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Li J, Hu H, Fu H, Li J, Zeng T, Li J, Wang M, Jongsma MA, Wang C. Exploring the co-operativity of secretory structures for defense and pollination in flowering plants. PLANTA 2024; 259:41. [PMID: 38270671 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In flowers multiple secretory systems cooperate to deliver specialized metabolites to support specific roles in defence and pollination. The collective roles of cell types, enzymes, and transporters are discussed. The interplay between reproductive strategies and defense mechanisms in flowering plants has long been recognized, with trade-offs between investment in defense and reproduction predicted. Glandular trichomes and secretory cavities or ducts, which are epidermal and internal structures, play a pivotal role in the secretion, accumulation, and transport of specialized secondary metabolites, and contribute significantly to defense and pollination. Recent investigations have revealed an intricate connection between these two structures, whereby specialized volatile and non-volatile metabolites are exchanged, collectively shaping their respective ecological functions. However, a comprehensive understanding of this profound integration remains largely elusive. In this review, we explore the secretory systems and associated secondary metabolism primarily in Asteraceous species to propose potential shared mechanisms facilitating the directional translocation of these metabolites to diverse destinations. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the cooperativity between epidermal and internal secretory structures in the biosynthesis, secretion, accumulation, and emission of terpenes, providing specific well-documented examples from pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). Pyrethrum is renowned for its natural pyrethrin insecticides, which accumulate in the flower head, and more recently, for emitting an aphid alarm pheromone. These examples highlight the diverse specializations of secondary metabolism in pyrethrum and raise intriguing questions regarding the regulation of production and translocation of these compounds within and between its various epidermal and internal secretory systems, spanning multiple tissues, to serve distinct ecological purposes. By discussing the cooperative nature of secretory structures in flowering plants, this review sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying the ecological roles of terpenes in defense and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hansen Fu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Manqun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Chen Q, Li L, Qi X, Fang H, Yu X, Bai Y, Chen Z, Liu Q, Liu D, Liang C. The non-specific lipid transfer protein McLTPII.9 of Mentha canadensis is involved in peltate glandular trichome density and volatile compound metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1188922. [PMID: 37324667 PMCID: PMC10264783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1188922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mentha canadensis L. is an important spice crop and medicinal herb with high economic value. The plant is covered with peltate glandular trichomes, which are responsible for the biosynthesis and secretion of volatile oils. Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) belong to a complex multigenic family involved in various plant physiological processes. Here, we cloned and identified a non-specific lipid transfer protein gene (McLTPII.9) from M. canadensis, which may positively regulate peltate glandular trichome density and monoterpene metabolism. McLTPII.9 was expressed in most M. canadensis tissues. The GUS signal driven by the McLTPII.9 promoter in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum was observed in stems, leaves, and roots; it was also expressed in trichomes. McLTPII.9 was associated with the plasma membrane. Overexpression of McLTPII.9 in peppermint (Mentha piperita. L) significantly increased the peltate glandular trichome density and total volatile compound content compared with wild-type peppermint; it also altered the volatile oil composition. In McLTPII.9-overexpressing (OE) peppermint, the expression levels of several monoterpenoid synthase genes and glandular trichome development-related transcription factors-such as limonene synthase (LS), limonene-3-hydroxylase (L3OH), geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS), HD-ZIP3, and MIXTA-exhibited varying degrees of alteration. McLTPII.9 overexpression resulted in both a change in expression of genes for terpenoid biosynthetic pathways which corresponded with an altered terpenoid profile in OE plants. In addition, peltate glandular trichome density was altered in the OE plants as well as the expression of genes for transcription factors that were shown to be involved in trichome development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiutong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiwu Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailing Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zequn Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Yang Y, Song H, Yao P, Zhang S, Jia H, Ye X. NtLTPI.38, a plasma membrane-localized protein, mediates lipid metabolism and salt tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:125007. [PMID: 37217046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) typically have conserved structural resemblance, low sequence