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Mollman R, Çiftçi A, Kaleli BS, Erol O. Teasing out elevational trends in infraspecific Prunus taxa: A vein analysis approach. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1699-1711. [PMID: 37642303 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Using 33 specimens collected from across their range in Turkey, we demonstrate that the subspecies of Prunus microcarpa C.A.Mey react very differently to altitude. We first outline a simplified, flexible protocol for sectioning and removing the epidermis of small, difficult-to-image leaves for leaf vein studies. We then used venation analysis software to evaluate the two subspecies of this wild cherry in relation to altitude. We also found key differences in venation features between short-shoot and long-shoot leaves for each taxon. Differences include statistically significant negative correlation between vein density, and positive correlation between areole area and altitude in long-shoot leaves of Prunus microcarpa subsp. microcarpa, while its short-shoot leaves had a positive relationship between maximum areole area, and negative relationship between vein density, numbers of veins and endpoints. Meanwhile, P. microcarpa subsp. tortuosa (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Browicz recorded trends that were largely opposite of this, but beside vein thickness and areole area, were not statistically significant. This difference may be part of each taxon's overarching syndrome of anatomical and morphological adaptations to its external environment. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Features of vein density and thickness fell, while areole area and vein length rose with altitude in P. microcarpa. P. microcarpa subsp. tortuosa showed opposite trends, but reacted less strongly to altitude. Short-shoot and long-shoot have significantly different venation parameters. Using sections proportionate to leaf size is useful to compare venation of leaves that vary due to dimorphism. We discuss protocol strategies for imaging of difficult leaves for venation analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mollman
- Institute of Science, Biology Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Almıla Çiftçi
- Biology Department, Botany Division, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Bilge S Kaleli
- Institute of Science, Biology Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Erol
- Biology Department, Botany Division, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Zhang Y, Zhang N, Chai X, Sun T. Machine learning for image-based multi-omics analysis of leaf veins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4928-4941. [PMID: 37410807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Veins are a critical component of the plant growth and development system, playing an integral role in supporting and protecting leaves, as well as transporting water, nutrients, and photosynthetic products. A comprehensive understanding of the form and function of veins requires a dual approach that combines plant physiology with cutting-edge image recognition technology. The latest advancements in computer vision and machine learning have facilitated the creation of algorithms that can identify vein networks and explore their developmental progression. Here, we review the functional, environmental, and genetic factors associated with vein networks, along with the current status of research on image analysis. In addition, we discuss the methods of venous phenotype extraction and multi-omics association analysis using machine learning technology, which could provide a theoretical basis for improving crop productivity by optimizing the vein network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Zhang
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiujuan Chai
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Big Data, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St, Beijing 100081, China
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Koyama K, Smith DD. Scaling the leaf length-times-width equation to predict total leaf area of shoots. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:215-230. [PMID: 35350072 PMCID: PMC9445601 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An individual plant consists of different-sized shoots, each of which consists of different-sized leaves. To predict plant-level physiological responses from the responses of individual leaves, modelling this within-shoot leaf size variation is necessary. Within-plant leaf trait variation has been well investigated in canopy photosynthesis models but less so in plant allometry. Therefore, integration of these two different approaches is needed. METHODS We focused on an established leaf-level relationship that the area of an individual leaf lamina is proportional to the product of its length and width. The geometric interpretation of this equation is that different-sized leaf laminas from a single species share the same basic form. Based on this shared basic form, we synthesized a new length-times-width equation predicting total shoot leaf area from the collective dimensions of leaves that comprise a shoot. Furthermore, we showed that several previously established empirical relationships, including the allometric relationships between total shoot leaf area, maximum individual leaf length within the shoot and total leaf number of the shoot, can be unified under the same geometric argument. We tested the model predictions using five species, all of which have simple leaves, selected from diverse taxa (Magnoliids, monocots and eudicots) and from different growth forms (trees, erect herbs and rosette herbs). KEY RESULTS For all five species, the length-times-width equation explained within-species variation of total leaf area of a shoot with high accuracy (R2 > 0.994). These strong relationships existed despite leaf dimensions scaling very differently between species. We also found good support for all derived predictions from the model (R2 > 0.85). CONCLUSIONS Our model can be incorporated to improve previous models of allometry that do not consider within-shoot size variation of individual leaves, providing a cross-scale linkage between individual leaf-size variation and shoot-size variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI, USA
