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Bye JK, Marupudi V, Koenen R, Park J, Varma S. Estimation of factorial expressions and its improvement through calibration: A replication and extension of Tversky and Kahneman (1973). Mem Cognit 2025:10.3758/s13421-024-01662-0. [PMID: 39825174 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/20/2025]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, Tversky and Kahneman (Cognitive Psychology, 5[2], 207-232, 1973) reported that people's speeded estimations of 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 were notably higher than their estimations for the equivalent expression in the opposite order, 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 × 7 × 8 (Median = 2,250 vs. 512, respectively). On top of this order effect, both groups grossly underestimated the correct value (40,320). The differential effect of the two orders on estimation has become famous as an early demonstration of the anchoring effect, where people's judgments under uncertainty are unduly influenced by an initial reference point (or "anchor"). Despite this fame, to the best of our knowledge, this effect has never been replicated. In a sample of 253 U.S. adults, the current study provides the first replication of this foundational example of anchoring. It extends this effect for the first time to a within-participants design, revealing its relative robustness even among participants who see the descending order first. Drawing on procedures from the mathematical cognition literature, it shows how the anchoring effect can be mitigated: calibrating to the correct value of 6! reduces this effect, and calibrating to 10! eliminates it altogether. An individual differences analysis measures the arithmetic fluency of participants and their accuracy on a new estimation assessment, and finds that higher estimation ability may be a "protective factor" against some anchoring effects. These findings affirm the anchoring effect of Tversky and Kahneman (1973, Study 6) while suggesting that calibration may be an effective strategy for helping to improve people's estimation of superlinear functions that are important in real-life contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kramer Bye
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, 90747, USA.
| | - Vijay Marupudi
- School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Reba Koenen
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jimin Park
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sashank Varma
- School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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Wang Y, Li S, Chang D, Liu Z, Cheng L, Fu T. Impaired visual attention and numerical processing in children with anisometropic amblyopia and after visual acuity recovery. Sci Rep 2024; 14:31250. [PMID: 39732769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-82643-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 12/06/2024] [Indexed: 12/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia affects more than visual acuity. To compare the performances of visual selective attention and numerical processing in children with anisometropic amblyopia and children with normal vision, and investigate whether performance would be improved after visual acuity recovery, we performed 3 visual attention tasks (identifying number location task, numerical comparison task, and specific number comparison task) in children with anisometropic amblyopia, children who had recovered from anisometropic amblyopia, and children with normal vision in 6-8 and 9-11 years groups. The numerical processing ability, visual selective attention, and numerical distance effect were assessed by their reaction time of different tasks. The amblyopia group showed significantly worse visual selective attention than control group. However, the recovered amblyopic group showed worse visual selective attention compared to control group only in 9-11 years group. Children aged 6-8 had a greater numerical distance effect than 9-11 in control group, while there were no significant differences between different age groups in amblyopia and recovered amblyopic children. These findings suggest children with anisometropic amblyopia have not only defective visual selective attention but also different age-related patterns of numerical distance effect. Moreover, the improvement of visual selective attention after early stage of visual acuity recovery is better at younger age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Wang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Chang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihan Liu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Cheng
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Fu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Deng L, Liu R. The effects of layout types, visual features and text labels on icon visual search performance. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-19. [PMID: 39673422 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2440767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 12/05/2024] [Indexed: 12/16/2024]
Abstract
In operational tasks involving cognitive processes and visual guided pointing activities, this paper investigated the effects of icon layout types, visual features and text labels on the performance of visual search through eye tracking technology, taking the layout types of the icon (single row, double row, matrix and circular), visual features (round icon, round inverse colour icon, chamfered square icon, chamfered square inverse colour icon and borderless icon) and text labels (with or without text labels) as experimental variables. The task completion time, the total duration of fixation in AOI (Area of Interest) and the number of fixations in AOI were statistically analysed. Experimental results revealed that the combination of without text label, matrix layout and chamfered square icons could help improve interaction efficiency. The research results were helpful in providing a basis for designers to improve the usability of human-computer interfaces during the prototype design stage of software and other related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Deng
