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Amplification, sequencing and characterization of pectin methyl esterase inhibitor 51 gene in Tectona grandis L.f. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5451-5460. [PMID: 34588855 PMCID: PMC8459126 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tectona grandis L.f. (Teak), a very important source of incomparable timber, withstands a wide range of tropical deciduous conditions. We achieved partial amplification of pectin methylesterase inhibitor 51 (PMEI) gene in teak by E. pilularis cinnamoyl Co-A reductase (CCR) gene specific primer. The amplified teak gene was of 750 bp, 79% identity and 97% query cover with PMEI of Sesamum indicum. The phylogenetic tree clustered the amplified gene with PMEI of database plant species, Erythranthe guttata and Sesamum indicum (87% bootstrap value). On conversion to amino acid sequence, the obtained protein comprised 237 amino acids. However, PMEI region spanned from 24 to 171 amino acids, 15.94 kDa molecular weight, 8.97 pI value and C697H1117N199O211S9 molecular formula with four conserved cysteine residues as disulfide bridges. 25.9 % protein residues were hydrophilic, 42.7% hydrophobic and 31.2% neutral. Teak 3D PMEI protein structure corresponded well with Arabidopsis thaliana and Actinidia deliciosa PMEIs. The gene maintains integrity of pectin component of middle lamella of primary cell wall and confers tolerance against various kinds of stresses. Teak conferred with overexpression of PMEI may secure a wide adaptability as well as luxuriant timber productivity and quality in adverse/ fluctuating/ scarce climatic and environmental conditions of tropical forests.
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Comparable studies of two polysaccharides from leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus: Structure and antioxidation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:350-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Christiaens S, Uwibambe D, Uyttebroek M, Van Droogenbroeck B, Van Loey AM, Hendrickx ME. Pectin characterisation in vegetable waste streams: A starting point for waste valorisation in the food industry. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Munarin F, Tanzi M, Petrini P. Advances in biomedical applications of pectin gels. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:681-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Vandevenne E, Christiaens S, Van Buggenhout S, Declerck PJ, Hendrickx ME, Gils A, Van Loey A. Immunological toolbox available for in situ exploration of pectic homogalacturonan and its modifying enzymes in fruits and vegetables and their derived food products. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Enzymatic treatment for preventing biofilm formation in the paper industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:95-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Douchiche O, Driouich A, Morvan C. Spatial regulation of cell-wall structure in response to heavy metal stress: cadmium-induced alteration of the methyl-esterification pattern of homogalacturonans. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:481-91. [PMID: 20085918 PMCID: PMC2826256 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In flax hypocotyls, cadmium-induced reorientation of growth coincides with marked changes in homogalacturonan (HGA) epitopes that were recognized by JIM7 and JIM5 antibodies in the external tangential wall of the epidermis. In the present study, LM7 and 2F4 monoclonal antibodies were used, in addition to JIM5 and JIM7, to extend the investigation on the methyl-esterification pattern of HGA within various domains of the cortical tissues, including the cortical parenchyma where cell cohesion is crucial. METHODS The PATAg (periodic acid thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate) test was applied to ultrathin sections so that the polysaccharides could be visualized and the ultrastructure studied. The monoclonal LM7, JIM5 and JIM7 antibodies that recognize differently methyl-esterified HGA were used. The monoclonal 2F4 antibody that is specific to a particular polygalacturonic acid conformation induced by a given calcium to sodium ratio was also applied. After immunogold labelling, the grids were stained with uranyl-acetate, the samples were observed using a transmission electron microscope and the gold particles were counted. KEY RESULTS In the presence of cadmium, the increase of LM7 labelling in external tangential wall of the epidermis, together with a decrease of JIM7 labelling, suggested a specific role for randomly partially de-esterified HGA to counteract the radial swelling stress. Enhanced JIM5 and 2F4 labelling in the junctions of the inner tissues indicated that the presence of blockwise de-esterified HGA might oppose cell separation. CONCLUSIONS The response of the hypocotyl to cadmium stress was to adapt the structure of the wall of cortical tissues by differently modulating the methyl-esterification pattern of HGA in various domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Douchiche
- Laboratory Glyco-Mev, SCUEOR, IFRMP 23, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France.