identity, and broad biological functions in plant growth and stress resistance. Here, a plasma membrane-localized nsLTP, NtLTPI.38, was identified in tobacco plants. Multi-omics integrated analysis revealed that NtLTPI.38 overexpression or knock out significantly changed glycerophospholipid and glycerolipid metabolism pathways. NtLTPI.38 overexpression remarkably increased phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, triacylglycerol, and flavonoid levels, but decreased ceramides compared to wild type and mutant lines. Differentially expressed genes were associated with lipid metabolite and flavonoid synthesis. Many genes related to Ca2+ channels, abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction, and ion transport pathways were upregulated in overexpressing plants. NtLTPI.38 overexpression in salt-stressed tobacco triggered a Ca2+ and K+ influx in leaves, increased the contents of chlorophyll, proline, flavonoids, and osmotic tolerance, and raised enzymatic antioxidant activities as well as the expression level of related genes. However, mutants accumulated more O2- and H2O2, exhibited ionic imbalance, gathered excess Na+, Cl-, and malondialdehyde, with more severe ion leakage. Therefore, NtLTPI.38 enhanced salt tolerance in tobacco by regulating lipid and flavonoid synthesis, antioxidant activity, ion homeostasis, and ABA signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Yang
- National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemistry Research Centre, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hao Song
- National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemistry Research Centre, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Panpan Yao
- National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemistry Research Centre, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Songtao Zhang
- National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemistry Research Centre, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongfang Jia
- National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemistry Research Centre, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiefeng Ye
- National Tobacco Cultivation & Physiology & Biochemistry Research Centre, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Morphology and mass spectrometry-based chemical profiling of peltate glandular trichomes on Mentha haplocalyx Briq leaves. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112323. [PMID: 36737916 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mentha haplocalyx Briq (M. haplocalyx) is a herbaceous plant that has long been used as a food, medicinal spice, and flavoring agent in traditional Chinese medicine. Its secondary metabolites, having high commercial values, are mainly produced in tiny specialized structures called glandular trichomes (GTs). The primary purpose of this study was to examine the morphology and metabolites of peltate GTs in M. haplocalyx.Peltate GTs possessed globular dome shapes and intense auto-fluorescence on the surfaces of M. haplocalyx leaves. Structure subsidence and cuticle rupture were found throughout the aging stage of peltate GTs. According to histochemical staining results, the secretion of peltate GTs contained anthraquinone, flavonoids, phenolic acid and terpenoids. In M. haplocalyx peltate GTs and leaf tissues without peltate glandular trichomes, ten and two volatile compounds were identified respectively. Peltate GTs contained 42 non-volatile chemicals with a variety of structural types, including 20 flavonoids, 17 phenolic acids,1 diterpene, 3 anthraquinone and 1 alkane. Meanwhile, 15 non-volatile compounds were discovered in leaf tissues without peltate glandular trichomes, and they were all included in the list of peltate GTs' 41 components. Therefore, Peltate GTs were shown to be the primary site of not just volatile compounds but also non-volatile chemicals in M. haplocalyx. This study provides an important theoretical basis and technical approach for clarifying the bio-active metabolite biosynthesis in M. haplocalyx.
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Emission of floral volatiles is facilitated by cell-wall non-specific lipid transfer proteins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:330. [PMID: 36658137 PMCID: PMC9852552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
For volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to be released from the plant cell into the atmosphere, they have to cross the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the cuticle. However, how these hydrophobic compounds cross the hydrophilic cell wall is largely unknown. Using biochemical and reverse-genetic approaches combined with mathematical simulation, we show that cell-wall localized non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) facilitate VOC emission. Out of three highly expressed nsLTPs in petunia petals, which emit high levels of phenylpropanoid/benzenoid compounds, only PhnsLTP3 contributes to the VOC export across the cell wall to the cuticle. A decrease in PhnsLTP3 expression reduces volatile emission and leads to VOC redistribution with less VOCs reaching the cuticle without affecting their total pools. This intracellular build-up of VOCs lowers their biosynthesis by feedback downregulation of phenylalanine precursor supply to prevent self-intoxication. Overall, these results demonstrate that nsLTPs are intrinsic members of the VOC emission network, which facilitate VOC diffusion across the cell wall.
