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Kahan TA, Smith ZP. Effects of alerting signals on the spatial Stroop effect: evidence for modality differences. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:25-38. [PMID: 37389672 PMCID: PMC10806229 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Reaction times and error rates to a target's identity are impaired when the target is presented in a location that mismatches the response required, relative to situations where the location of the target and required response overlap (the Simon effect) and the same is true when the target's identity conveys spatial information (the spatial Stroop effect). Prior studies have found that visual versions of the spatial Stroop effect are magnified when alerting cues appear before the target and results are consistent with a dual-route framework where alerting cues boost automatic stimulus-response motor associations through the direct processing route. However, the influence of alerting signals on auditory versions of the spatial Stroop effect have not been tested and there are reasons to believe that the alerting-congruency interaction may differ across stimulus modality. In two experiments the effects of alerting cues on auditory (Experiment 1; N = 98) and visual (Experiment 2; N = 97) spatial Stroop effects are examined. Results show that alerting cues boost the spatial Stroop effect with visual stimuli but not auditory stimuli and a distributional analysis provides support for there being modality differences in the decay (or inhibition) of response-code activation. Implications for explanations of the alerting-congruence interaction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Kahan
- Department of Psychology, Bates College, 4 Andrews Rd., Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA.
| | - Zachary P Smith
- Department of Psychology, Bates College, 4 Andrews Rd., Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
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2
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Han T, Proctor RW. Testing the saliency-based account of phasic alertness. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:1857-1865. [PMID: 37069423 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
As an essential component of the human attention system, the effect of phasic alertness refers to the change of performance with the presence of a preceding warning signal. Weinbach and Henik (Cognition, 133 (2), 414-419, 2014) argued that phasic alertness is an adaptive mechanism that diverts attention to salient events. This mechanism enhances selective attention when the critical event is more salient than others. When selective attention to less salient details is required, phasic alertness can lead to more interference from task-irrelevant information. The experiment on which this saliency-based account of phasic alertness is based has not been replicated. In two experiments, the present study attempted to replicate the alertness-related findings of Weinbach and Henik. Although we used a similar design, the results did not reveal evidence for an interaction between phasic alertness and response congruency in the global/local processing task. Our results do not support the saliency-based account of phasic alertness. We argue that more systematic investigation is needed for this phasic alertness account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfang Han
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third St., West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Robert W Proctor
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third St., West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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3
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Patterson L, Kahan TA. Is the alerting-congruency interaction that is seen in experiments with stimulus-response motor associations moderated by a concurrent working-memory load? Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 225:103541. [PMID: 35203012 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying attention, distraction, and cognitive control have been widely studied, and results consistently show that reaction times are affected by alerting cues as well as by concurrent distraction. In addition, when distractors have pre-existing directional motor associations, alerting and distractor congruency interact in a manner where distractors have a larger effect when people are alerted to an upcoming target relative to when people are not alerted to the target's presentation. However, does a concurrent working memory load moderate this interaction in multitasking experiments, and if so, does it magnify or suppress this effect? The current study (N = 40) finds that although a memory-load significantly slows reaction times it does not moderate the alerting-congruency interaction. Discussion focuses on theoretical and applied implications of this empirical result.
