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Zhao H, Zhu Z, Xing G, Li Y, Zhou X, Wang J, Li G, Cao H, Huang Y. Deformed Mediated Larval Incisor Lobe Development Causes Differing Feeding Behavior between Oriental Armyworm and Fall Armyworm. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070594. [PMID: 35886770 PMCID: PMC9320430 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Mandibular incisor lobes are important for insect feeding behavior, living habits and niche. However, the molecular regulation of insect incisor lobe development remains unknown. In this study, we found that two maize pests, oriental armyworm Mythimna separata and fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, have different feeding patterns in maize, which are closely associated with the different development patterns of their incisor lobes. Different from first to sixth instar S. frugiperda, which feed on leaf tissues and whorls with sharp incisor lobes, older instars of M. separata feed from leaf margins with no incisor lobes. Hox gene Deformed (Dfd) is important for head appendages, but its function in incisor lobe development is not clear. Here, Dfds were identified from two armyworm species, and both were expressed highly in heads and eggs. Interestingly, the expression levels of MsDfd were relatively high in larval mandibles and decreased dramatically from fourth-instar mandibles in M. separata. Knockdown of MsDfd resulted in malformed mandibles with no incisor lobe in M. separata, making the larvae unable to perform window-feeding. However, RNAi of SfDfd did not affect the mandibles and window-feeding pattern of S. frugiperda, indicating the different roles of Dfd in these two species. Moreover, the mortality of new first instar M. separata increased after feeding dsMsDfd but did not for S. frugiperda feeding dsSfDfd. These findings revealed that Dfd mediated the larval mandibular incisor lobe morphology, affecting its feeding pattern in M. separata, broadening the knowledge of Dfd functions in insect mandibles and feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Zeng Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Gaoliang Xing
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Yiyu Li
- Institute of New Rural Development, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Xue Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Plant Protection Station of Anhui Province, Hefei 230061, China;
| | - Guiting Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Haiqun Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Yong Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Z.); (G.X.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Phenotypic Nonspecificity as the Result of Limited Specificity of Transcription Factor Function. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7089109. [PMID: 30510805 PMCID: PMC6230420 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7089109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila transcription factor (TF) function is phenotypically nonspecific. Phenotypic nonspecificity is defined as one phenotype being induced or rescued by multiple TFs. To explain this unexpected result, a hypothetical world of limited specificity is explored where all TFs have unique random distributions along the genome due to low information content of DNA sequence recognition and somewhat promiscuous cooperative interactions with other TFs. Transcription is an emergent property of these two conditions. From this model, explicit predictions are made. First, many more cases of TF nonspecificity are expected when examined. Second, the genetic analysis of regulatory sequences should uncover cis-element bypass and, third, genetic analysis of TF function should generally uncover differential pleiotropy. In addition, limited specificity provides evolutionary opportunity and explains the inefficiency of expression analysis in identifying genes required for biological processes.
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