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Gamoran A, Lieberman L, Gilead M, Dobbins IG, Sadeh T. Detecting recollection: Human evaluators can successfully assess the veracity of others' memories. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310979121. [PMID: 38781212 PMCID: PMC11145205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310979121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans have the highly adaptive ability to learn from others' memories. However, because memories are prone to errors, in order for others' memories to be a valuable source of information, we need to assess their veracity. Previous studies have shown that linguistic information conveyed in self-reported justifications can be used to train a machine-learner to distinguish true from false memories. But can humans also perform this task, and if so, do they do so in the same way the machine-learner does? Participants were presented with justifications corresponding to Hits and False Alarms and were asked to directly assess whether the witness's recognition was correct or incorrect. In addition, participants assessed justifications' recollective qualities: their vividness, specificity, and the degree of confidence they conveyed. Results show that human evaluators can discriminate Hits from False Alarms above chance levels, based on the justifications provided per item. Their performance was on par with the machine learner. Furthermore, through assessment of the perceived recollective qualities of justifications, participants were able to glean more information from the justifications than they used in their own direct decisions and than the machine learner did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Gamoran
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva8410501, Israel
| | - Lilach Lieberman
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva8410501, Israel
- Zelman School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva8410501, Israel
| | - Michael Gilead
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel
| | - Ian G. Dobbins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO63130
| | - Talya Sadeh
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva8410501, Israel
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva8410501, Israel
- Zelman School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva8410501, Israel
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2
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Pérez-Mata N, Diges M. False memories in forensic psychology: do cognition and brain activity tell the same story? Front Psychol 2024; 15:1327196. [PMID: 38827889 PMCID: PMC11141885 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1327196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most important problems in forensic psychology is the impossibility of reliably discriminating between true and false memories when the only prosecution evidence comes from the memory of a witness or a victim. Unfortunately, both children and adults can be persuaded that they have been victims of past criminal acts, usually of a sexual nature. In adults, suggestion often occurs in the context of suggestive therapies based on the belief that traumatic events are repressed, while children come to believe and report events that never occurred as a result of repeated suggestive questioning. Cognitive Researchers have designed false memory paradigms (i.e., misinformation effect, Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm, event implantation paradigm) to first form false memories and then determine whether it is possible to reliably differentiate between false and true memories. In the present study, we review the contribution of cognitive research to the formation of false memories and the neuropsychological approaches aimed to discriminate between true and false memories. Based on these results, we analyze the applicability of the cognitive and neuropsychological evidence to the forensic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Pérez-Mata
- Department of Psicología Básica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Pérez-Mata N, Albert J, Carretié L, López-Martín S, Sánchez-Carmona AJ. "I heard it before … or not": time-course of ERP response and behavioural correlates associated with false recognition memory. Memory 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38588660 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2333508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Electrophysiological and behavioural correlates of true and false memories were examined in the Deese/Roediger-McDermont (DRM) paradigm. A mass univariate approach for analysing event-related potentials (ERP) in the temporal domain was used to examine the electrophysiological effects associated with this paradigm precisely (point-by-point) and without bias (data-driven). Behaviourally, true and false recognition did not differ, and the predicted DRM effect was observed, as false recognition of critical lures (i.e., new words semantically related to studied words) was higher than false alarms of new (unrelated) words. Neurally, an expected old/new effect was observed during the time-range of the late positive component (LPC) over left centro-parietal scalp electrodes. Furthermore, true recognition also evoked larger LPC amplitudes than false recognition over both left centro-parietal and fronto-central scalp electrodes. However, we did not observe LPC-related differences between critical lures and new words, nor between correct rejections of critical lures and new words. In contrast, correct rejections of critical lures were accompanied by higher activation of a sustained positive slow wave (SPSW) in right fronto-central electrodes beyond 1200 ms. This result reveals a key role of post-retrieval processes in recognition. Results are discussed in light of theoretical approaches to false memory in the DRM paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Pérez-Mata
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psicología Básica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Albert
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carretié
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara López-Martín
