transduction through these molecules. Additionally, we conducted in vitro kinase assays using immunoprecipitated Syk and its substrate, p85. Consequently, we could say that DBMB clearly suppressed the kinase activity of Syk kinase activity. Together, our results demonstrate that synthetic DBMB has an effect on the inflammatory NF-κB signaling pathway and suggest the potential for clinical use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Xu T, Shen X, Yu H, Sun L, Lin W, Zhang C. Water-soluble ginseng oligosaccharides protect against scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment by functioning as an antineuroinflammatory agent. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:211-9. [PMID: 27635118 PMCID: PMC5005308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax ginseng root is used in traditional oriental medicine for human health. Its main active components such as saponins and polysaccharides have been widely evaluated for treating diseases, but secondary active components such as oligosaccharides have been rarely studied. This study aimed to assess the impact of water-soluble ginseng oligosaccharides (WGOS), which were isolated from the warm-water extract of Panax ginseng root, on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice and its antineuroinflammatory mechanisms. METHODS We investigated the impact of WGOS on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice by using Morris water maze and novel object recognition task. We also analyzed the impact of WGOS on scopolamine-induced inflammatory response (e.g., the hyperexpression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 and astrocyte activation) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS WGOS pretreatment protected against scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze and in the novel object recognition task. Furthermore, WGOS pretreatment downregulated scopolamine-induced hyperexpression of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 mRNA and astrocyte activation in the hippocampus. These results indicate that WGOS can protect against scopolamine-induced alterations in learning and memory and inflammatory response. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that WGOS may be beneficial as a medicine or functional food supplement to treat disorders with cognitive deficits and increased inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangfeng Shen
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huali Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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An update on oligosaccharides and their esters from traditional chinese medicines: chemical structures and biological activities. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:512675. [PMID: 25861364 PMCID: PMC4377491 DOI: 10.1155/2015/512675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A great number of naturally occurring oligosaccharides and oligosaccharide esters have been isolated from traditional Chinese medicinal plants, which are used widely in Asia and show prominent curative effects in the prevention and treatment of kinds of diseases. Numerous in vitro and in vivo experiments have revealed that oligosaccharides and their esters exhibited various activities, including antioxidant, antidepressant, cytotoxic, antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, cerebral protective, antidiabetic, plant growth-regulatory, and immunopotentiating activities. This review summarizes the investigations on the distribution, chemical structures, and bioactivities of natural oligosaccharides and their esters from traditional Chinese medicines between 2003 and 2013.
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Ru W, Wang D, Xu Y, He X, Sun YE, Qian L, Zhou X, Qin Y. Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Panax ginseng (C. A. Mey.). Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:23-32. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Ru
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Yunpeng Xu
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Xianxian He
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Yang-En Sun
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Liyan Qian
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
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Cheong KL, Wu DT, Hu DJ, Zhao J, Cao KY, Qiao CF, Han BX, Li SP. Comparison and characterization of the glycome ofPanaxspecies by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.27.2014.6.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang HY, Hua HY, Liu XY, Liu JH, Yu BY. In vitro biotransformation of red ginseng extract by human intestinal microflora: Metabolites identification and metabolic profile elucidation using LC–Q-TOF/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:296-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Antioxidant and immunoregulatory activity of alkali-extractable polysaccharides from North American ginseng. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 65:357-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jiao L, Zhang X, Li B, Liu Z, Wang M, Liu S. Anti-tumour and immunomodulatory activities of oligosaccharides isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 65:229-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jiao L, Li B, Wang M, Liu Z, Zhang X, Liu S. Antioxidant activities of the oligosaccharides from the roots, flowers and leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:293-8. [PMID: 24721081 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The chemical characterization and antioxidant activities of water-soluble ginseng oligosaccharides from roots (WGOS-R), flowers (WGOS-F) and leaves (WGOS-L) of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer obtained by hot water extraction were investigated. The sugar content of WGOS-R, WGOS-F and WGOS-L were 95.87%, 87.07% and 83.09%, respectively. The ginsenosides and total phenols content decreased in the order of WGOS-L>WGOS-F>WGOS-R. WGOS-R comprised only Glc, WGOS-F and WGOS-L comprised Glucose (Glc) and Rhamnose (Rha) in a molar ratio of 6.0:1.0 and 7.0:1.0, respectively. In vitro antioxidant tests showed that WGOS-R exhibited higher antioxidant activity than WGOS-F and WGOS-L. In vivo antioxidant tests showed that WGOS-R significantly enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total antioxidant capability (T-AOC) in the serum and liver and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the serum and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China.
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Wan D, Yang H, Song F, Liu Z, Liu S. Identification of isomeric disaccharides in mixture by the 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone labeling technique in conjunction with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 780:36-45. [PMID: 23680549 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) labeling technique has hitherto proved to be a convenient and sensitive method for separating and detecting oligosaccharides. However, the detailed fragmentation of the derivatives by tandem mass spectrometry has been reported limitedly and no characteristic fragment ions for isomers have been detected. In this study, eight disaccharide isomers were labeled with PMP and analyzed by positive ion electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)). In comparison with the native disaccharides, PMP labeled disaccharides gave rise to more fragment ions in the tandem mass spectra. The distinctive diagnostic fragment ions formed from cleavage of C-C bonds have been detected in the fragmentation of PMP-labeled disaccharide linkage isomers, allowing unambiguous assignment of the position of the glycosidic linkages. This feature is particularly useful for the structural determination of unknown isomeric disaccharides mixed together. In addition, the anomeric configurations can also be easily assigned based on the relative abundance ratios of the selected ion pairs. To verify the feasibility of the method used in the analysis of natural product, water soluble Panax Ginseng extract has been further investigated to identify its unknown disaccharides. The results confirmed that the PMP labeling technique in conjunction with ESI-MS(n) could offer a powerful and convenient tool for differentiation of structurally closely related isomers, even the unknown mixtures of isomeric disaccharides with different linkage types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debin Wan
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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Jiao L, Wan D, Zhang X, Li B, Zhao H, Liu S. Characterization and immunostimulating effects on murine peritoneal macrophages of oligosaccharide isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:490-496. [PMID: 23036810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has been the most precious and renowned Chinese herb used in Asian countries for the treatment of various medical disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this work was to investigate the activation effect on murine peritoneal macrophages of oligosaccharide from the roots of P. ginseng. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this work, the water-extracted oligosaccharide of P. ginseng was (WGOS) isolated and purified from the roots of P. ginseng by hot water extraction, ultrafiltration and gel-permeation chromatography. The monosaccharide composition and degree of polymerization (DP) of WGOS were determined by a combination of acid hydrolysis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. Phagocytosis of macrophages was measured by uptake of the neutral red by macrophages, nitric oxide (NO) was determined by the Griess method, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activity was determined by colorimetric method using a reagent kit, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The reactive species detection kit was used to measure the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. RESULTS WGOS was composed of glucose and the DP was ranging from 2 to 14. Immunological tests showed that treatment of WGOS significantly increased phagocytosis of macrophages, and promoted NO, TNF-α and ROS production. Furthermore, WGOS dose-dependently stimulated NO formation through the up-regulation of iNOS activity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, WGOS possessed high immunopotentiating activity and could be developed as a novel immnunostimulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
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