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Paynel F, Schaumann A, Arkoun M, Douchiche O, Morvan C. Temporal regulation of cell-wall pectin methylesterase and peroxidase isoforms in cadmium-treated flax hypocotyl. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:1363-72. [PMID: 19815572 PMCID: PMC2778398 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In hypocotyls of flax (Linum usitatissimum) cadmium-induced reorientation of growth (i.e. an increase in expansion and a decrease in elongation) coincides with marked changes in the methylesterification and cross-linking of homogalacturonans within various cell-wall (CW) domains. The aim of the present study was to examine the involvement of pectin methylesterase (PME) and peroxidase (PER) in this cadmium-induced CW remodelling. METHODS CW proteins were extracted from hypocotyls of 10- and 18-d-old flax that had been treated or not treated with 0.5 mm Cd(NO(3))(2). PME and PER expression within these extracts was detected by LC/MS, by isoelectric focusing and enzyme activity assays. Transcript expression by RT-PCR of known flax PME and PER genes was also measured in corresponding samples. KEY RESULTS In cadmium-treated seedlings, PME activity increased as compared with controls, particularly at day 10. The increased activity of PME was accompanied by increased abundance of both a basic protein isoform (B2) and a particular transcript (Lupme5). In contrast, induction of PER activity by cadmium was highest at day 18. Among the four reported PER genes, Flxper1 and 3 increased in abundance in the presence of cadmium at day 18. CONCLUSIONS The temporal regulation of Lupme and Flxper genes and of their respective enzyme activities fits the previously reported cadmium-induced structural changes of homogalacturonans within the CWs. After PME-catalysed de-esterification of homogalacturonans, their cross-linking would depend on the activity of PERs interacting with calcium-dimerized blocks and reinforce the cell cohesion during the cadmium-induced swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Paynel
- Laboratory Glyco-Mev, SCUEOR, IFRMP 23, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France.
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Siedlecka A, Wiklund S, Péronne MA, Micheli F, Lesniewska J, Sethson I, Edlund U, Richard L, Sundberg B, Mellerowicz EJ. Pectin methyl esterase inhibits intrusive and symplastic cell growth in developing wood cells of Populus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:554-65. [PMID: 18065553 PMCID: PMC2245829 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Wood cells, unlike most other cells in plants, grow by a unique combination of intrusive and symplastic growth. Fibers grow in diameter by diffuse symplastic growth, but they elongate solely by intrusive apical growth penetrating the pectin-rich middle lamella that cements neighboring cells together. In contrast, vessel elements grow in diameter by a combination of intrusive and symplastic growth. We demonstrate that an abundant pectin methyl esterase (PME; EC 3.1.1.11) from wood-forming tissues of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x tremuloides) acts as a negative regulator of both symplastic and intrusive growth of developing wood cells. When PttPME1 expression was up- and down-regulated in transgenic aspen trees, the PME activity in wood-forming tissues was correspondingly altered. PME removes methyl ester groups from homogalacturonan (HG) and transgenic trees had modified HG methylesterification patterns, as demonstrated by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and immunostaining using PAM1 and LM7 antibodies. In situ distributions of PAM1 and LM7 epitopes revealed changes in pectin methylesterification in transgenic trees that were specifically localized in expanding wood cells. The results show that en block deesterification of HG by PttPME1 inhibits both symplastic growth and intrusive growth. PttPME1 is therefore involved in mechanisms determining fiber width and length in the wood of aspen trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Siedlecka
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, SE 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Zhao Z, Liu M, Tu P. Characterization of water soluble polysaccharides from organs of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao). Eur Food Res Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-007-0620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Grabber JH, Hatfield RD. Methyl esterification divergently affects the degradability of pectic uronosyls in nonlignified and lignified maize cell walls. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:1546-9. [PMID: 15740038 DOI: 10.1021/jf048799b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonlignified cell walls from Zea mays (L.) cell suspensions were incubated with and without pectin methylesterase (PME) and a portion were artificially lignified to assess how methyl esters influence the release of pectic uronosyls and total sugars from cell walls by fungal enzymes. Treatment with PME reduced uronosyl concentrations from 97 to 92 mg/g, reduced uronosyl methylation from 57% to 21%, and increased Klason lignin concentrations in artificially lignified cell walls from 99 to 116 mg/g. Although PME treatment slightly enhanced uronosyl release from nonlignified cell walls, it reduced uronosyl release from artificially lignified cell walls by 55% after 4 h and by 7% after 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. Pectin hydrolysis in PME treated cell walls was probably impaired by enhanced benzyl ester cross-linking of uronosyls to lignin via quinone methide intermediates. Variations in uronosyl methylation had little effect on the overall release of total sugars from cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Grabber
