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Paolino G, Esposito I, Hong SM, Basturk O, Mattiolo P, Kaneko T, Veronese N, Scarpa A, Adsay V, Luchini C. Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) of the pancreas: A distinct entity among pancreatic tumors. Histopathology 2022; 81:297-309. [PMID: 35583805 PMCID: PMC9544156 DOI: 10.1111/his.14698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aims Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) of the pancreas is a recently recognized pancreatic tumor entity. Here we aimed to determine the most important features with a systematic review coupled with an integrated statistical approach. Methods and results PubMed, SCOPUS, and Embase were searched for studies reporting data on pancreatic ITPN. The clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular data were summarized. Then a comprehensive survival analysis and a comparative analysis of the molecular alterations of ITPN with those of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) from reference cohorts (including the International Cancer Genome Consortium‐ ICGC dataset and The Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA program) were conducted. The core findings of 128 patients were as follows: (i) Clinicopathological parameters: pancreatic head is the most common site; presence of an associated adenocarcinoma was reported in 60% of cases, but with rare nodal metastasis. (ii) Immunohistochemistry: MUC1 (>90%) and MUC6 (70%) were the most frequently expressed mucins. ITPN lacked the intestinal marker MUC2; unlike IPMN, it did not express MUC5AC. (iii) Molecular landscape: Compared with PDAC/IPMN, the classic pancreatic drivers KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4, GNAS, and RNF43 were less altered in ITPN (P < 0.001), whereas MCL amplifications, FGFR2 fusions, and PI3KCA mutations were commonly altered (P < 0.001). (iv) Survival analysis: ITPN with a “pure” branch duct involvement showed the lowest risk of recurrence. Conclusion ITPN is a distinct pancreatic neoplasm with specific clinicopathological and molecular characteristics. Its recognition is fundamental for its clinical/prognostic implications and for the enrichment of potential targets for precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Paolino
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Paola Mattiolo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Takuma Kaneko
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, NTT Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,ARC-Net Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Koç University Hospital and Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,ARC-Net Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Ozcan K, Klimstra DS. A Review of Mucinous Cystic and Intraductal Neoplasms of the Pancreatobiliary Tract. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2022; 146:298-311. [PMID: 35192699 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0399-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Although most pancreatic and bile duct neoplasms are solid, mucinous cystic neoplasms and intraductal neoplasms have been increasingly recognized even when clinically silent, thanks to the increased use of sensitive imaging techniques. Cystic and intraductal neoplasms of the pancreas are often resectable and curable and constitute about 5% of all pancreatic neoplasms. Owing to their preinvasive nature and different biology, recognition of these entities remains a major priority. Mucinous cystic neoplasms are histologically and clinically distinct from other cystic pancreatic neoplasms. Pancreatic intraductal neoplasms encompass 3 major entities: intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasm, and intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm. Intraductal papillary neoplasms of bile ducts are also preinvasive mass-forming neoplasms with both similarities and differences with their pancreatic counterparts. All of these pancreatobiliary neoplasms have diverse and distinctive clinicopathologic, genetic, and prognostic variations. OBJECTIVE.— To review the clinical, pathologic, and molecular features of mucinous cystic and intraductal neoplasms of the pancreatobiliary tract. DATA SOURCES.— Literature review, diagnostic manuals, and guidelines. CONCLUSIONS.— This review will briefly describe well-known clinical and pathologic features and will focus on selected recently described aspects of morphology, grading, classification, and genomic alterations of cystic and intraductal neoplasms of the pancreatobiliary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Ozcan
- From the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David S Klimstra
- From the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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3
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Abstract
The latest WHO classification of tumors of the digestive system (2019) has introduced new concepts for the stratification of intraductal neoplasms of the pancreas, mostly based on molecular genetics and malignant potential. Among them, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are both precursors of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, whereas intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasms (IOPN) and intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms (ITPN) are usually associated with less aggressive subtypes of pancreatic cancer and therefore have a much better prognosis. Hence, it is of utmost importance to correctly classify these lesions and to distinguish them from each other as well as from other nonductal types of neoplasms, which can rarely display an intraductal growth, such as neuroendocrine tumors and acinar cell carcinomas. PanIN are microscopic lesions with limited clinical significance. In contrast, all other intraductal neoplasms can be identified as cystic processes and/or solid tumors by means of imaging, thereby setting an indication for a potential surgical resection. This review presents diagnostically relevant aspects of intraductal neoplasms of the pancreas, which are instrumental for the discussion within interdisciplinary tumor boards (resection vs. watch-and-wait strategies) as well as to determine the extent of resection intraoperatively.