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Equipment, Ministry of Education, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiying Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Schindler M, Doderer JH, Simon AL, Schaffernicht E, Lilienthal AJ, Schäfer K. Small number enumeration processes of deaf or hard-of-hearing students: A study using eye tracking and artificial intelligence. Front Psychol 2022; 13:909775. [PMID: 36072043 PMCID: PMC9441847 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.909775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Students who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) often show significant difficulties in learning mathematics. Previous studies have reported that students who are DHH lag several years behind in their mathematical development compared to hearing students. As possible reasons, limited learning opportunities due to a lesser incidental exposure to numerical ideas, delays in language and speech development, and further idiosyncratic difficulties of students who are DHH are discussed; however, early mathematical skills and their role in mathematical difficulties of students who are DHH are not explored sufficiently. In this study, we investigate whether students who are DHH differ from hearing students in their ability to enumerate small sets (1–9)—an ability that is associated with mathematical difficulties and their emergence. Based on a study with N = 63 who are DHH and N = 164 hearing students from third to fifth grade attempting 36 tasks, we used eye tracking, the recording of students' eye movements, to qualitatively investigate student enumeration processes. To reduce the effort of qualitative analysis of around 8,000 student enumeration processes (227 students x 36 tasks), we used Artificial Intelligence, in particular, a clustering algorithm, to identify student enumeration processes from the heatmaps of student gaze distributions. Based on the clustering, we found that gaze distributions of students who are DHH and students with normal hearing differed significantly on a group level, indicating differences in enumeration processes, with students who are DHH using advantageous processes (e.g., enumeration “at a glance”) more often than hearing students. The results indicate that students who are DHH do not lag behind in small number enumeration as compared to hearing students but, rather, appear to perform better than their hearing peers in small number enumeration processes, as well as when conceptual knowledge about the part-whole relationship is involved. Our study suggests that the mathematical difficulties of students who are DHH are not related to difficulties in the small number enumeration, which offers interesting perspectives for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Schindler
- Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Maike Schindler
| | - Jan H. Doderer
- Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna L. Simon
- Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Karolin Schäfer
- Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Schliephake A, Bahnmueller J, Willmes K, Koch I, Moeller K. Cognitive control in number processing: new evidence from number compatibility effects in task-switching. Cogn Process 2022; 23:191-202. [PMID: 35133537 PMCID: PMC9072449 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-022-01074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that basic numerical abilities such as number magnitude processing are influenced by cognitive control processes. So far, evidence for number processing being affected by cognitive control processes stems primarily from observed adaptations of numerical effects to stimulus set characteristics (e.g. order or ratio of specific stimulus types). Complementing previous research on adaptation to stimulus set characteristics as an index of influences of cognitive control, the present study employed a task-switching paradigm to examine how cognitive control processes influence number processing. Participants were presented with a two-digit number and had to either judge its parity or compare its magnitude to a standard depending on a preceding cue. We expected numerical congruency effects (i.e. the unit-decade compatibility effect for magnitude comparisons and the parity congruity effect for parity judgements) to be larger in switch trials, as persisting activation of the task set of the preceding trial should increase interference. In contrast to our expectations, both numerical congruity effects were reduced following task switches as compared to repetitions. This interaction of task-switching with numerical congruency effects suggests an influence of cognitive control on basic number processing in form of persisting inhibition of previously abandoned task sets, so that these exert less influence on current number processing demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schliephake
- Leibniz-Institut Für Wissensmedien, Schleichstraße 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - J Bahnmueller
- Centre for Mathematical Cognition, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - K Willmes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - I Koch
- Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - K Moeller
- Centre for Mathematical Cognition, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Ales F, Giromini L, Bosi J, Zennaro A. White space responses in the Rorschach: Using eye-tracking to further understand the distinction between space reversal and space integration. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Blume F, Dresler T, Gawrilow C, Ehlis AC, Goellner R, Moeller K. Examining the relevance of basic numerical skills for mathematical achievement in secondary school using a within-task assessment approach. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 215:103289. [PMID: 33711503 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research repeatedly found basic numerical abilities (e.g., magnitude understanding, arithmetic fact knowledge, etc.) to predict young students' current and later arithmetic achievement as assessed by achievement tests - even when controlling for the influence of domain-general abilities (e.g., intelligence, working memory). However, to the best of our knowledge, previous studies hardly addressed this issue in secondary school students. Additionally, they primarily assessed basic numerical abilities in a between-task approach (i.e., using different tasks for different abilities). Finally, their relevance for real-life academic outcomes such as mathematics grades has only rarely been investigated. The present study therefore pursued an approach using one and the same task (i.e., a within-task approach) to reduce confounding effects driven by between-task differences. In particular, we evaluated the relevance of i) number magnitude understanding, ii) arithmetic fact knowledge, and iii) conceptual and procedural knowledge for the mathematics grades of 81 students aged between ten and thirteen (i.e., in Grades 5 and 6) employing the number bisection task. Results indicated that number magnitude understanding, arithmetic fact knowledge, and conceptual and procedural knowledge contributed to explaining mathematics grades even when controlling for domain-general cognitive abilities. Methodological and practical implications of the results are discussed.