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1925 Linden Drive West, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Capodicasa C, Vairo D, Zabotina O, McCartney L, Caprari C, Mattei B, Manfredini C, Aracri B, Benen J, Knox JP, De Lorenzo G, Cervone F. Targeted modification of homogalacturonan by transgenic expression of a fungal polygalacturonase alters plant growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:1294-304. [PMID: 15247378 PMCID: PMC519048 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.042788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pectins are a highly complex family of cell wall polysaccharides comprised of homogalacturonan (HGA), rhamnogalacturonan I and rhamnogalacturonan II. We have specifically modified HGA in both tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Arabidopsis by expressing the endopolygalacturonase II of Aspergillus niger (AnPGII). Cell walls of transgenic tobacco plants showed a 25% reduction in GalUA content as compared with the wild type and a reduced content of deesterified HGA as detected by antibody labeling. Neutral sugars remained unchanged apart from a slight increase of Rha, Ara, and Gal. Both transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis were dwarfed, indicating that unesterified HGA is a critical factor for plant cell growth. The dwarf phenotypes were associated with AnPGII activity as demonstrated by the observation that the mutant phenotype of tobacco was completely reverted by crossing the dwarfed plants with plants expressing PGIP2, a strong inhibitor of AnPGII. The mutant phenotype in Arabidopsis did not appear when transformation was performed with a gene encoding AnPGII inactivated by site directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Capodicasa
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale e Laboratorio di Genomica Funzionale e Proteomica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Evans BW, Snape CE, Jarvis MC. Lignification in relation to the biennial growth habit in brassicas. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 63:765-769. [PMID: 12877916 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The forage brassicas are a useful model system for the study of wood formation because the thickened cell walls of their vascular tissue can vary widely in lignin content. Solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy was used to quantify lignin, and determine features of its structure, in the vascular cell walls of forage rape (Brassica napus L.), and Thousandhead and marrowstem cultivars of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala). During the first season of vegetative growth, lignin levels in these cell walls remained low in the upper part of the stems despite the physical resemblance of this tissue to wood. The extended flowering stems produced in the following year were thinner and their vascular tissue contained much more strongly lignified cell walls. The structure of the lignin was typical of angiosperm wood. It showed only small variations in syringyl/guaiacyl ratio, but this ratio increased with lignin content and thus with the proportion of the lignin that was associated with secondary cell-wall layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Evans
- Chemistry Department, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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Johansson K, El-Ahmad M, Friemann R, Jörnvall H, Markovic O, Eklund H. Crystal structure of plant pectin methylesterase. FEBS Lett 2002; 514:243-9. [PMID: 11943159 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pectin is a principal component in the primary cell wall of plants. During cell development, pectin is modified by pectin methylesterases to give different properties to the cell wall. This report describes the first crystal structure of a plant pectin methylesterase. The beta-helical structure embodies a central cleft, lined by several aromatic residues, that has been deduced to be suitable for pectin binding. The active site is found at the center of this cleft where Asp157 is suggested to act as the nucleophile, Asp136 as an acid/base and Gln113/Gln135 to form an anion hole to stabilize the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenth Johansson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Ridley BL, O'Neill MA, Mohnen D. Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, and oligogalacturonide-related signaling. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 57:929-67. [PMID: 11423142 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1129] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a family of complex polysaccharides present in all plant primary cell walls. The complicated structure of the pectic polysaccharides, and the retention by plants of the large number of genes required to synthesize pectin, suggests that pectins have multiple functions in plant growth and development. In this review we summarize the current level of understanding of pectin primary and tertiary structure, and describe new methods that may be useful to study localized pectin structure in the plant cell wall. We also discuss progress in our understanding of how pectin is biosynthesized and review the biological activities and possible modes of action of pectic oligosaccharides referred to as oligogalacturonides. We present our view of critical questions regarding pectin structure, biosynthesis, and function that need to be addressed in the coming decade. As the plant community works towards understanding the functions of the tens of thousands of genes expressed by plants, a large number of those genes are likely to be involved in the synthesis, turnover, biological activity, and restructuring of pectin. A combination of genetic, molecular, biochemical and chemical approaches will be necessary to fully understand the function and biosynthesis of pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Ridley
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-4712, USA
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Roger D, Lacoux J, Lamblin F, Gaillet D, Dauchel H, Klein D, Balangé AP, David A, Lainé E. Isolation of a flax pectin methylesterase promoter and its expression in transgenic tobacco. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2001; 160:713-721. [PMID: 11448746 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PME) catalyze the de-esterification of methoxylated pectins in plant cell walls. We have isolated a 1.9 kb regulatory region upstream from the Lupme3 coding sequence of Linum usitatissimum L. (flax) using a 'Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) walking' strategy. Two 5' truncated deletion fragments (1.5 and 0.44 kb) of this potential promoter sequence were inserted upstream of the gus reporter gene in order to study their expression in transgenic plants. These constructs were transferred into Nicotiana tabacum, a heterologous system using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Expression of the reporter gene was analyzed in regenerated transgenic plants and calli to study the promoter activities of these sequences. This expression was observed in calli with both constructs. In contrast, expression in organs was only detected in tobacco plants transformed with the largest (1.5 kb) construct. This long fragment triggered expression in roots and immature or vitrified leaves. Expression in both organs was localized in the vasculature, but also detected in the root meristem. These results are the first evidence, to our knowledge, of the spatial and temporal regulation of a specific pme promoter of flax. Localization of Lupme3 promoter activity in vascular tissues of immature organs provides an insight into the role of this PME isoform in cell elongation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Roger
