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Huo Conceptulization D, Sun Y, Yang Q, Zhang F, Fang G, Zhu H, Liu Y. Selective degradation of hemicellulose and lignin for improving enzymolysis efficiency via pretreatment using deep eutectic solvents. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 376:128937. [PMID: 36948430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with different acidity and alkalinity were applied for biomass pretreatment, and the conditions were optimized by response surface methodology. The results showed that lactic acid/betaine hydrochloride had the optimal pretreatment efficiency, where the removal rates of hemicellulose and lignin came up to 89% and 73%, and the enzymolysis efficiency was as high as 92%. Furthermore, eight types of chloride salts with different valence states were introduced into the DESs as the third component. The chloride salts could improve the pretreatment efficiency and positively correlated with the metal valence state. Specifically, AlCl3 was significantly superior in improving the pretreatment efficiency, where the enzymolysis efficiency reached 96% due to the destruction of crystalline region and the esterification of partial cellulose. Therefore, it is proposed that adding highly valent metal salts to acidic DESs has higher pretreatment and enzymatic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huo Conceptulization
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Shandong Huatai Paper Co., Ltd., Dongying 275335, China; Jiangsu Province Biomass Energy and Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Tianjin Jianfeng Natural Product R&D Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yuekai Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qiulin Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | | | - Guigan Fang
- Jiangsu Province Biomass Energy and Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Tianjin Jianfeng Natural Product R&D Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
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2
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Chemical Characteristics of Wood Cell Wall with an Emphasis on Ultrastructure: A Mini-Review. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wood is complex in its chemical composition that has an important influence on its chemical behavior and mechanical strength. The complexity is reflected in the ultrastructure of the wood cell wall. In particular, the concentration of main components (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) changes depending on many factors such as the different type or parts of wood, and varies in different cell wall layers. From an ultrastructural standpoint, we describe the current level of knowledge about chemical characteristics of the wood cell walls. The information of distribution of main components in the cell walls of normal wood, reaction wood and water-logged archaeological wood, the cellulose microfibrils orientation, and the interactions between main components were presented based on the use of advanced techniques including transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, spectral imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance. In addition, the chemical changes of the wood cell wall during pretreatment are discussed. This mini-review not only provides a better understanding of wood chemistry, but also brings new insights into cell wall recalcitrance.
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Liao H, Ying W, Li X, Zhu J, Xu Y, Zhang J. Optimized production of xylooligosaccharides from poplar: A biorefinery strategy with sequential acetic acid/sodium acetate hydrolysis followed by xylanase hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126683. [PMID: 34999193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from lignocelluloses by organic acid hydrolysis has the advantages of high efficiency and simplicity, but reducing the production of by-products, especially xylose, is a prerequisite for commercial preparation of XOS using organic acid. In this work, to reduce the production of by-products, the acetic acid/sodium acetate conjugate system (AC/SA) was used to prepare XOS from poplar. Under the optimal conditions (0.15 M AC/SA, molar ratio of 3.0, 175 °C, 60 min), the maximum XOS yield was 33.6% with a low xylose/XOS ratio of 0.19. Xylanase hydrolysis effectively converted XOS with DP above 6 in the AC/SA hydrolysate to X2-X6 with little xylose produced. The XOS yield increased to 42.1%, with a xylose/XOS ratio was only 0.17. This work shows that AC/SA in combination with xylanase hydrolysis of poplar successfully achieved high XOS yield with low by-products yields without the extraction of xylan from the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjun Ying
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xin Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junjun Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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4
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Fang L, Su Y, Wang P, Lai C, Huang C, Ling Z, Yong Q. Co-production of xylooligosaccharides and glucose from birch sawdust by hot water pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126795. [PMID: 35121099 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A green method for co-production of value-added xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and glucose from birch was demonstrated using hot water pretreatment. Effects of pretreatment severity factor (Log R0) on XOS production and enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated. At Log R0 of 4.05 (180 °C, 50 min), the maximum hydrolysis yield (80.8%) was obtained. At Log R0 of 3.91 (170 °C, 70 min), the maximum XOS yield (46.1%) was obtained, however the hydrolysis yield decreased to 70.3%. To achieve both the high XOS yield and high glucose output, Tween 80 addition (0.075 g/g cellulose) was employed, leading to an improvement in hydrolysis yield from 70.3% to 89.4%. From a mass balance perspective, 104.6 g of XOS and 372.9 g of glucose could be produced from 1000 g birch. These results demonstrated that birch sawdust is a promising lignocellulosic material for co-production of XOS and glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Fang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Su
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhuan Lai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Ling
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Sun Q, Chen WJ, Pang B, Sun Z, Lam SS, Sonne C, Yuan TQ. Ultrastructural change in lignocellulosic biomass during hydrothermal pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125807. [PMID: 34474237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, visualization and characterization of lignocellulose at different scales elucidate the modifications of its ultrastructural and chemical features during hydrothermal pretreatment which include degradation and dissolving of hemicelluloses, swelling and partial hydrolysis of cellulose, melting and redepositing a part of lignin in the surface. As a result, cell walls are swollen, deformed and de-laminated from the adjacent layer, lead to a range of revealed droplets that appear on and within cell walls. Moreover, the certain extent morphological changes significantly promote the downstream processing steps, especially for enzymatic hydrolysis and anaerobic fermentation to bioethanol by increasing the contact area with enzymes. However, the formation of pseudo-lignin hinders the accessibility of cellulase to cellulose, which decreases the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. This review is intended to bridge the gap between the microstructure studies and value-added applications of lignocellulose while inspiring more research prospects to enhance the hydrothermal pretreatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Wei-Jing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Bo Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zhuohua Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (Akuatrop), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Tong-Qi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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6