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Gorina E, Kulikova AA, MacInnes WJ. Comparing saccadic and manual responses in the attention network test. Cortex 2021; 144:29-42. [PMID: 34597874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention is proposed to be a system of multiple functional networks, including alertness, orienting and executive control. A popular experimental paradigm for testing these networks and their interactions within a single design is the Attentional Networks Test (ANT) (Fan et al., 2002). The role of the oculomotor system in these various networks, however, has not been tested despite the strong link between attention and eye movements. We modified the executive control component of the manual response ANT version (ANTm) that allows testing the networks' involvement with oculomotor responses. Specifically, we used a central target to signal pro or anti-saccades that allows us to match the saccadic response compatibility of the original ANTm. We conducted three experiments to compare interactions of the networks between the traditional ANTm that used a flanker task response, our new ANTs with saccadic responses signalled with a fixation arrow, and a manual response version with the response arrow at fixation (ANTf). Results for all three experiments showed typical main effects of all three attention networks, but we observed differences in their interactions. The ANTm showed only an interaction of alerting enhancing the orienting; ANTs showed a congruency by orienting interaction with the orienting effect only observed for pro-saccades. The ANTf showed both alerting by orienting, and orienting by congruency. Although the saccadic response did differ from the original ANTm, key differences were also highlighted by the switch from peripheral to central target. Overall the proposed ANTf is a valid tool to test main effects of attentional networks. Further investigation of interaction differences between manual and oculomotor systems is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gorina
- Vision Modelling Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - W Joseph MacInnes
- Vision Modelling Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Psychology, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
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A nonspatial sound modulates processing of visual distractors in a flanker task. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 83:800-809. [PMID: 33083988 PMCID: PMC8577790 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Successful navigation of information-rich, multimodal environments involves processing of both auditory and visual information. The extent to which information within each modality is processed varies due to many factors, but the influence of auditory stimuli on the processing of visual stimuli in these multimodal environments is not well understood. Previous research has shown that a preceding sound leads to decreased reaction times in visual tasks (Bertelson, 1967). The current study examines if a non-spatial, task-irrelevant sound additionally alters processing of visual distractors that flank a central target. We utilized a version of a flanker task in which participants responded to a central letter surrounded by two irrelevant flanker letters. When these flankers are associated with a conflicting response, a congruency effect occurs such that reaction time to the target is slowed (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974). In two experiments using this task, results showed that a preceding tone caused general speeding of reaction time across flanker types, consistent with alerting. The tone also caused decreased variation in response time. Critically, the tone modulated the congruency effect, with a greater speeding for congruent flankers than for incongruent flankers. This suggests that the influence of flanker identity was more intense after tone presentation, consistent with a nonspatial sound increasing perceptual and/or response-association processing of flanking stimuli.
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Martínez-Pérez V, Palmero LB, Campoy G, Fuentes LJ. The role of chronotype in the interaction between the alerting and the executive control networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11901. [PMID: 32681046 PMCID: PMC7368012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronotype refers to the time of day preferred by individuals to perform daily activities according to their circadian rhythm. We asked whether synchrony effects, that is, the difference in performance between the optimal and non-optimal time of day as a function of chronotype, are observed in two tasks that differently involve the endogenous component of the alerting network, the psychomotor visual task (PVT) and the flanker task. From an initial sample of 132 students that filled in the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), 18 were classified as Morning-types and 16 as Evening-types. Evening-types showed synchrony effects in both tasks, whereas Morning-types failed to show synchrony effects in the flanker task and when the PVT was first performed at the non-optimal time of day. Thus, Morning-types might have seen increased their vigilant attention at their non-optimal time of day due to the cognitive demands of the flanker task and to the novelty with the PVT. Phasic alerting generated by alerting tones increased conflict score in the flanker task, but time of day did not modulate the congruence effect. Chronotype determines vigilant attention more decisively in Evening-types than in Morning-types individuals. Also, exogenous but not endogenous alerting exerts a deleterious effect on conflict resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Martínez-Pérez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lucía B Palmero
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Campoy
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Luis J Fuentes
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Alertness and cognitive control: Interactions in the spatial Stroop task. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 82:2257-2270. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-01993-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kahan TA, Zhang H. Ready to be distracted: Further evidence that the alerting-congruency interaction requires stimulus-response directional associations. VISUAL COGNITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2019.1680586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A. Kahan
- Department of Psychology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, USA
| | - Hanchen Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, USA