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Basturk O, Berger MF, Yamaguchi H, Adsay V, Askan G, Bhanot UK, Zehir A, Carneiro F, Hong SM, Zamboni G, Dikoglu E, Jobanputra V, Wrzeszczynski KO, Balci S, Allen P, Ikari N, Takeuchi S, Akagawa H, Kanno A, Shimosegawa T, Morikawa T, Motoi F, Unno M, Higuchi R, Yamamoto M, Shimizu K, Furukawa T, Klimstra DS. Pancreatic intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm is genetically distinct from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and ductal adenocarcinoma. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:1760-1772. [PMID: 28776573 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm is a relatively recently described member of the pancreatic intraductal neoplasm family. The more common member of this family, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, often carries genetic alterations typical of pancreatic infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma (KRAS, TP53, and CDKN2A) but additionally has mutations in GNAS and RNF43 genes. However, the genetic characteristics of intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm have not been well characterized. Twenty-two intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms were analyzed by either targeted next-generation sequencing, which enabled the identification of sequence mutations, copy number alterations, and selected structural rearrangements involving all targeted (≥300) genes, or whole-exome sequencing. Three of these intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms were also subjected to whole-genome sequencing. All intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms revealed the characteristic histologic (cellular intraductal nodules of back-to-back tubular glands lined by predominantly cuboidal cells with atypical nuclei and no obvious intracellular mucin) and immunohistochemical (immunolabeled with MUC1 and MUC6 but were negative for MUC2 and MUC5AC) features. By genomic analyses, there was loss of CDKN2A in 5/20 (25%) of these cases. However, the majority of the previously reported intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm-related alterations were absent. Moreover, in contrast to most ductal neoplasms of the pancreas, MAP-kinase pathway was not involved. In fact, 2/22 (9%) of intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms did not reveal any mutations in the tested genes. However, certain chromatin remodeling genes (MLL1, MLL2, MLL3, BAP1, PBRM1, EED, and ATRX) were found to be mutated in 7/22 (32%) of intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms and 27% harbored phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway (PIK3CA, PIK3CB, INPP4A, and PTEN) mutations. In addition, 4/18 (18%) of intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms had FGFR2 fusions (FGFR2-CEP55, FGFR2-SASS6, DISP1-FGFR2, FGFR2-TXLNA, and FGFR2-VCL) and 1/18 (5.5%) had STRN-ALK fusion. Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm is a distinct clinicopathologic entity in the pancreas. Although its intraductal nature and some clinicopathologic features resemble those of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, our results suggest that intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm has distinguishing genetic characteristics. Some of these mutated genes are potentially targetable. Future functional studies will be needed to determine the consequences of these gene alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael F Berger
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gokce Askan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Umesh K Bhanot
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmet Zehir
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fatima Carneiro
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João/Faculty of Medicine of Porto University and Institute for Research and Innovation in Health/Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Giuseppe Zamboni
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Ospedale S.C.-Don Calabria-Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Esra Dikoglu
- New York Genome Center, Molecular Diagnostics, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vaidehi Jobanputra
- New York Genome Center, Molecular Diagnostics, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Colombia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Serdar Balci
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Allen
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Naoki Ikari
- Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Takeuchi
- Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Akagawa
- Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kanno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takanori Morikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Motoi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryota Higuchi
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Furukawa
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David S Klimstra