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8
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Gabrieli G, Balagtas JPM, Esposito G, Setoh P. A Machine Learning Approach for the Automatic Estimation of Fixation-Time Data Signals' Quality. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6775. [PMID: 33260851 PMCID: PMC7731361 DOI: 10.3390/s20236775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Fixation time measures have been widely adopted in studies with infants and young children because they can successfully tap on their meaningful nonverbal behaviors. While recording preverbal children's behavior is relatively simple, analysis of collected signals requires extensive manual preprocessing. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using different Machine Learning (ML)-a Linear SVC, a Non-Linear SVC, and K-Neighbors-classifiers to automatically discriminate between Usable and Unusable eye fixation recordings. Results of our models show an accuracy of up to the 80%, suggesting that ML tools can help human researchers during the preprocessing and labelling phase of collected data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Gabrieli
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore; (G.G.); (J.P.M.B.); (G.E.)
| | - Jan Paolo Macapinlac Balagtas
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore; (G.G.); (J.P.M.B.); (G.E.)
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore; (G.G.); (J.P.M.B.); (G.E.)
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Peipei Setoh
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore; (G.G.); (J.P.M.B.); (G.E.)
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9
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Peake C, Moscoso-Mellado J, Guerra E. First fixation duration as a bottom-up measure during symbolic and non-symbolic numerical comparisons (La duración de la primera fijación como medida bottom-up al comparar cantidades simbólicas y no simbólicas). STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2020.1794717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peake
- Universidad Diego Portales (UDP)
- Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC)
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10
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Pressigout A, Dore-Mazars K. How does number magnitude influence temporal and spatial parameters of eye movements? Exp Brain Res 2019; 238:101-109. [PMID: 31797009 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of numerical processing on individuals' behavior is now well documented. The spatial representation of numbers on a left-to-right mental line (i.e., SNARC effect) has been shown to have sensorimotor consequences, the majority of studies being mainly concerned with its impact on the response times. Its impact on the motor programming stage remains less documented, although swiping movement amplitudes have recently been shown to be modulated by number magnitude. Regarding saccadic eye movements, the few available studies have not provided clear-cut conclusions. They showed that spatial-numerical associations modulated ocular drifts, but not the amplitude of memory-guided saccades. Because these studies held saccadic coordinates constant, which might have masked potential numerical effects, we examined whether spontaneous saccadic eye movements (with no saccadic target) could reflect numerical effects. Participants were asked to look either to the left or to the right side of an empty screen to estimate the magnitude (< or > 5) of a centrally presented digit. Latency data confirmed the presence of the classical SNARC and distance effects. More critically, saccade amplitude reflected a numerical effect: participants' saccades were longer for digits far from the standard (1 and 9) and were shorter for digits close to it (4 and 6). Our results suggest that beyond response times, kinematic parameters also offer valuable information for the understanding of the link between numerical cognition and motor programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pressigout
- Université de Paris, VAC, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - K Dore-Mazars
- Université de Paris, VAC, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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11
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Ales F, Giromini L, Zennaro A. Complexity and Cognitive Engagement in the Rorschach Task: An Eye-Tracking Study. J Pers Assess 2019; 102:538-550. [PMID: 30990335 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2019.1575227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether complexity and the other related Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) variables in the engagement and cognitive processing domain would associate with eye-tracking measures reflecting increased cognitive engagement and effort while visually scanning the Rorschach inkblots. A nonclinical sample of 71 adult volunteers were administered the Rorschach task while their eye movements were recorded using an eye tracker. Then, the average duration of fixations, the average number of fixations, the average amplitude of saccades, and the average maximum pupil size recorded during the response phase (RP) of the Rorschach administration were correlated with protocol-level, R-PAS variables located in the engagement and cognitive processing. As expected, complexity correlated, with a large effect size (r = .526, p < .01), with the number of fixations occurring during the RP of Rorschach administration. Some other variables related to complexity (e.g., Synthesis, Sy) also produced similar associations. The other eye-tracking variables under examination, however, produced weak or nonsignificant correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ales