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Asanowicz D, Wołoszyn K, Panek B, Wronka E. On the locus of the effect of alerting on response conflict: An event-related EEG study with a speed-accuracy tradeoff manipulation. Biol Psychol 2019; 145:62-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Alertness and cognitive control: Testing the spatial grouping hypothesis. Atten Percept Psychophys 2019; 81:1913-1925. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-019-01764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Alertness and cognitive control: Is there a spatial attention constraint? Atten Percept Psychophys 2018; 81:119-136. [PMID: 30353501 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-018-1613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Weinbach N, Sher H, Lock JD, Henik A. Attention networks in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:343-351. [PMID: 28965277 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) usually develops during adolescence when considerable structural and functional brain changes are taking place. Neurocognitive inefficiencies have been consistently found in adults with enduring AN and were suggested to play a role in maintaining the disorder. However, such findings are inconsistent in children and adolescents with AN. The current study conducted a comprehensive assessment of attention networks in adolescents with AN who were not severely underweight during the study using an approach that permits disentangling independent components of attention. Twenty partially weight-restored adolescents with AN (AN-WR) and 24 healthy adolescents performed the Attention Network Test which assesses the efficiency of three main attention networks-executive control, orienting, and alerting. The results revealed abnormal function in the executive control network among adolescents with AN-WR. Specifically, adolescents with AN-WR demonstrated superior ability to suppress attention to task-irrelevant information while focusing on a central task. Moreover, the alerting network modulated this ability. No difference was found between the groups in the speed of orienting attention, but reorienting attention to a target resulted in higher error rates in the AN-WR group. The findings suggest that adolescents with AN have attentional abnormalities that cannot be explained by a state of starvation. These attentional dysregulations may underlie clinical phenotypes of the disorder such as increased attention of details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Weinbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Eating Disorder Unit, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Department of Psychology and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Helene Sher
- Eating Disorder Unit, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - James D Lock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Avishai Henik
- Department of Psychology and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Alertness and cognitive control: Toward a spatial grouping hypothesis. Atten Percept Psychophys 2018; 80:913-928. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-018-1491-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Previous research has shown that the presentation of an auditory alerting signal before a visual target increases the interference from flanking distractors. Recently, it has been suggested that this increase in interference may be due to an expansion of the spatial focus of attention. In five experiments, this hypothesis was tested by using a probe technique dedicated to measuring variations in the size of the attentional focus: In the majority of trials, participants performed a letter discrimination task in which their attention was focused on a central target letter. In a randomly intermixed probe task, the size of the attentional focus was measured by letting participants respond to a probe occurring at varying positions. In all experiments, reaction time (RT) to the probe increased from the most central to more lateral probe positions. This V-shaped probe-RT function, however, was not flattened by the presentation of an alerting signal. Overall, this pattern of results is inconsistent with the hypothesis that alerting signals increase the attentional focus. Instead, it is consistent with nonspatial accounts that attribute the increase in interference to an alerting effect on perceptual processing, which then leads to a detrimental effect at the level of response selection.
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Watanabe T, Saito K, Ishida K, Tanabe S, Nojima I. Auditory stimulus has a larger effect on anticipatory postural adjustments in older than young adults during choice step reaction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2409-2423. [PMID: 29027033 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aim was to compare the influence of an auditory stimulus (AS) on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) between young and older adults during a choice step reaction. METHODS Sixteen young and 19 older adults stepped forward in response to a visual imperative stimulus of an arrow. We used a choice reaction time (CRT) task and a Simon task which consisted of congruent and incongruent conditions. The direction of the presented arrow and its spatial location matched in the congruent condition while they did not in the incongruent condition. The AS was presented randomly and simultaneously with the visual stimulus. Incorrect weight shifts before lifting off the foot, termed APA errors, stepping errors, temporal parameters, and APA amplitudes were analyzed. RESULTS The APA error rate was higher in trials with than without AS in all task conditions for the older group, while this increase occurred only in the incongruent condition for the young group. The stepping error rate was also increased in the presence of AS in the incongruent condition for the older group. Reaction times were faster with AS in both groups. The APA amplitude of erroneous APA trials became larger with AS in the incongruent condition for both groups, and this effect appeared greater for the older group. CONCLUSIONS The effect of AS on APAs is larger in the elderly during a choice step reaction. In the presence of incongruent visual information, this effect becomes even greater, potentially inducing not only APA errors but also stepping errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Watanabe
- Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 461-8673, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Saito
- Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Kazuto Ishida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Shigeo Tanabe
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Ippei Nojima
- Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 461-8673, Japan.
