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Zhong M, Zhang L, Yu H, Liao J, Jiang Y, Chai S, Yang R, Wang L, Deng X, Zhang S, Li Q, Zhang L. Identification and characterization of a novel tyrosine aminotransferase gene (SmTAT3-2) promotes the biosynthesis of phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127858. [PMID: 37924917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) and salvianolic acid B (SAB) are main phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge have been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases due to their excellent pharmacological activity. RA is a precursor of SAB, and tyrosine transaminase (TAT, EC 2.6.1.5) is a crucial rate-limiting enzyme in their metabolism pathway. This study identified a novel TAT gene, SmTAT3-2, and found that it is a new transcript derived from unconventional splicing of SmTAT3. We used different substrates for enzymatic reaction with SmTAT1, SmTAT3 and SmTAT3-2. Subcellular localization of SmTAT1 and SmTAT3-2 was completed based on submicroscopic techniques. In addition, they were overexpressed and CRISPR/Cas9 gene edited in hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza. Revealed SmTAT3-2 and SmTAT1 showed a stronger affinity for L-tyrosine than SmTAT3, localized in the cytoplasm, and promoted the synthesis of phenolic acid. In overexpressed SmTAT3-2 hairy roots, the content of RA and SAB was significantly increased by 2.53 and 3.38 fold, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of overexpressed SmTAT1 strain compared with EV strain. These findings provide a valuable key enzyme gene for the phenolic acids metabolism pathway and offer a theoretical basis for the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Zhong
- Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China; College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Innovation Research of Chinese Materia Medica, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Haomiao Yu
- Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China; College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China
| | - Jinqiu Liao
- Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China; College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China
| | - Songyue Chai
- Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China; College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China
| | - Ruiwu Yang
- Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China
| | - Long Wang
- Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China; College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China
| | - Xuexue Deng
- Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China; College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China
| | - Songlin Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Innovation Research of Chinese Materia Medica, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Qingmiao Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Innovation Research of Chinese Materia Medica, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, 610041 Chengdu, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China; College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya'an, China.
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Sun Y, Niu X, Huang Y, Wang L, Liu Z, Guo X, Xu B, Wang C. Role of the tyrosine aminotransferase AccTATN gene in the response to pesticide and heavy metal stress in Apis cerana cerana. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:105372. [PMID: 36963941 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine aminotransferase (TATN) is the first enzyme involved in the metabolic degradation of tyrosine, and it plays an important role in tyrosine detoxification and helps the body resist oxidative damage. However, the function of TATN in Apis cerana cerana (A. c. cerana) remains unclear. To explore the role of TATN in the response to pesticide and heavy metal stress in A. c. cerana, AccTATN was isolated and identified. AccTATN was highly expressed in the integument and the adult stage. Exposure to multiple pesticides and heavy metal stress upregulated AccTATN expression. RNA interference experiments showed that silencing AccTATN reduced the resistance of A. c. cerana to glyphosate and avermectins stress. The expression of antioxidant-related genes and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were reduced after AccTATN was silenced, leading to the accumulation of oxidative damage. Overexpression of the recombinant AccTATN protein in a prokaryotic system also confirmed its role in heavy metal stress and improved antioxidant capacity. Our study showed that AccTATN may promote resistance to pesticide and heavy metal stress by regulating the antioxidant capacity of A. c. cerana. This study provides a valuable theoretical basis for A. c. cerana conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China.
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Koper K, Hataya S, Hall AG, Takasuka TE, Maeda HA. Biochemical characterization of plant aromatic aminotransferases. Methods Enzymol 2023; 680:35-83. [PMID: 36710018 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic aminotransferases (Aro ATs) are pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes that catalyze the transamination reactions of an aromatic amino acid (AAA) or a keto acid. Aro ATs are involved in biosynthesis or degradation of AAAs and play important functions in controlling the production of plant hormones and secondary metabolites, such as auxin, tocopherols, flavonoids, and lignin. Most Aro ATs show substrate promiscuity and can accept multiple aromatic and non-aromatic amino and keto acid substrates, which complicates and limits our understanding of their in planta functions. Considering the critical roles Aro ATs play in plant primary and secondary metabolism, it is important to accurately determine substrate specificity and kinetic properties of Aro ATs. This chapter describes various methodologies of protein expression, purification and enzymatic assays, which can be used for biochemical characterization of Aro ATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Koper
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
| | - Shogo Hataya
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Andrew G Hall
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Taichi E Takasuka
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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Zhao J, Xu L, Jin D, Xin Y, Tian L, Wang T, Zhao D, Wang Z, Wang J. Rosmarinic Acid and Related Dietary Supplements: Potential Applications in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101410. [PMID: 36291619 PMCID: PMC9599057 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer constitutes a severe threat to human health and quality of life and is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Natural dietary products have drawn substantial attention in cancer treatment and prevention due to their availability and absence of toxicity. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is known for its excellent antioxidant properties and is safe and effective in preventing and inhibiting tumors. This review summarizes recent publications on culture techniques, extraction processes, and anti-tumor applications of RA-enriched dietary supplements. We discuss techniques to improve RA bioavailability and provide a mechanistic discussion of RA regarding tumor prevention, treatment, and adjuvant therapy. RA exhibits anticancer activity by regulating oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and metastasis. These data suggest that daily use of RA-enriched dietary supplements can contribute to tumor prevention and treatment. RA has the potential for application in anti-tumor drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachao Zhao
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Liwei Xu
- Department of Respirology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Di Jin
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yu Xin
- School of pharmaceutical sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Respirology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tan Wang
- Department of Respirology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Respirology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (J.W.)