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Lancha JP, Perré P, Colin J, Lv P, Ruscassier N, Almeida G. Multiscale investigation on the chemical and anatomical changes of lignocellulosic biomass for different severities of hydrothermal treatment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8444. [PMID: 33875731 PMCID: PMC8055998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical changes sustained by lignocellulosic biomass during hydrothermal treatment are reflected at multiple scales. This study proposes to benefit from this multiscale nature in order to provide a global understanding of biomass alterations during hydrothermal treatment. For this purpose, complementary imaging techniques-confocal Raman microscopy and X-ray nano-tomography-analysed by image processing and coupled to chemical measurements were used. This unique combination of analyses provided valuable information on topochemical and morphological changes of poplar samples, without the artefacts of sample preparation. At the cell wall level, holocellulose hydrolysis and lignin modifications were observed, which corresponded to anatomical modifications observed at higher scales. Overall, after treatment, samples shrank and had thinner cell walls. When subjected to more severe pre-treatments, cells were disrupted and detached from adjacent cells. Anatomical changes were then used to obtain quantitative indicators of the treatment severity. The effects of treatment at different scales can thus be quantitatively connected in both directions, from micro to macro and from macro to micro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P. Lancha
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), Université Paris-Saclay, 51110 Pomacle, France
| | - Patrick Perré
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), Université Paris-Saclay, 51110 Pomacle, France ,grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, Université Paris-Saclay, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Colin
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), Université Paris-Saclay, 51110 Pomacle, France ,grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, Université Paris-Saclay, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pin Lv
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), Université Paris-Saclay, 51110 Pomacle, France
| | - Nathalie Ruscassier
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, Université Paris-Saclay, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Giana Almeida
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France
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7
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Ruiz HA, Conrad M, Sun SN, Sanchez A, Rocha GJM, Romaní A, Castro E, Torres A, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Andrade LP, Smirnova I, Sun RC, Meyer AS. Engineering aspects of hydrothermal pretreatment: From batch to continuous operation, scale-up and pilot reactor under biorefinery concept. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 299:122685. [PMID: 31918970 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Different pretreatments strategies have been developed over the years mainly to enhance enzymatic cellulose degradation. In the new biorefinery era, a more holistic view on pretreatment is required to secure optimal use of the whole biomass. Hydrothermal pretreatment technology is regarded as very promising for lignocellulose biomass fractionation biorefinery and to be implemented at the industrial scale for biorefineries of second generation and circular bioeconomy, since it does not require no chemical inputs other than liquid water or steam and heat. This review focuses on the fundamentals of hydrothermal pretreatment, structure changes of biomass during this pretreatment, multiproduct strategies in terms of biorefinery, reactor technology and engineering aspects from batch to continuous operation. The treatise includes a case study of hydrothermal biomass pretreatment at pilot plant scale and integrated process design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Ruiz
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico.
| | - Marc Conrad
- Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shao-Ni Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Arturo Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Futuros en Bioenergía, Unidad Guadalajara de Ingeniería Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - George J M Rocha
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center of Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Aloia Romaní
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Eulogio Castro
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Center for Advanced Studies in Energy and Environment (CEAEMA), University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s/n, Building B3, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Ana Torres
- Instituto de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay
| | - Rosa M Rodríguez-Jasso
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Liliane P Andrade
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center of Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Irina Smirnova
- Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Center for Lignocellulose Science and Engineering, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, DTU Bioengineering, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Fractionation of lignocellulosic biopolymers from sugarcane bagasse using formic acid-catalyzed organosolv process. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:221. [PMID: 29682440 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-step formic acid-catalyzed organosolv process using a low-boiling point acid-solvent system was studied for fractionation of sugarcane bagasse. Compared to H2SO4, the use of formic acid as a promoter resulted in higher efficiency and selectivity on removals of hemicellulose and lignin with increased enzymatic digestibility of the cellulose-enriched solid fraction. The optimal condition from central composite design analysis was determined as 40 min residence time at 159 °C using water/ethanol/ethyl acetate/formic acid in the respective ratios of 43:20:16:21%v/v. Under this condition, a 94.6% recovery of cellulose was obtained in the solid with 80.2% cellulose content while 91.4 and 80.4% of hemicellulose and lignin were removed to the aqueous-alcohol-acid and ethyl acetate phases, respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid yielded 84.5% glucose recovery compared to available glucan in the raw material. Physicochemical analysis revealed intact cellulose fibers with decreased crystallinity while the hemicellulose was partially recovered as mono- and oligomeric sugars. High-purity organosolv lignin with < 1% sugar cross-contamination was obtained with no major structural modification according to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The work represents an alternative process for efficient fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass in biorefineries.
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Chen S, Zhang X, Ling Z, Ji Z, Ramarao BV, Ramaswamy S, Xu F. Probing and visualizing the heterogeneity of fiber cell wall deconstruction in sugar maple (Acer saccharum) during liquid hot water pretreatment. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The S2 layer was differentiated into heavy-damaged region with more polysaccharides removed and relatively intact light-damaged region after LHW pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Zhe Ling
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Zhe Ji
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Bandaru V. Ramarao
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering
- SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
- Syracuse
- USA
| | - Shri Ramaswamy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Saint Paul
- USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
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