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psicología Básica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Neuromottiva. Child and Adolescent Psychology Centre, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Alvarez-Martinez A, Sampedro-Vizcaya MJ, Fernandez-Rey J. Examining the effects of pleasantness ratings on correct and false recognition in the DRM paradigm: accuracy, recollection and familiarity estimates. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1265291. [PMID: 38572205 PMCID: PMC10988982 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1265291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Distinctive encoding usually increases correct recognition while also producing a reduction in false recognition. In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) illusion this phenomenon, called the mirror effect, occurs when participants focus on unique features of each of the words in the study list. In previous studies, the pleasantness rating task, used to foster distinctive encoding, generated different patterns of results. The main aim of our research is to examine under what circumstances this task can produce the mirror effect in the DRM paradigm, based on evidence from recognition accuracy and subjective retrieval experience. In Experiment 1, a standard version (word pleasantness rating on a 5-point Likert-type scale) was used for comparison with two other encoding conditions: shallow processing (vowel identification) and a read-only control. The standard task, compared to the other conditions, increased correct recognition, but did not reduce false recognition, and this result may be affected by the number of lists presented for study. Therefore, in experiment 2, to minimize the possible effect of the so-called retention size, the number of studied lists was reduced. In addition, the standard version was compared with a supposedly more item-specific version (participants rated the pleasantness of words while thinking of a single reason for this), also including the read-only control condition. In both versions of the pleasantness rating task, more correct recognition is achieved compared to the control condition, with no differences between the two versions. In the false recognition observed here, only the specific pleasantness rating task achieved a reduction relative to the control condition. On the other hand, the subjective retrieval experience accompanied correct and false recognition in the various study conditions. Although the standard pleasantness rating task has been considered to perform item-specific processing, our results challenge that claim. Furthermore, we propose a possible boundary condition of the standard task for the reduction of false recognition in the DRM paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Alvarez-Martinez
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J. Sampedro-Vizcaya
- Department of Social Psychology, Basic Psychology, and Methodology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Fernandez-Rey
- Cognitive Processes and Behavior Research Group, Department of Social Psychology, Basic Psychology, and Methodology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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5
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Trakas M. Journeying to the past: time travel and mental time travel, how far apart? Front Psychol 2023; 14:1260458. [PMID: 38213608 PMCID: PMC10783551 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1260458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial models dominated memory research throughout much of the twentieth century, but in recent decades, the concept of memory as a form of mental time travel (MTT) to the past has gained prominence. Initially introduced as a metaphor, the MTT perspective shifted the focus from internal memory processes to the subjective conscious experience of remembering. Despite its significant impact on empirical and theoretical memory research, there has been limited discussion regarding the meaning and adequacy of the MTT metaphor in accounting for memory. While in previous work I have addressed the general limitations of the MTT metaphor in explaining memory, the objective of this article is more focused and modest: to gain a better understanding of what constitutes MTT to the past. To achieve this objective, a detailed analysis of the characteristics of MTT to the past is presented through a comparison with time travel (TT) to the past. Although acknowledging that TT does not refer to an existing physical phenomenon, it is an older concept extensively discussed in the philosophical literature and provides commonly accepted grounds, particularly within orthodox theories of time, that can offer insights into the nature of MTT. Six specific characteristics serve as points of comparison: (1) a destination distinct from the present, (2) the distinction between subjective time and objective time, (3) the subjective experience of the time traveler, (4) their differentiation from the past self, (5) the existence of the past, and (6) its unchangeability. Through this research, a detailed exploration of the phenomenal and metaphysical aspects of MTT to the past is undertaken, shedding light on the distinct features that mental time travel to the past acquires when it occurs within the realm of the mind rather than as a physical phenomenon. By examining these characteristics, a deeper understanding of the nature of mental time travel is achieved, offering insights into how it operates in relation to memory and the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Trakas
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Kim T, Shin I, Lee SH. False memory confidence depends on the prefrontal reinstatement of true memory. Neuroimage 2022; 263:119597. [PMID: 36044945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For confidence of memory, a neural basis such as traces of stored memories should be required. However, because false memories have never been stored, the neural basis for false memory confidence remains unclear. Here we monitored the brain activity in participants while they viewed learned or novel objects, subsequently decided whether each presented object was learned and assessed their confidence levels. We found that when novel objects are presented, false memory confidence significantly depends on the shared representations with learned objects in the prefrontal cortex. However, such a tendency was not found in posterior regions including the visual cortex, which may be involved in the processing of perceptual gist. Furthermore, the confidence-dependent shared representations were not observed when participants correctly answered novel objects as non-learned objects. These results demonstrate that false memory confidence is critically based on the reinstatement of high-level semantic gist of stored memories in the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyun Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Shin