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Nakayasu M, Takamatsu K, Yazaki K, Sugiyama A. Plant specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere of tomatoes: secretion and effects on microorganisms. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 87:13-20. [PMID: 36373409 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants interact with microorganisms in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere. Here the roots exude plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) that have diverse biological and ecological functions. Recent reports have shown that these PSMs influence the rhizosphere microbiome, which is essential for the plant's growth and health. This review summarizes several specialized metabolites secreted into the rhizosphere of the tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum), which is an important model species for plant research and a commercial crop. In this review, we focused on the effects of such plant metabolites on plant-microbe interactions. We also reviewed recent studies on improving the growth of tomatoes by analyzing and reconstructing the rhizosphere microbiome and discussed the challenges to be addressed in establishing sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nakayasu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takamatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Gao H, Ma K, Ji G, Pan L, Zhou Q. Lipid transfer proteins involved in plant-pathogen interactions and their molecular mechanisms. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1815-1829. [PMID: 36052490 PMCID: PMC9644281 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are small, cysteine-rich proteins that play numerous functional roles in plant growth and development, including cutin wax formation, pollen tube adhesion, cell expansion, seed development, germination, and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. LTPs contain eight conserved cysteine residues and a hydrophobic cavity that provides a wide variety of lipid-binding specificities. As members of the pathogenesis-related protein 14 family (PR14), many LTPs inhibit fungal or bacterial growth, and act as positive regulators in plant disease resistance. Over the past decade, these essential immunity-related roles of LTPs in plant immune processes have been documented in a growing body of literature. In this review, we summarize the roles of LTPs in plant-pathogen interactions, emphasizing the underlying molecular mechanisms in plant immune responses and specific LTP functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gao
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuHenanChina
| | - Kang Ma
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuHenanChina
| | - Guojie Ji
- Experimental Teaching Center of Biology and Basic MedicineSanquan College of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangHenanChina
| | - Liying Pan
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuHenanChina
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuHenanChina
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Kulshreshtha A, Sharma S, Padilla CS, Mandadi KK. Plant-based expression platforms to produce high-value metabolites and proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043478. [PMID: 36426139 PMCID: PMC9679013 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based heterologous expression systems can be leveraged to produce high-value therapeutics, industrially important proteins, metabolites, and bioproducts. The production can be scaled up, free from pathogen contamination, and offer post-translational modifications to synthesize complex proteins. With advancements in molecular techniques, transgenics, CRISPR/Cas9 system, plant cell, tissue, and organ culture, significant progress has been made to increase the expression of recombinant proteins and important metabolites in plants. Methods are also available to stabilize RNA transcripts, optimize protein translation, engineer proteins for their stability, and target proteins to subcellular locations best suited for their accumulation. This mini-review focuses on recent advancements to enhance the production of high-value metabolites and proteins necessary for therapeutic applications using plants as bio-factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kulshreshtha
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, United States
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. GCN College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India
| | - Carmen S. Padilla
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, United States
| | - Kranthi K. Mandadi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Institute for Advancing Health Through Agriculture, Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, TX, United States
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Kowalczyk A, Kuś P, Marijanović Z, Tuberoso CIG, Fecka I, Jerković I. Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction Versus Hydrodistillation of Volatile Compounds from Leaves of Cultivated Mentha Taxa: Markers of Safe Chemotypes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196561. [PMID: 36235112 PMCID: PMC9570583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various mint taxa are widely cultivated and are used not only for medicinal purposes but also in cosmetic and industrial applications. The development of new varieties or cultivars of mint generates difficulties in their correct identification and safe use. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the leaves of seven different taxa of the genus Mentha obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed. Comparative GC-MS analysis of the obtained extracts showed similarity in the major compounds. PCA data allowed the separation of two groups of chemotypes among the analyzed mints, characterized by the abundance of piperitenone oxide and carvone. Two out of seven analyzed taxa were not previously examined for VOC profile, one was examined only for patent application purposes, and six out of seven were investigated for the first time using the HS-SPME technique. The presented analysis provides new data on the abundance and qualitative characterization of VOCs in the studied mint plants and on the safety of their use, related to the possibility of the presence of potentially toxic components. HS-SPME is a valuable method to extend the characterization of the VOC profile obtained by hydrodistillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (I.J.)
| | - Piotr Kuś
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zvonimir Marijanović
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Carlo I. G. Tuberoso
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Izabela Fecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Igor Jerković
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (I.J.)
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Fuchs LK, Holland AH, Ludlow RA, Coates RJ, Armstrong H, Pickett JA, Harwood JL, Scofield S. Genetic Manipulation of Biosynthetic Pathways in Mint. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:928178. [PMID: 35774811 PMCID: PMC9237610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.928178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the study of aromatic plants has seen an increase, with great interest from industrial, academic, and pharmaceutical industries. Among plants attracting increased attention are the Mentha spp. (mint), members of the Lamiaceae family. Mint essential oils comprise a diverse class of molecules known as terpenoids/isoprenoids, organic chemicals that are among the most diverse class of naturally plant derived compounds. The terpenoid profile of several Mentha spp. is dominated by menthol, a cyclic monoterpene with some remarkable biological properties that make it useful in the pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic, and cleaning product industries. As the global market for Mentha essential oils increases, the desire to improve oil composition and yield follows. The monoterpenoid biosynthesis pathway is well characterised so metabolic engineering attempts have been made to facilitate this improvement. This review focuses on the Mentha spp. and attempts at altering the carbon flux through the biosynthetic pathways to increase the yield and enhance the composition of the essential oil. This includes manipulation of endogenous and heterologous biosynthetic enzymes through overexpression and RNAi suppression. Genes involved in the MEP pathway, the menthol and carvone biosynthetic pathways and transcription factors known to affect secondary metabolism will be discussed along with non-metabolic engineering approaches including environmental factors and the use of plant growth regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz K. Fuchs
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ryan J. Coates
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey Armstrong
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John L. Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Scofield
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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