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Pezeshki S, Warmbier I, Busch T, Bauerbach E, Szövenyi P, Petersen M. The first step into phenolic metabolism in the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis: molecular and biochemical characterization of two phenylalanine ammonia-lyase isoforms. PLANTA 2022; 256:33. [PMID: 35796843 PMCID: PMC9262799 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03944-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two isoforms of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) have been isolated as cDNA sequences from the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis. The encoded enzymes convert L-phenylalanine and to lower extents L-tyrosine and L-histidine. Thus, the functional presence of the general phenylpropanoid pathway in one of the earliest land plant groups is established. The hornwort Anthoceros agrestis has an elaborated phenolic metabolism resulting in phenolic compounds, such as rosmarinic acid or megacerotonic acid. The general phenylpropanoid pathway is involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds. Two phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) genes, AaPAL1 and AaPAL2, have been identified in Anthoceros agrestis and the protein with an N-terminal 6xHis-tag heterologously synthesized in Escherichia coli for a full biochemical characterization. Both PAL proteins accept L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine as well as L-histidine as substrates, although the activity is explicitly the highest with L-phenylalanine. Km values as well as catalytic efficiencies were determined for phenylalanine (Km AaPAL1 39 µM, AaPAL2 18 µM) and tyrosine (Km AaPAL1 3.3 mM, AaPAL2 3.5 mM). In suspension cultures of Anthoceros agrestis, PAL genes were transcribed in parallel to rosmarinic acid (RA) accumulation and both showed highest abundance in the early growth phase. In a phylogenetic tree, both AaPAL amino acid sequences grouped within a clade with PAL amino acid sequences of diverse origin ranging from non-vascular to vascular plants, while most PALs from eudicots and monocots were mainly found in two other clades. The similarity of the hornwort PAL amino acid sequences to PAL sequences from vascular plants is more than 80% showing a strong conservation within the land plants. With this characterization of PALs from Anthoceros agrestis together with former investigations concerning cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase and 4-coumaric acid CoA-ligase, the functional presence of the general phenylpropanoid pathway in this hornwort is proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Pezeshki
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ina Warmbier
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Busch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Bauerbach
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Szövenyi
- Institut für Systematische und Evolutionäre Botanik, Universität Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maike Petersen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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Ernst L, Wohl J, Bauerbach E, Petersen M. Hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and CYP98 in phenolic metabolism in the rosmarinic acid-producing hornwort Anthoceros agrestis. PLANTA 2022; 255:75. [PMID: 35235057 PMCID: PMC8891189 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Anthoceros agrestis hydroxycinnamoyltransferase accepts shikimic and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acids while hydroxycinnamoylester/amide 3-hydroxylase (CYP98A147) preferred p-coumaroyl-(3-hydroxy)anthranilic acid compared to the shikimic acid derivative. Alternative pathways towards rosmarinic acid have to be considered. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a well-known ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. In the search for enzymes involved in RA biosynthesis in the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis, the hydroxycinnamoyltransferase sequence with the highest similarity to rosmarinic acid synthase from Lamiaceae has been amplified and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. In parallel, the single cytochrome P450 sequence belonging to the CYP98 group in Anthoceros agrestis was isolated and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which did not result in protein formation. Codon optimization and co-expression with NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) from Coleus blumei resulted in the formation of active enzymes. Both, the hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and CYP98 were characterized with respect to their temperature and pH optimum as well as their substrate acceptance. The hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (AaHCT6) readily accepted p-coumaroyl- and caffeoyl-CoA with a slightly higher affinity towards p-coumaroyl-CoA. The best acceptor substrate was shikimic acid (Km 25 µM with p-coumaroyl-CoA) followed by 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (Km 153 µM with p-coumaroyl-CoA). Another accepted substrate was 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Anthranilic acid and 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid (as precursor for RA) were not used as substrates. p-Coumaroylesters and -amides are substrates hydroxylated by CYP98 hydroxylases. The only CYP98 sequence from Anthoceros agrestis is CYP98A147. The best substrates for the NADPH-dependent hydroxylation were p-coumaroylanthranilic and p-coumaroyl-3-hydroxyanthranilic acids while p-coumaroylshikimic and p-coumaroyl-4-hydroxyphenyllactic acids were poor substrates. The biosynthetic pathway towards rosmarinic acid thus still remains open and other enzyme classes as well as an earlier introduction of the 3-hydroxyl group to afford the caffeic acid substitution pattern must be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Ernst
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Wohl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Bauerbach
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maike Petersen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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