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Li X, He D, Chen G, Yang J, Yang Z, Guo XJ, Wang C, Zhu S, Huang Y, Chen H, Huang G, Zhang D, Ye C. Responses of leaf functional traits to different hydrological regimes and leaf economics spectrum in the water level fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir, China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:939452. [PMID: 36119629 PMCID: PMC9478546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.939452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A unique riparian ecosystem has been created as a result of anti-seasonal flooding after reservoir operations, which notably influences the distribution patterns of plant communities and their functional characteristics in the riparian zone. Plant functional traits which reflect the physiological and ecological processes of plants in particular ecosystems are crucial for indicating the variations in the ecosystem structure and function. To better understand the adaptation strategies of plants to hydrological changes and provide a scientific basis for the selection of species in the re-vegetation of the newly formed ecosystems, 14 leaf functional traits and leaf economics spectrum (LES) of 19 dominant plants under different hydrological conditions were investigated in the water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). The results showed that anti-seasonal flooding has significant effects on the leaf functional traits of plants (P < 0.05). The net photosynthetic rate of annual plants was significantly higher than that of perennial plants (P < 0.05), and there was a significant correlation between leaf phenotypic and photosynthetic traits (P < 0.05). Canonical correspondence analysis showed that soil water content and available phosphorus were the main factors affecting the leaf function of dominant species, indicating that hydrologic factors were still important environmental factors affecting leaf functional traits of dominant species in the WLFZ. And annuals from the WLFZ have characteristics of thick leaves, high photosynthetic rate, short lifespan, and high nutrient concentrations, which make them close to the fast investment-return end of LES. On the contrary, perennials are close to the slow investment-return end of LES. The high productivity investment of annuals is better than the high defense investment of perennials for adapting to the special habitats in the WLFZ. These results indicated that different functional plants in the WLFZ of the TGR under different hydrological regimes can adopt different strategies by weighing the associations and trade-offs between their economic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Di He
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Zhengjian Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Xiao juan Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Congfeng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Shijiang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yingping Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Hongfeng Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Guiyun Huang
- Rare Plants Research Institute of Yangtze River, Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, China
| | - Dingjun Zhang
- Rare Plants Research Institute of Yangtze River, Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Zhu J, Xu C. Intraspecific differences in plant functional traits are related to urban atmospheric particulate matter. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:430. [PMID: 34551719 PMCID: PMC8456647 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional trait-based ecological research has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of environmental changes. It is still, however, unclear how the functional traits of urban plants respond to atmospheric particulate matter, and which trade-off strategies are shown. In order to explore the variation of plant functional traits with the gradient of urban atmospheric particulate matter, we divided atmospheric particulate matter into three levels according to road distance, and measured the variation of six essential leaf functional traits and their trade-off strategies. RESULTS Here, we show that the functional traits of plants can be used as predictors of plant response to urban atmospheric particulate matter. Within the study, leaf thickness, leaf dry matter content, leaf tissue density, stomatal density were positively correlated with atmospheric particulate matter. On the contrary, chlorophyll content index and specific leaf area were negatively correlated with atmospheric particulate matter. Plants can improve the efficiency of gas exchange by optimizing the spatial distribution of leaf stomata. Under the atmospheric particulate matter environment, urban plants show a trade-off relationship of economics spectrum traits at the intraspecific level. CONCLUSION Under the influence of urban atmospheric particulate matter, urban plant shows a "slow investment-return" type in the leaf economics spectrum at the intraspecific level, with lower specific leaf area, lower chlorophyll content index, ticker leaves, higher leaf dry matter content, higher leaf tissue density and higher stomatal density. This finding provides a new perspective for understanding the resource trades-off strategy of plants adapting to atmospheric particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyou Zhu
- Research Center for Urban Forestry, The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation ofMinistry of Education, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Forest Ecosystem of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengyang Xu
- Research Center for Urban Forestry, The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation ofMinistry of Education, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Forest Ecosystem of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Blonder B, Both S, Jodra M, Xu H, Fricker M, Matos IS, Majalap N, Burslem DFRP, Teh YA, Malhi Y. Linking functional traits to multiscale statistics of leaf venation networks. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1796-1810. [PMID: 32712991 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf venation networks evolved along several functional axes, including resource transport, damage resistance, mechanical strength, and construction cost. Because functions may depend on architectural features at different scales, network architecture may vary across spatial scales to satisfy functional tradeoffs. We develop a framework for quantifying network architecture with multiscale statistics describing elongation ratios, circularity ratios, vein density, and minimum spanning tree ratios. We quantify vein networks for leaves of 260 southeast Asian tree species in samples of up to 2 cm2 , pairing multiscale statistics with traits representing axes of resource transport, damage resistance, mechanical strength, and cost. We show that these multiscale statistics clearly differentiate species' architecture and delineate a phenotype space that shifts at larger scales; functional linkages vary with scale and are weak, with vein density, minimum spanning tree ratio, and circularity ratio linked to mechanical strength (measured by force to punch) and elongation ratio and circularity ratio linked to damage resistance (measured by tannins); and phylogenetic conservatism of network architecture is low but scale-dependent. This work provides tools to quantify the function and evolution of venation networks. Future studies including primary and secondary veins may uncover additional insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sabine Both
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Miguel Jodra
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ilaíne S Matos
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Noreen Majalap
- Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, 90175, Malaysia
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
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