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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12
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Yang Z, Zhang Y, Wang K, Zhu M. Connecting With Fundamental Mathematical Knowledge Directly: The Organizational Features of Good Mathematical Cognitive Structure. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2267. [PMID: 30564162 PMCID: PMC6288352 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reported on the study of a good mathematical cognitive structure (GMCS) based on 43 top university students and 82 concepts of Calculus materials, using the social network analysis method. The results indicated that the GMCS has the following organizational features: (1) The mathematical knowledge (MK) in GMCS interconnected widely, especially in MK with a higher connection tightness; (2) Most connections between MK were direct; (3) MK of the basic and higher inclusive level had a greater impact; and (4) There were multiple MK accumulation points connecting others to form subsets. These new findings enrich the results of previous GMCS studies and promotes further exploration of GMCS. In view of this, teachers should pay closer attention to basic and abstract MK and help their students construct various direct connections of the MK in their mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhong Yang
- The School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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13
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14
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Lambert K, Moeller K. Place-value computation in children with mathematics difficulties. J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 178:214-225. [PMID: 30390494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has provided initial evidence that children with math difficulties (MD) experience problems in processing place-value information in basic numerical tasks. However, it remains unclear whether these problems generalize to basic arithmetic operations. For instance, multi-digit addition problems with carryover specifically require the computation of place-value information. Yet little is known about the carry effect in children with MD. Therefore, the current study investigated whether problems in processing place-value information among third-grade children with MD (n = 29 9-year-olds) compared with an age-matched control group (n = 50) generalize to two-digit addition. The results indicate an increased carry effect for response latencies and error rates in children with MD. These findings suggest that deficits in processing place-value information among children with MD generalize to place-value computations in multi-digit arithmetic. Potential contributions of strategy use and working memory for difficulties in processing place-value information are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lambert
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, 72072 Tübingen, Germany; LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Korbinian Moeller
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Zhang J, Liu S, Feng Q, Gao J, Cheng J, Jiang M, Lan Y, Zhang Q. Ergonomic Assessment of the Mental Workload Confronted by Surgeons during Laparoscopic Surgery. Am Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481808400964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the mental workload confronted by laparoscopic surgeons is rather high, there is presently no reliable, established method for evaluating this workload. In the present study, four evaluation indices of eye movement metrics were applied to evaluate surgeons’ mental workload. Correlations between these indices and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) scores were also explored. Sixteen participants were recruited to complete four laparoscopic procedures. Eye movement was recorded during the tasks, and NASA-TLX scales were also introduced for subjective evaluation. The data were analyzed using R 3.3.2. Significant differences in the mental workload of each task were observed. Statistically significant correlations between mean pupil diameter change and NASA-TLX scores were also observed. The correlation coefficients were 0.763, 0.675, 0.405, and 0.547, and the P values correspondingly were 0.001, 0.004, 0.12, and 0.028, respectively. The results clarify that the mental workload of laparoscopic surgeons is dependent on the specific demands of the operation. Appropriate objective physiological indices can be used to identify the mental workload state of the surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Zhang