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sue-Hyun Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Abichou K, La Corte V, Bellegarde A, Nicolas S, Piolino P. How rich are false memories in a naturalistic context in healthy aging? Memory 2021; 30:262-278. [PMID: 34850666 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.2006717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The recall of factual and contextual information is a core characteristic of episodic memory sensitive to aging effects. The innovative aim of the present study was to assess in a naturalistic context the quantity and quality of correct and false free recalls among younger and older adults considering feature binding (What-Where-When-Details) and recollection (Remembering vs. Knowing). Thanks to virtual reality, we designed a multimodal environment simulating a lively town in which we implemented a variant of a DRM task rich in sets of semantically related items (e.g., fruits on a market stall). We asked 30 young and 30 older participants to navigate in the virtual environment, paying attention to the items, and then recall as many items and as much contextual information as possible and indicate the presence of recollection. As expected, older adults produced fewer correct recall but more intrusions than younger adults, and their correct recall was more deficient in binding and recollection. In both age groups, false recall was associated with the correct context inferred from a related set of items. However, the intrusions produced by older adults were highly recollected compared to those of the younger adults, and they were associated with false item-related contextual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouloud Abichou
- Department of psychology, Université de Paris, MC2Lab, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Valentina La Corte
- Department of psychology, Université de Paris, MC2Lab, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Bellegarde
- Department of psychology, Université de Paris, MC2Lab, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Serge Nicolas
- Department of psychology, Université de Paris, MC2Lab, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Pascale Piolino
- Department of psychology, Université de Paris, MC2Lab, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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8
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Wimmer MC, Whalley B, Hollins TJ. "I can't skip it": does free report improve accuracy in false memories? Memory 2021; 29:353-361. [PMID: 33706678 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1895223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Strategic monitoring of recognition memory by children and adults was examined using a semantic DRM procedure. Children (7- and 10-year-olds) and adults (overall N = 393) studied lists of semantically related words either incidentally or intentionally and were tested with old items, new items and critical lures to judge as old or new. Participants either made a decision about every item they saw (forced report), or they had the opportunity to withhold answers they were uncertain about (free report). Children were less likely to withhold an answer than adults. However, 7-year-olds were more able to resist false memories when given the opportunity to withhold an answer compared to 10-year-olds or adults. In contrast, adults were unable to improve false memory accuracy. These data suggest that once semantically induced false memories have been encoded they are amenable to strategic monitoring at retrieval in children but not adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Wimmer
- School of Applied Sciences, Psychology, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ben Whalley
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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9
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Shaw J. Do False Memories Look Real? Evidence That People Struggle to Identify Rich False Memories of Committing Crime and Other Emotional Events. Front Psychol 2020; 11:650. [PMID: 32322232 PMCID: PMC7156606 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies examined whether people could identify rich false memories. Each participant in both studies was presented with two videos, one of a person recalling a true emotional memory, and one of the same person recalling a false memory. These videos were filmed during a study which involved implanting rich false memories (Shaw and Porter, 2015). The false memories in the videos either involved committing a crime (assault, or assault with a weapon) or other highly emotional events (animal attack, or losing a large sum of money) during adolescence. In study 1, participants (n = 124) were no better than chance at accurately classifying false memories (61.29% accurate), or false memories of committing crime (53.33% accurate). In study 2, participants (n = 82) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, where they only had access to the (i) audio account of the memory with no video, (ii) video account with no audio, or (iii) the full audio-visual accounts. False memories were classified correctly by 32.14% of the audio-only group, 45.45% of the video-only group, and 53.13% of the audio-visual group. This research provides evidence that naïve judges are not able to reliably identify false memories of emotional or criminal events, or differentiate true from false memories. These findings are likely to be of particular interest to those working in legal and criminal justice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Shaw
- Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Hong P, Parente MADMP, Claessens PME, Galduróz RF. Construção e Avaliação para 15 Listas de Palavras Baseadas no Paradigma Deese-Roediger-McDermott. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/0102.3772e3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Com base nos estudos conduzidos de acordo com o paradigma Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM), em quais palavras de uma lista tendem a evocar outros itens relacionados, utilizado em pesquisas de falsas memórias, neste estudo elaborou-se 15 listas de palavras semanticamente relacionadas para o português. Para a elaboração das listas, foram considerados critérios como frequência de palavras no corpus de português brasileiro e extensão de palavras. A pré-seleção guiada por características linguísticas visava controlar possíveis vieses por parte dos voluntários. Testes de associação semântica e concretude de palavras foram realizados para apurar a conveniência dos itens selecionados, e um teste de recordação livre foi conduzido para avaliar características de evocação. Sugerimos a utilização das listas de palavras em pesquisas que avaliem falsas memórias.