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Asanowicz D, Marzecová A. Differential effects of phasic and tonic alerting on the efficiency of executive attention. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 176:58-70. [PMID: 28376344 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The study examined how alerting and executive attention interact in a task involving conflict resolution. We proposed a tentative scenario in which an initial exogenous phasic alerting phase is followed by an endogenous tonic alerting phase, and hypothesized that these two processes may have distinct effects on conflict resolution. Phasic alerting was expected to increase the conflict, whereas tonic alerting was expected to decrease the conflict. Three experiments were conducted using different variants of the flanker task with visual alerting cues and varied cue-target intervals (SOA), to differentiate between effects of phasic alerting (short SOA) and tonic alerting (long SOA). The results showed that phasic alerting consistently decreased the efficiency of conflict resolution indexed by response time and accuracy, whereas tonic alerting increased the accuracy of conflict resolution, but at a cost in the speed of processing the conflict. The third experiment additionally showed that the effects of phasic alerting may be modulated by the psychophysical strength of alerting cues. Discussed are possible mechanisms that could account for the observed interactions between alerting and conflict resolution, as well as some discrepancies between the current and previous studies.
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Thomaschke R, Hoffmann J, Haering C, Kiesel A. Time-Based Expectancy for Task Relevant Stimulus Features. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-00002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
When a particular target stimulus appears more frequently after a certain interval than after another one, participants adapt to such regularity, as evidenced by faster responses to frequent interval-target combinations than to infrequent ones. This phenomenon is known as time-based expectancy. Previous research has suggested that time-based expectancy is primarily motor-based, in the sense that participants learn to prepare a particular response after a specific interval. Perceptual time-based expectancy — in the sense of learning to perceive a certain stimulus after specific interval — has previously not been observed. We conducted a Two-Alternative-Forced-Choice experiment with four stimuli differing in shape and orientation. A subset of the stimuli was frequently paired with a certain interval, while the other subset was uncorrelated with interval. We varied the response relevance of the interval-correlated stimuli, and investigated under which conditions time-based expectancy transfers from trials with interval-correlated stimuli to trials with interval-uncorrelated stimuli. Transfer was observed only where transfer of perceptual expectancy and transfer of response expectancy predicted the same behavioral pattern, not when they predicted opposite patterns. The results indicate that participants formed time-based expectancy for stimuli as well as for responses. However, alternative interpretations are also discussed.
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Steinborn MB, Langner R, Huestegge L. Mobilizing cognition for speeded action: try-harder instructions promote motivated readiness in the constant-foreperiod paradigm. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:1135-1151. [PMID: 27650820 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of motivational readiness on cognitive performance. An important but still not sufficiently elaborated question is whether individuals can voluntarily increase cognitive efficiency for an impending target event, given sufficient preparation time. Within the framework of the constant-foreperiod design (comparing reaction time performance in blocks of short and long foreperiod intervals, FPs), we examined the effect of an instruction to try harder (instructional cue: standard vs. effort) in a choice-reaction task on performance speed and variability. Proceeding from previous theoretical considerations, we expected the instruction to speed-up processing irrespective of FP length, while error rate should be increased in the short-FP but decreased in the long-FP condition. Overall, the results confirmed this prediction. Importantly, the distributional (ex-Gaussian and delta plot) analysis revealed that the instruction to try harder decreased distributional skewness (i.e., longer percentiles were more affected), indicating that mobilization ensured temporal performance stability (persistence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Steinborn
- Psychologie III, University of Wuerzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lynn Huestegge
- Psychologie III, University of Wuerzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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Wang YF, Jing XJ, Liu F, Li ML, Long ZL, Yan JH, Chen HF. Reliable Attention Network Scores and Mutually Inhibited Inter-network Relationships Revealed by Mixed Design and Non-orthogonal Method. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10251. [PMID: 25997025 PMCID: PMC4440527 DOI: 10.1038/srep10251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The attention system can be divided into alerting, orienting, and executive control networks. The efficiency and independence of attention networks have been widely tested with the attention network test (ANT) and its revised versions. However, many studies have failed to find effects of attention network scores (ANSs) and inter-network relationships (INRs). Moreover, the low reliability of ANSs can not meet the demands of theoretical and empirical investigations. Two methodological factors (the inter-trial influence in the event-related design and the inter-network interference in orthogonal contrast) may be responsible for the unreliability of ANT. In this study, we combined the mixed design and non-orthogonal method to explore ANSs and directional INRs. With a small number of trials, we obtained reliable and independent ANSs (split-half reliability of alerting: 0.684; orienting: 0.588; and executive control: 0.616), suggesting an individual and specific attention system. Furthermore, mutual inhibition was observed when two networks were operated simultaneously, indicating a differentiated but integrated attention system. Overall, the reliable and individual specific ANSs and mutually inhibited INRs provide novel insight into the understanding of the developmental, physiological and pathological mechanisms of attention networks, and can benefit future experimental and clinical investigations of attention using ANT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Wang
- Key laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Jing
- Tianfu College, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, 610052, China
| | - Feng Liu
- 1] Key laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China [2] Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Mei-Ling Li
- Key laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Long
- Key laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jin H Yan
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Hua-Fu Chen
- Key laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Center for Information in BioMedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
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Weinbach N, Henik A. Alerting enhances attentional bias for salient stimuli: Evidence from a global/local processing task. Cognition 2014; 133:414-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Pauletti C, Mannarelli D, Grippo A, Currà A, Locuratolo N, De Lucia MC, Fattapposta F. Phasic alertness in a cued double-choice reaction time task: A Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) study. Neurosci Lett 2014; 581:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Soutschek A, Müller HJ, Schubert T. Conflict-Specific Effects of Accessory Stimuli on Cognitive Control in the Stroop Task and the Simon Task. Exp Psychol 2013; 60:140-7. [DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Both the Stroop and the Simon paradigms are often used in research on cognitive control, however, there is evidence that dissociable control processes are involved in these tasks: While conflicts in the Stroop task may be resolved mainly by enhanced task-relevant stimulus processing, conflicts in the Simon task may be resolved rather by suppressing the influence of task-irrelevant information on response selection. In the present study, we show that these control mechanisms interact in different ways with the presentation of accessory stimuli. Accessory stimuli do not affect cognitive control in the Simon task, but they impair the efficiency of cross-trial control processes in the Stroop task. Our findings underline the importance of differentiating between different types of conflicts and mechanisms of cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hermann J. Müller
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Schubert
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Fischer R, Plessow F, Kiesel A. The effects of alerting signals in masked priming. Front Psychol 2013; 4:448. [PMID: 23882248 PMCID: PMC3713395 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alerting signals often serve to reduce temporal uncertainty by predicting the time of stimulus onset. The resulting response time benefits have often been explained by facilitated translation of stimulus codes into response codes on the basis of established stimulus-response (S-R) links. In paradigms of masked S-R priming alerting signals also modulate response activation processes triggered by subliminally presented prime stimuli. In the present study we tested whether facilitation of visuo-motor translation processes due to alerting signals critically depends on established S-R links. Alerting signals resulted in significantly enhanced masked priming effects for masked prime stimuli that included and that did not include established S-R links (i.e., target vs. novel primes). Yet, the alerting-priming interaction was more pronounced for target than for novel primes. These results suggest that effects of alerting signals on masked priming are especially evident when S-R links between prime and target exist. At the same time, an alerting-priming interaction also for novel primes suggests that alerting signals also facilitate stimulus-response translation processes when masked prime stimuli provide action-trigger conditions in terms of programmed S-R links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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The interaction between alerting and executive control: Dissociating phasic arousal and temporal expectancy. Atten Percept Psychophys 2013; 75:1374-81. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-013-0501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fischer R, Plessow F, Ruge H. Priming of visual cortex by temporal attention? The effects of temporal predictability on stimulus(-specific) processing in early visual cortical areas. Neuroimage 2013; 66:261-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Weinbach N, Henik A. Temporal orienting and alerting - the same or different? Front Psychol 2012; 3:236. [PMID: 22807920 PMCID: PMC3393878 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noam Weinbach
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
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