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Palande S, Kaste JAM, Roberts MD, Segura Abá K, Claucherty C, Dacon J, Doko R, Jayakody TB, Jeffery HR, Kelly N, Manousidaki A, Parks HM, Roggenkamp EM, Schumacher AM, Yang J, Percival S, Pardo J, Husbands AY, Krishnan A, Montgomery BL, Munch E, Thompson AM, Rougon-Cardoso A, Chitwood DH, VanBuren R. Topological data analysis reveals a core gene expression backbone that defines form and function across flowering plants. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002397. [PMID: 38051702 PMCID: PMC10723737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since they emerged approximately 125 million years ago, flowering plants have evolved to dominate the terrestrial landscape and survive in the most inhospitable environments on earth. At their core, these adaptations have been shaped by changes in numerous, interconnected pathways and genes that collectively give rise to emergent biological phenomena. Linking gene expression to morphological outcomes remains a grand challenge in biology, and new approaches are needed to begin to address this gap. Here, we implemented topological data analysis (TDA) to summarize the high dimensionality and noisiness of gene expression data using lens functions that delineate plant tissue and stress responses. Using this framework, we created a topological representation of the shape of gene expression across plant evolution, development, and environment for the phylogenetically diverse flowering plants. The TDA-based Mapper graphs form a well-defined gradient of tissues from leaves to seeds, or from healthy to stressed samples, depending on the lens function. This suggests that there are distinct and conserved expression patterns across angiosperms that delineate different tissue types or responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Genes that correlate with the tissue lens function are enriched in central processes such as photosynthetic, growth and development, housekeeping, or stress responses. Together, our results highlight the power of TDA for analyzing complex biological data and reveal a core expression backbone that defines plant form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Palande
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. M. Kaste
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Miles D. Roberts
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kenia Segura Abá
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Carly Claucherty
- Department of Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jamell Dacon
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rei Doko
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thilani B. Jayakody
- Department of Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hannah R. Jeffery
- Department of Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nathan Kelly
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andriana Manousidaki
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hannah M. Parks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Roggenkamp
- Department of Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ally M. Schumacher
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sarah Percival
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Pardo
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aman Y. Husbands
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Arjun Krishnan
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Beronda L Montgomery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Munch
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Addie M. Thompson
- Department of Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Rougon-Cardoso
- Laboratory of Agrigenomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, ENES-León, León, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional Plantecc, ENES-León, León, Mexico
| | - Daniel H. Chitwood
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert VanBuren
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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BnGF14-2c Positively Regulates Flowering via the Vernalization Pathway in Semi-Winter Rapeseed. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172312. [PMID: 36079694 PMCID: PMC9460199 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3s are general regulatory factors (GF14s or GRFs) involved in a variety of physiological regulations in plants, including the control of flowering time. However, there are poorly relevant reports in rapeseed so far. In this study, we identified a homologous 14-3-3 gene BnGF14-2c (AtGRF2_Like in Brassica napus) in rapeseed based on bioinformatic analysis by using the sequences of the flowering-related 14-3-3s in other plant species. Then, we found that overexpression of BnGF14-2c in the semi-winter rapeseed “93275” promoted flowering without vernalization. Moreover, both yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis indicated that BnGF14-2c may interact with two vernalization-related flowering regulators BnFT.A02 and BnFLC.A10., respectively. qPCR analysis showed that the expression of BnFT (AtFT_Like) was increased and the expression of two selected vernalization-related genes were reduced in the overexpression transgenic plants. Further investigation on subcellular localization demonstrated that BnGF14-2c localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The results of RNA-seq analysis and GUS staining indicated that BnGF14-2c is ubiquitously expressed except for mature seed coat. In general, the interaction of 14-3-3 and FLC was firstly documented in this study, indicating BnGF14-2c may act as a positive regulator of flowering in rapeseed, which is worthy for more in-depth exploration.
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Wang W, Ren Z, Li L, Du Y, Zhou Y, Zhang M, Li Z, Yi F, Duan L. Meta-QTL analysis explores the key genes, especially hormone related genes, involved in the regulation of grain water content and grain dehydration rate in maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:346. [PMID: 35842577 PMCID: PMC9287936 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low grain water content (GWC) at harvest of maize (Zea mays L.) is essential for mechanical harvesting, transportation and storage. Grain drying rate (GDR) is a key determinant of GWC. Many quantitative trait locus (QTLs) related to GDR and GWC have been reported, however, the confidence interval (CI) of these QTLs are too large and few QTLs has been fine-mapped or even been cloned. Meta-QTL (MQTL) analysis is an effective method to integrate QTLs information in independent populations, which helps to understand the genetic structure of quantitative traits. RESULTS In this study, MQTL analysis was performed using 282 QTLs from 25 experiments related GDR and GWC. Totally, 11 and 34 MQTLs were found to be associated with GDR and GWC, respectively. The average CI of GDR and GWC MQTLs was 24.44 and 22.13 cM which reduced the 57 and 65% compared to the average QTL interval for initial GDR and GWC QTL, respectively. Finally, 1494 and 5011 candidate genes related to GDR and GWC were identified in MQTL intervals, respectively. Among these genes, there are 48 genes related to hormone metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our studies combined traditional QTL analyses, genome-wide association study and RNA-seq to analysis major locus for regulating GWC in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaobin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiping Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaohu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Liusheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