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, UFR Sciences; 33, rue Saint-Leu; 80039 Cedex, Amiens, France
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Serpe MD, Muir AJ, Keidel AM. Localization of cell wall polysaccharides in nonarticulated laticifers of Asclepias speciosa Torr. PROTOPLASMA 2001; 216:215-226. [PMID: 11732189 DOI: 10.1007/bf02673873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Asclepias speciosa Torr. has latex-containing cells known as nonarticulated laticifers. In stem sections of this species, we have analyzed the cell walls of nonarticulated laticifers and surrounding cells with various stains, lectins, and monoclonal antibodies. These analyses revealed that laticifer walls are rich in (1-->4) beta-D-glucans and pectin polymers. Immunolocalization of pectic epitopes with the antihomogalacturonan antibodies JIM5 and JIM7 produced distinct labeling patterns. JIM7 labeled all cells including laticifers, while JIM5 only labeled mature epidermal cells and xylem elements. Two antibodies, LM5 and LM6, which recognize rhamnogalacturonan I epitopes distinctly labeled laticifer walls. LM6, which binds to a (1-->5) alpha-arabinan epitope, labeled laticifer walls more intensely than walls of other cells. LM5, which recognizes a (1-->4) beta-D-galactan epitope, did not label laticifer segments at the shoot apex but labeled more mature portions of laticifers. Also the LM5 antibody did not label cells at the shoot apical meristem, but as cells grew and matured the LM5 epitope was expressed in all cells. LM2, a monoclonal antibody that binds to beta-D-glucuronic acid residues in arabinogalactan proteins, did not label laticifers but specifically labeled sieve tubes. Sieve tubes were also specifically labeled by Ricinus communis agglutinin, a lectin that binds to terminal beta-D-galactosyl residues. Taken together, the analyses conducted showed that laticifer walls have distinctive cytochemical properties and that these properties change along the length of laticifers. In addition, this study revealed differences in the expression of pectin and arabinogalactan protein epitopes during shoot development or among different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Serpe
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
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Prade RA, Zhan D, Ayoubi P, Mort AJ. Pectins, pectinases and plant-microbe interactions. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2000; 16:361-91. [PMID: 10819085 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1999.10647984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Prade
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
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Davey MW, Gilot C, Persiau G, Ostergaard J, Han Y, Bauw GC, Van Montagu MC. Ascorbate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis cell suspension culture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 121:535-43. [PMID: 10517845 PMCID: PMC59416 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.2.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/1999] [Accepted: 06/18/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) in an Arabidopsis (L.) Heynh. cell suspension culture was studied by quantifying the effects of incubation with a range of potential biosynthetic precursors, analogs, and inhibitors on the intracellular levels of reduced and oxidized forms of L-AA. Our results support the recently published biosynthetic pathway of L-AA from L-galactose (G.L. Wheeler, M.A. Jones, N. Smirnoff [1998] Nature 393: 365-369), but suggest that Arabidopsis cell suspension culture simultaneously contains two other routes leading to L-AA. The possible physiological significance of these alternate routes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Davey
- Laboratorium voor Genetica, Departement Plantengenetica, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Universiteit Gent, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Femenia A, Waldron K, Robertson J, Selvendran R. Compositional and structural modification of the cell wall of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var botrytis) during tissue development and plant maturation. Carbohydr Polym 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(99)00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Femenia A, Selvendran RR, Ring SG, Robertson JA. Effects of heat treatment and dehydration on properties of cauliflower fiber. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:728-732. [PMID: 10563960 DOI: 10.1021/jf980462k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of heat treatment and dehydration on fiber structure and hydration properties, using cauliflower floret/curd and stem tissues, have been investigated. No major changes in fiber composition resulted from sample treatments, but the degree of esterification of pectic polysaccharides, approximately 60% in fresh cauliflower, decreased by approximately 12% in samples heated at temperatures >40 degrees C. Enzymic activity was considered to be responsible, through pectin methyl esterase activity. De-esterification was temperature and moisture sensitive. Hydration properties were also affected by processing conditions. The solubility of nonstarch polysaccharides in fresh, freeze-dried, and 40 degrees C dried samples was approximately 6% but increased to 12% in boiled samples and decreased in samples dried at 75 degrees C. Similar behavior occurred for swelling and water retention capacity (WRC), with swelling and WRC highest for boiled samples and lowest for samples dried at 75 degrees C. Hence, a decrease in de-esterification was not directly responsible for changes in hydration properties. The results demonstrate the importance of processing history on functional properties and on the preparation of fiber-rich ingredients for successful incorporation into foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Femenia
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, United Kingdom
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