- Department of Medical Engineering, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
- Healthcare Ergonomics Lab, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenglin Liu
- Department of Medical Engineering, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Healthcare Ergonomics Lab, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingmin Feng
- Department of Medical Engineering, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Healthcare Ergonomics Lab, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqi Gao
- Department of Medical Engineering, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Healthcare Ergonomics Lab, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ju Cheng
- Department of Medical Engineering, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Healthcare Ergonomics Lab, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyin Jiang
- Department of Medical Engineering, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Healthcare Ergonomics Lab, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yihua Lan
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Engineering, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Healthcare Ergonomics Lab, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Fabry RE. Spontaneous Cognition and Epistemic Agency in the Cognitive Niche. Front Psychol 2018; 9:931. [PMID: 29937749 PMCID: PMC6002503 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to Thomas Metzinger, many human cognitive processes in the waking state are spontaneous and are deprived of the experience of epistemic agency. He considers mind wandering as a paradigm example of our recurring loss of epistemic agency. I will enrich this view by extending the scope of the concept of epistemic agency to include cases of depressive rumination and creative cognition, which are additional types of spontaneous cognition. Like mind wandering, they are characterized by unique phenomenal and functional properties that give rise to varying degrees of epistemic agency. The main claim of this paper will be that the experience of being an epistemic agent within a certain time frame is a relational phenomenon that emerges from the organism’s capacity to interact with its cognitive niche. To explore this relation, I develop a new framework that integrates phenomenological considerations on epistemic agency with a functional account of the reciprocal coupling of the embodied organism with its cognitive niche. This account rests upon dynamical accounts of strong embodied and embedded cognition and recent work on cognitive niche construction. Importantly, epistemic agency and organism-niche coupling are gradual phenomena ranging from weak to strong realizations. The emerging framework will be employed to analyze mind wandering, depressive rumination, and creative cognition as well as their commonalities and differences. Mind wandering and depressive rumination are cases of weak epistemic agency and organism-niche coupling. However, there are also important phenomenological, functional, and neuronal differences. In contrast, creative cognition is a case of strong epistemic agency and organism-niche coupling. By providing a phenomenological and functional analysis of these distinct types of spontaneous cognition, we can gain a better understanding of the importance of organism-niche interaction for the realization of epistemic agency.
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Time dependency of the SNARC effect for different number formats: evidence from saccadic responses. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 83:1485-1495. [PMID: 29633009 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In line with the suggestion that the strength of the spatial numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect was time dependent, the aim of the present study was to assess whether the association strength depends on the processing time of numerical quantity and/or of the time to initiate responses. More specifically, we examined whether and how the SNARC effect could be modulated by number format and effector type. Experiment 1 compared the effect induced by Arabic numbers and number words on the basis of saccadic responses in a parity judgment task. Indeed, previous studies have shown that Arabic numbers lead to faster processing than number words. The results replicated the SNARC effect with Arabic numbers, but not with number words. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1, but this time manual responses (i.e., responses far slower than saccadic ones) were recorded. A strong SNARC effect was observed for both number formats. Further analyses revealed a correlation between mean individual response times and the strength of the SNARC effect. We proposed that the initiation times for saccadic responses may be too short for the SNARC effect to appear, in particular with the written number format for which activation of magnitude takes time. We conclude in terms of time variations resulting from processing specificities related with number format, effector type and also individual reaction and processing speed.