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Shao C, Cai F, Bao Z, Zhang Y, Shi G, Zhou Z, Chen X, Li Y, Bao M, Zhang J. PaNAC089 is a membrane-tethered transcription factor (MTTF) that modulates flowering, chlorophyll breakdown and trichome initiation. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:392-404. [PMID: 35209991 DOI: 10.1071/fp21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flowering and senescence are essential developmental stages of green plants, which are governed by complex molecular regulatory networks. However, the connection between flowering regulation and senescence regulation in London plane tree (Platanus acerifolia ) remains unknown. In this study, we identified a gene PaNAC089 from London plane tree, which encodes a membrane-tethered transcription factor (MTTF) belonging to the NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) transcription factor family. We investigated the functions of PaNAC089 in the regulation of flowering and senescence through the analysis of expression profiles and transgenic phenotypes. Heterologous overexpression of ΔPaNAC089 delayed flowering and inhibited chlorophyll breakdown to produce dark green rosette leaves in Arabidopsis . In addition, the trichome density of rosette leaves was decreased in transgenic lines. In ΔPaNAC089 overexpression plants, a series of functional genes with inhibited expression were identified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), including genes that regulate flowering, chlorophyll decomposition, and trichome initiation. Furthermore, Δ PaNAC089 directly binds to the promoter of CONSTANS (CO ) and NON-YELLOWING2 (NYE2 ) in the yeast one-hybrid assay. Consistent with this, luciferase (LUC) transient expression assays also showed that Δ PaNAC089 could inhibit the activity of NYE2 . To summarise, our data suggests that PaNAC089 is an MTTF that modulates flowering, chlorophyll breakdown and trichome initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Fangfang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; and Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiru Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Gehui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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Zhao M, Liu R, Chen Y, Cui J, Ge W, Zhang K. Molecular identification and functional verification of SPL9 and SPL15 of Lilium. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:63-74. [PMID: 34779936 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of plants from juveniles to adults is a key process in plant growth and development, and the main regulatory factors are miR156 and SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like (SPL) transcription factors. Lilium is an ornamental bulb, but it has a long maturation time. In this experiment, Lilium bulbs were subjected to a temperature treatment of 15 °C for 4 weeks to initiate vegetative phase change. Transmission electron microscopy indicated the cell wall of bud core tissue undergoing vegetative phase change became thinner, the starch grains were reduced, and the growth of the juvenile stage was accelerated. The key transcription factors LbrSPL9 and LbrSPL15 were cloned, and the phylogenetic analysis showed they possessed high homology with other plant SPLs. Subcellular localization and transcription activation experiments confirmed LbrSPL9 and LbrSPL15 were mainly located in the nucleus and exhibited transcriptional activity. The results of in situ hybridization showed the expression levels of LbrSPL9 and LbrSPL15 were increased after temperature change treatment. The functional verification experiment of the transgenic plants confirmed that the overexpression of LbrSPL9 and LbrSPL15 could shorten maturation time. These findings help elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of phase transition in Lilium and provide a reference for breeding research in other bulbous flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxiu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinteng Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ge
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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Gawarecka K, Ahn JH. Isoprenoid-Derived Metabolites and Sugars in the Regulation of Flowering Time: Does Day Length Matter? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:765995. [PMID: 35003159 PMCID: PMC8738093 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.765995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In plants, a diverse set of pathways regulate the transition to flowering, leading to remarkable developmental flexibility. Although the importance of photoperiod in the regulation of flowering time is well known, increasing evidence suggests the existence of crosstalk among the flowering pathways regulated by photoperiod and metabolic pathways. For example, isoprenoid-derived phytohormones (abscisic acid, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, and cytokinins) play important roles in regulating flowering time. Moreover, emerging evidence reveals that other metabolites, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, as well as sugar metabolism and sugar accumulation, also affect flowering time. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the roles of isoprenoid-derived metabolites and sugars in the regulation of flowering time and how day length affects these factors.
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Wang Z, Zhu T, Ma W, Fan E, Lu N, Ouyang F, Wang N, Yang G, Kong L, Qu G, Zhang S, Wang J. Potential function of CbuSPL and gene encoding its interacting protein during flowering in Catalpa bungei. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:105. [PMID: 32143577 PMCID: PMC7060540 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Bairihua", a variety of the Catalpa bungei, has a large amount of flowers and a long flowering period which make it an excellent material for flowering researches in trees. SPL is one of the hub genes that regulate both flowering transition and development. RESULTS SPL homologues CbuSPL9 was cloned using degenerate primers with RACE. Expression studies during flowering transition in "Bairihua" and ectopic expression in Arabidopsis showed that CbuSPL9 was functional similarly with its Arabidopsis homologues. In the next step, we used Y2H to identify the proteins that could interact with CbuSPL9. HMGA, an architectural transcriptional factor, was identified and cloned for further research. BiFC and BLI showed that CbuSPL9 could form a heterodimer with CbuHMGA in the nucleus. The expression analysis showed that CbuHMGA had a similar expression trend to that of CbuSPL9 during flowering in "Bairihua". Intriguingly, ectopic expression of CbuHMGA in Arabidopsis would lead to aberrant flowers, but did not effect flowering time. CONCLUSIONS Our results implied a novel pathway that CbuSPL9 regulated flowering development, but not flowering transition, with the participation of CbuHMGA. Further investments need to be done to verify the details of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Erqin Fan
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 People’s Republic of China
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Lu
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangqun Ouyang
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guijuan Yang
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lisheng Kong
- Present address: Department of Biology Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria 11, BC Canada
| | - Guanzheng Qu
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shougong Zhang
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junhui Wang
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 People’s Republic of China
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