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11
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Does Exercise Improve False Episodic Memory in Dementia? J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111829. [PMID: 31683945 PMCID: PMC6912546 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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12
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Delhaye E, Tibon R, Gronau N, Levy DA, Bastin C. Misrecollection prevents older adults from benefitting from semantic relatedness of the memoranda in associative memory. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2018; 25:634-654. [PMID: 28756745 PMCID: PMC6597361 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2017.1358351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Memory for episodic associations declines in aging, ostensibly due to decreased recollection abilities. Accordingly, associative unitization - the encoding of associated items as one integrated entity - may potentially attenuate age-related associative deficits by enabling familiarity-based retrieval, which is relatively preserved in aging. To test this hypothesis, we induced bottom-up unitization by manipulating semantic relatedness between memoranda. Twenty-four young and 24 older adults studied pairs of object pictures that were either semantically related or unrelated. Participants subsequently discriminated between intact, recombined and new pairs. We found that semantic relatedness increased the contributions of both familiarity and recollection in young adults, but did not improve older adults' performance. Instead, they showed associative deficits, driven by increased recollection-based false recognition. This may reflect a "misrecollection" phenomenon, in which older adults make more false alarms to recombined pairs with particularly high confidence, due to poorer retrieval monitoring regarding semantically-related associative probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Delhaye
- Cyclotron Research Center (GIGA-CRC) In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Roni Tibon
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nurit Gronau
- Department of Psychology & Cognitive Science Studies, The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel
| | - Daniel A. Levy
- School of Psychology and Sagol Unit for Applied Neuroscience, The Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Christine Bastin
- Cyclotron Research Center (GIGA-CRC) In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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13
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Jou J, Escamilla EE, Arredondo ML, Pena L, Zuniga R, Perez M, Garcia C. The role of decision criterion in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false recognition memory: False memory falls and rises as a function of restriction on criterion setting. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 71:499-521. [PMID: 27808007 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1256416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
How much of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory is attributable to decision criterion is so far a controversial issue. Previous studies typically used explicit warnings against accepting the critical lure to investigate this issue. The assumption is that if the false memory results from using a liberally biased criterion, it should be greatly reduced or eliminated by an explicit warning against accepting the critical lure. Results showed that warning was generally ineffective. We asked the question of whether subjects can substantially reduce false recognition without being warned when the test forces them to make a distinction between true and false memories. Using a two-alternative forced choice in which criterion plays a relatively smaller role, we showed that subjects could indeed greatly reduce the rate of false recognition. However, when the forced-choice restriction was removed from the two-item choice test, the rate of false recognition rebounded to that of the hit for studied list words, indicating the role of criterion in false recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerwen Jou
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Eric E Escamilla
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Mario L Arredondo
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Liann Pena
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Richard Zuniga
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Martin Perez
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Clarissa Garcia
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
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14
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Richter A, Barman A, Wüstenberg T, Soch J, Schanze D, Deibele A, Behnisch G, Assmann A, Klein M, Zenker M, Seidenbecher C, Schott BH. Behavioral and Neural Manifestations of Reward Memory in Carriers of Low-Expressing versus High-Expressing Genetic Variants of the Dopamine D2 Receptor. Front Psychol 2017; 8:654. [PMID: 28507526 PMCID: PMC5410587 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is critically important in the neural manifestation of motivated behavior, and alterations in the human dopaminergic system have been implicated in the etiology of motivation-related psychiatric disorders, most prominently addiction. Patients with chronic addiction exhibit reduced dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) availability in the striatum, and the DRD2 TaqIA (rs1800497) and C957T (rs6277) genetic polymorphisms have previously been linked to individual differences in striatal dopamine metabolism and clinical risk for alcohol and nicotine dependence. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that the variants of these polymorphisms would show increased reward-related memory formation, which has previously been shown to jointly engage the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and the hippocampus, as a potential intermediate phenotype for addiction memory. To this end, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 62 young, healthy individuals genotyped for DRD2 TaqIA and C957T variants. Participants performed an incentive delay task, followed by a recognition memory task 24 h later. We observed effects of both genotypes on the overall recognition performance with carriers of low-expressing variants, namely TaqIA A1 carriers and C957T C homozygotes, showing better performance than the other genotype groups. In addition to the better memory performance, C957T C homozygotes also exhibited a response bias for cues predicting monetary reward. At the neural level, the C957T polymorphism was associated with a genotype-related modulation of right hippocampal and striatal fMRI responses predictive of subsequent recognition confidence for reward-predicting items. Our results indicate that genetic variations associated with DRD2 expression affect explicit memory, specifically for rewarded stimuli. We suggest that the relatively better memory for rewarded stimuli in carriers of low-expressing DRD2 variants may reflect an intermediate phenotype of addiction memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Richter
- Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Wüstenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University HospitalBerlin, Germany
| | - Joram Soch
- Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, Otto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Deibele
- Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Anne Assmann
- Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Marieke Klein
- Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, Otto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze Seidenbecher
- Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain SciencesMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Björn H Schott
- Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University HospitalBerlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain SciencesMagdeburg, Germany
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Cadavid S, Beato MS. Memory Distortion and Its Avoidance: An Event-Related Potentials Study on False Recognition and Correct Rejection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164024. [PMID: 27711125 PMCID: PMC5053520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory researchers have long been captivated by the nature of memory distortions and have made efforts to identify the neural correlates of true and false memories. However, the underlying mechanisms of avoiding false memories by correctly rejecting related lures remains underexplored. In this study, we employed a variant of the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm to explore neural signatures of committing and avoiding false memories. ERP were obtained for True recognition, False recognition, Correct rejection of new items, and, more importantly, Correct rejection of related lures. With these ERP data, early-frontal, left-parietal, and late right-frontal old/new effects (associated with familiarity, recollection, and monitoring processes, respectively) were analysed. Results indicated that there were similar patterns for True and False recognition in all three old/new effects analysed in our study. Also, False recognition and Correct rejection of related lures activities seemed to share common underlying familiarity-based processes. The ERP similarities between False recognition and Correct rejection of related lures disappeared when recollection processes were examined because only False recognition presented a parietal old/new effect. This finding supported the view that actual false recollections underlie false memories, providing evidence consistent with previous behavioural research and with most ERP and neuroimaging studies. Later, with the onset of monitoring processes, False recognition and Correct rejection of related lures waveforms presented, again, clearly dissociated patterns. Specifically, False recognition and True recognition showed more positive going patterns than Correct rejection of related lures signal and Correct rejection of new items signature. Since False recognition and Correct rejection of related lures triggered familiarity-recognition processes, our results suggest that deciding which items are studied is based more on recollection processes, which are later supported by monitoring processes. Results are discussed in terms of Activation-Monitoring Framework and Fuzzy Trace-Theory, the most prominent explanatory theories of false memory raised with the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cadavid
- Human Cognition Lab, Research Centre on Psychology (CIPsi), Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Soledad Beato
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of the Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Jou J, Arredondo ML, Li C, Escamilla EE, Zuniga R. The effects of increasing semantic-associate list length on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott false recognition memory: Dual false-memory process in retrieval from sub- and supraspan lists. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 70:2076-2093. [PMID: 27606720 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1222446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the number of semantic associates in Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists was varied from 4 to 14 in a modified Sternberg paradigm. The false alarm (FA) and correct rejection (CR) reaction time (RT)/memory-set size (MSS) functions of critical lures showed a cross-over interaction at approximately MSS 7, suggesting a reversal of the relative dominance between these two responses to the critical lure at this point and also indicating the location of the boundary between the sub- and supraspan MSS. For the subspan lists, FA to critical lures was slower than CR, suggesting a slow, strategic mechanism driving the false memory. Conversely, for the supraspan lists, critical lure FA was faster than its CR, suggesting a spontaneous mechanism driving the false memory. Results of two experiments showed that an automatic, fast, and a slow, controlled process could be error-prone or error-corrective, depending on the length of the DRM memory list. Thus there is a dual retrieval process in false memory as in true memory. The findings can be explained by both the activation/monitoring and the fuzzy-trace theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerwen Jou
- a Department of Psychological Science , University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley , Edinburg , TX, USA
| | - Mario L Arredondo
- a Department of Psychological Science , University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley , Edinburg , TX, USA
| | - Cheng Li
- a Department of Psychological Science , University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley , Edinburg , TX, USA
| | - Eric E Escamilla
- a Department of Psychological Science , University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley , Edinburg , TX, USA
| | - Richard Zuniga
- a Department of Psychological Science , University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley , Edinburg , TX, USA
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