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18
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Gallagher-Mitchell T, Simms V, Litchfield D. Learning from where 'eye' remotely look or point: Impact on number line estimation error in adults. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2017; 71:1526-1534. [PMID: 28540753 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2017.1335335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we present an investigation into the use of visual cues during number line estimation and their influence on cognitive processes for reducing number line estimation error. Participants completed a 0-1000 number line estimation task before and after a brief intervention in which they observed static-visual or dynamic-visual cues (control, anchor, gaze cursor, mouse cursor) and also made estimation marks to test effective number-target estimation. Results indicated that a significant pre-test to post-test reduction in estimation error was present for dynamic-visual cues of modelled eye-gaze and mouse cursor. However, there was no significant performance difference between pre- and post-test for the control or static anchor conditions. Findings are discussed in relation to the extent to which anchor points alone are meaningful in promoting successful segmentation of the number line and whether dynamic cues promote the utility of these locations in reducing error through attentional guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gallagher-Mitchell
- 1 Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK.,2 Department of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Victoria Simms
- 3 School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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19
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Price GR, Wilkey ED, Yeo DJ. Eye-movement patterns during nonsymbolic and symbolic numerical magnitude comparison and their relation to math calculation skills. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 176:47-57. [PMID: 28371671 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that the processing of nonsymbolic (e.g. sets of dots) and symbolic (e.g. Arabic digits) numerical magnitudes serves as a foundation for the development of math competence. Performance on magnitude comparison tasks is thought to reflect the precision of a shared cognitive representation, as evidence by the presence of a numerical ratio effect for both formats. However, little is known regarding how visuo-perceptual processes are related to the numerical ratio effect, whether they are shared across numerical formats, and whether they relate to math competence independently of performance outcomes. The present study investigates these questions in a sample of typically developing adults. Our results reveal a pattern of associations between eye-movement measures, but not their ratio effects, across formats. This suggests that ratio-specific visuo-perceptual processing during magnitude processing is different across nonsymbolic and symbolic formats. Furthermore, eye movements are related to math performance only during symbolic comparison, supporting a growing body of literature suggesting symbolic number processing is more strongly related to math outcomes than nonsymbolic magnitude processing. Finally, eye-movement patterns, specifically fixation dwell time, continue to be negatively related to math performance after controlling for task performance (i.e. error rate and reaction time) and domain general cognitive abilities (IQ), suggesting that fluent visual processing of Arabic digits plays a unique and important role in linking symbolic number processing to formal math abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Price
- Department of Psychology & Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, United States.
| | - Eric D Wilkey
- Department of Psychology & Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
| | - Darren J Yeo
- Department of Psychology & Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, United States; Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 14 Nanyang Avenue, 637332, Singapore
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20
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Hartmann M, Laubrock J, Fischer MH. The visual number world: A dynamic approach to study the mathematical mind. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 71:1-10. [PMID: 27758160 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1240812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the domain of language research, the simultaneous presentation of a visual scene and its auditory description (i.e., the visual world paradigm) has been used to reveal the timing of mental mechanisms. Here we apply this rationale to the domain of numerical cognition in order to explore the differences between fast and slow arithmetic performance, and to further study the role of spatial-numerical associations during mental arithmetic. We presented 30 healthy adults simultaneously with visual displays containing four numbers and with auditory addition and subtraction problems. Analysis of eye movements revealed that participants look spontaneously at the numbers they currently process (operands, solution). Faster performance was characterized by shorter latencies prior to fixating the relevant numbers and fewer revisits to the first operand while computing the solution. These signatures of superior task performance were more pronounced for addition and visual numbers arranged in ascending order, and for subtraction and numbers arranged in descending order (compared to the opposite pairings). Our results show that the "visual number world"-paradigm provides on-line access to the mind during mental arithmetic, is able to capture variability in arithmetic performance, and is sensitive to visual layout manipulations that are otherwise not reflected in response time measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hartmann
- a Division of Cognitive Sciences , University of Potsdam , Potsdam , Germany
- b Institut of Psychology , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Jochen Laubrock
- a Division of Cognitive Sciences , University of Potsdam , Potsdam , Germany
| | - Martin H Fischer
- a Division of Cognitive Sciences , University of Potsdam , Potsdam , Germany
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21
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Exploring the numerical mind by eye-tracking: a special issue. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 80:325-33. [PMID: 26927470 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Macchi Cassia V, McCrink K, de Hevia MD, Gariboldi V, Bulf H. Operational momentum and size ordering in preverbal infants. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 80:360-7. [PMID: 26898647 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that, like adults and children, 9-month-old infants manifest an operational momentum (OM) effect during non-symbolic arithmetic, whereby they overestimate the outcomes to addition problems, and underestimate the outcomes to subtraction problems. Here we provide the first evidence that OM occurs for transformations of non-numerical magnitudes (i.e., spatial extent) during ordering operations. Twelve-month-old infants were tested in an ordinal task in which they detected and represented ascension or descension in physical size, and then responded to ordinal sequences that exhibited greater or lesser sizes. Infants displayed longer looking time to the size change whose direction violated the operational momentum experienced during habituation (i.e., the smaller sequence in the ascension condition and the larger sequence in the descension condition). The presence of momentum for ordering size during infancy suggests that continuous quantities are represented spatially during the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Macchi Cassia
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza Ateneo Nuovo 1 (U6), 20126, Milan, Italy.
