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Zamorski R, Baba K, Noda T, Sawada R, Miyata K, Itoh T, Kaku H, Shibuya N. Variety-dependent accumulation of glucomannan in the starchy endosperm and aleurone cell walls of rice grains and its possible genetic basis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2023; 40:321-336. [PMID: 38434111 PMCID: PMC10905567 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.23.0809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell wall plays important roles in the regulation of plant growth/development and affects the quality of plant-derived food and industrial materials. On the other hand, genetic variability of cell wall structure within a plant species has not been well understood. Here we show that the endosperm cell walls, including both starchy endosperm and aleurone layer, of rice grains with various genetic backgrounds are clearly classified into two groups depending on the presence/absence of β-1,4-linked glucomannan. All-or-none distribution of the glucomannan accumulation among rice varieties is very different from the varietal differences of arabinoxylan content in wheat and barley, which showed continuous distributions. Immunoelectron microscopic observation suggested that the glucomannan was synthesized in the early stage of endosperm development, but the synthesis was down-regulated during the secondary thickening process associated with the differentiation of aleurone layer. Significant amount of glucomannan in the cell walls of the glucomannan-positive varieties, i.e., 10% or more of the starchy endosperm cell walls, and its close association with the cellulose microfibril suggested possible effects on the physicochemical/biochemical properties of these cell walls. Comparative genomic analysis indicated the presence of striking differences between OsCslA12 genes of glucomannan-positive and negative rice varieties, Kitaake and Nipponbare, which seems to explain the all-or-none glucomannan cell wall trait in the rice varieties. Identification of the gene responsible for the glucomannan accumulation could lead the way to clarify the effect of the accumulation of glucomannan on the agronomic traits of rice by using genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Zamorski
- National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
- National Food Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland
| | - Kei’ichi Baba
- Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noda
- National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Memuro, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
| | - Rimpei Sawada
- National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Science Institute, Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Inc., Mobara, Chiba 297-0017, Japan
| | - Kana Miyata
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takao Itoh
- Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
- National Food Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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Veber A, Zancajo VMR, Puskar L, Schade U, Kneipp J. In situ infrared imaging of the local orientation of cellulose fibrils in plant secondary cell walls. Analyst 2023; 148:4138-4147. [PMID: 37496329 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00897e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical and chemical properties of plant cell walls greatly rely on the supramolecular assembly of cellulose fibrils. To study the local orientation of cellulose in secondary plant cell walls, diffraction limited infrared (IR) micro-spectroscopic mapping experiments were conducted at different orientation of transverse leaf section of the grass Sorghum bicolor with respect to the polarization direction of the IR radiation. Two-dimensional maps, based on polarization-sensitive absorption bands of cellulose were obtained for different polarization angles. They reveal a significant degree of anisotropy of the cellulose macromolecules as well as of other biopolymers in sclerenchyma and xylem regions of the cross section. Quantification of the signals assigned to polarization sensitive vibrational modes allowed to determine the preferential orientation of the sub-micron cellulose fibrils in single cell walls. A sample of crystalline nano-cellulose comprising both a single microcrystal as well as unordered layers of nanocrystals was used for validation of the approach. The results demonstrate that diffraction limited IR micro-spectroscopy can be used to study hierarchically structured materials with complex anisotropic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Veber
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Institute for Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M R Zancajo
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ljiljana Puskar
- Institute for Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schade
- Institute for Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Jin K, Ling Z, Jin Z, Ma J, Yang S, Liu X, Jiang Z. Local Variations in Carbohydrates and Matrix Lignin in Mechanically Graded Bamboo Culms. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010143. [PMID: 35012165 PMCID: PMC8747746 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical performance of bamboo is highly dependent on its structural arrangement and the properties of biomacromolecules within the cell wall. The relationship between carbohydrates topochemistry and gradient micromechanics of multilayered fiber along the diametric direction was visualized by combined microscopic techniques. Along the radius of bamboo culms, the concentration of xylan within the fiber sheath increased, while that of cellulose and lignin decreased gradually. At cellular level, although the consecutive broad layer (Bl) of fiber revealed a relatively uniform cellulose orientation and concentration, the outer Bl with higher lignification level has higher elastic modulus (19.59-20.31 GPa) than that of the inner Bl close to the lumen area (17.07-19.99 GPa). Comparatively, the cell corner displayed the highest lignification level, while its hardness and modulus were lower than that of fiber Bl, indicating the cellulose skeleton is the prerequisite of cell wall mechanics. The obtained cytological information is helpful to understand the origin of the anisotropic mechanical properties of bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexia Jin
- Key Lab of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (K.J.); (J.M.); (S.Y.)
- Co-innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Zhe Ling
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi Jin
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Key Lab of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (K.J.); (J.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shumin Yang
- Key Lab of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (K.J.); (J.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Xinge Liu
- Key Lab of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (K.J.); (J.M.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zehui Jiang
- Key Lab of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (K.J.); (J.M.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Z.J.)
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Toumpanaki E, Shah DU, Eichhorn SJ. Beyond What Meets the Eye: Imaging and Imagining Wood Mechanical-Structural Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001613. [PMID: 32830395 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wood presents a hierarchical structure, containing features at all length scales: from the tracheids or vessels that make up its cellular structure, through to the microfibrils within the cell walls, down to the molecular architecture of the cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses that comprise its chemical makeup. This structure renders it with high mechanical (e.g., modulus and strength) and interesting physical (e.g., optical) properties. A better understanding of this structure, and how it plays a role in governing mechanical and other physical parameters, will help to better exploit this sustainable resource. Here, recent developments on the use of advanced imaging techniques for studying the structural properties of wood in relation to its mechanical properties are explored. The focus is on synchrotron nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray tomographical imaging, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Critical discussion on the role of imaging techniques and how fields are developing rapidly to incorporate both spatial and temporal ranges of analysis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Toumpanaki
- Bristol Composites Institute, CAME School of Engineering, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Darshil U Shah
- Department of Architecture, Centre for Natural Materials Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PX, UK
| | - Stephen J Eichhorn
- Bristol Composites Institute, CAME School of Engineering, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
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Reduction and Biosorption of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions by Acid-Modified Guava Seeds: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies. POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2020-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of guava seeds (GS) and acid-modified guava seeds (MGS) for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions was investigated. Batch-type experiments were performed with Cr(VI) aqueous solutions and biosorbents to determine the kinetic and equilibrium sorption parameters. Results indicated that GS and MGS were capable of reducing and remove Cr(VI) from solutions, but the reduction was only observed at some experimental conditions. Infrared analysis showed that several functional groups were involved in the reduction, and biosorption of Cr(VI), particularly alcohol, phenolic, carboxylic, and methoxymethyl structures. The mechanisms of reduction and biosorption depended upon the type of biosorbent, pH, and temperature of the system. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model describes the kinetic sorption data, and the Langmuir-Freundlich (L-F) model describes the isotherm data in most cases. Significantly high total chromium biosorption capacities were obtained. Acid modification of guava seeds improves chromium biosorption performance.
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