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.
| | - Koleen McCrink
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Maria Dolores de Hevia
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8242, Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Paris, France
| | - Valeria Gariboldi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza Ateneo Nuovo 1 (U6), 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Hermann Bulf
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza Ateneo Nuovo 1 (U6), 20126, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
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23
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Myachykov A, Ellis R, Cangelosi A, Fischer MH. Ocular drift along the mental number line. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 80:379-88. [PMID: 26724955 PMCID: PMC4826417 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-015-0731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the spontaneous association between numbers and space by documenting attention deployment and the time course of associated spatial-numerical mapping with and without overt oculomotor responses. In Experiment 1, participants maintained central fixation while listening to number names. In Experiment 2, they made horizontal target-direct saccades following auditory number presentation. In both experiments, we continuously measured spontaneous ocular drift in horizontal space during and after number presentation. Experiment 2 also measured visual-probe-directed saccades following number presentation. Reliable ocular drift congruent with a horizontal mental number line emerged during and after number presentation in both experiments. Our results provide new evidence for the implicit and automatic nature of the oculomotor resonance effect associated with the horizontal spatial-numerical mapping mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Myachykov
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK. .,Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Rob Ellis
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Angelo Cangelosi
- School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Martin H Fischer
- Division of Cognitive Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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24
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van't Noordende JE, van Hoogmoed AH, Schot WD, Kroesbergen EH. Number line estimation strategies in children with mathematical learning difficulties measured by eye tracking. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 80:368-78. [PMID: 26708497 PMCID: PMC4826415 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-015-0736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Number line estimation is one of the skills related to mathematical performance. Previous research has shown that eye tracking can be used to identify differences in the estimation strategies children with dyscalculia and children with typical mathematical development use on number line estimation tasks. The current study extends these findings to a larger group of children with mathematical learning disabilities (MLD). Method A group of 9–11-year-old children with MLD (N = 14) was compared to a control group of children without math difficulties (N = 14). Number line estimation was measured using a 0–100 and a 0–1000 number-to-position task. A Tobii T60 eye tracker was used to measure the children’s eye movements during task performance. Results The behavioral data showed that the children with MLD had higher error scores on both number lines than the children in the control group. The eye tracking data showed that the groups also differed in their estimation strategies. The children with MLD showed less adaptation of their estimation strategies to the number to be estimated. Conclusion This study shows that children with MLD attend to different features of the number line than children without math difficulties. Children with math difficulties are less capable of adapting their estimation strategies to the numbers to be estimated and of effectively using reference points on the number line. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00426-015-0736-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaccoline E van't Noordende
- Department of Special Education: Cognitive and Motor Disabilities, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anne H van Hoogmoed
- Department of Special Education: Cognitive and Motor Disabilities, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn D Schot
- Department of Special Education: Cognitive and Motor Disabilities, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evelyn H Kroesbergen
- Department of Special Education: Cognitive and Motor Disabilities, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Bahnmueller J, Huber S, Nuerk HC, Göbel SM, Moeller K. Processing multi-digit numbers: a translingual eye-tracking study. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 80:422-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-015-0729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Hartmann M, Mast FW, Fischer MH. Counting is a spatial process: evidence from eye movements. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 80:399-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-015-0722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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