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Comparative radiological pathological study of biliary intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm and biliary intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017; 42:2460-2469. [PMID: 28470400 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-017-1167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Biliary tract intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms (BT-ITPNs) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (BT-IPMNs) are rare and poorly described. Herein, we examined the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of BT-ITPNs and BT-IPMNs and correlated them with key gross and microscopic pathological findings. METHODS We retrospectively identified five patients with definitive pathological findings of BT-ITPN and available diagnostic MRI findings. Key MRI features were correlated to the gross and microscopic pathology and compared to those of BT-IPMNs (19 patients). RESULTS All BT-ITPNs showed ductal dilatation and visible intraductal soft tissue with peribiliary liver parenchyma enhancement. One BT-ITPN patient had synchronous lung metastases, and another showed rapid tumor growth rate. The intraductal soft tissue proportion of BT-ITPNs was significantly more than that of BT-IPMNs (p < 0.05). CA-199 level was elevated in 60% of BT-ITPN cases. The overall combined 1-year and 3-year survival rates in the BT-ITPN group was 100% and 40%, and in the BT-IPMN group was 100% and 58%, respectively. A high intraductal soft tissue proportion, a lack of intraluminal mucin, and immunohistochemical absence of MUC5AC are radiological and pathological characteristics that differentiate BT-ITPN from BT-IPMN. CONCLUSIONS Although rare, BT-ITPN should be suspected when solid intraductal soft tissue and peribiliary liver parenchyma enhancement are present, particularly if the bile duct upstream and downstream of the lesion have a normal diameter, without mucin. Owing to the aggressive nature of the tumor, recognition of these features may indicate the need for more aggressive treatment in selected patients.
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Intraductal Tubulopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Analysis of 33 Cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2017; 41:313-325. [PMID: 27984235 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) is a relatively recently described member of the pancreatic intraductal neoplasm family. Thus, the literature on its histologic and immunohistochemical features, clinical behavior, and its similarities and differences from other pancreatic neoplasms is limited. Thirty-three cases of ITPN, the largest series to date, were identified. Immunohistochemical labeling for cytokeratins, glycoproteins, pancreatic enzymes, markers for intestinal and neuroendocrine differentiation, and antibodies associated with genetic alterations previously described in pancreatic neoplasms was performed. Clinicopathologic features and survival was assessed. Seventeen patients were female and 14 were male. Mean age was 55 years (range, 25 to 79 y). Median overall tumor size was 4.5 cm (range, 0.5 to 15 cm). Forty-five percent of the tumors occurred in the head, 32% in the body/tail, and 23% showed diffuse involvement. Microscopically, the tumors were characterized by intraductal nodules composed of tightly packed small tubular glands lined by cuboidal cells lacking apparent mucin. Although it was often challenging to determine its extent, invasion was present in 71%. Almost all tumors labeled for CAM5.2, CK7, and CK19; most expressed CA19.9, MUC1, and MUC6. CDX2, MUC2, trypsin, chymotrypsin, chromogranin, and synaptophysin were not expressed. SMAD4 expression was retained in 100%; p16 expression and p53 overexpression was seen in 33% and 27%, respectively. Follow-up information was available for 22 patients (median follow-up, 45 mo; range, 11 to 173 mo). Two patients with invasive carcinoma died of disease at 23 and 41 months, respectively. One patient died of unrelated causes at 49 months. Twelve patients were alive with disease. Seven patients were alive with no evidence of disease. The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 100% in patients without an invasive component and 100%, 91%, and 71%, respectively, in patients with an invasive component (P=0.7). ITPN is a distinct clinicopathologic entity in the pancreas. Despite the difficulties of determining the extent of invasive carcinoma in many cases, the overall outcome seems to be relatively favorable and substantially better than that of conventional pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, even when only the cases with invasive carcinoma are considered.
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Rooney SL, Shi J. Intraductal Tubulopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas: An Update From a Pathologist's Perspective. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2016; 140:1068-1073. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0207-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Context.—Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) is a rare intraductal epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas recently recognized as a distinct entity by the World Health Organization classification in 2010. It is defined as an intraductal, grossly visible, tubule-forming epithelial neoplasm with high-grade dysplasia and ductal differentiation without overt production of mucin. The diagnosis can be challenging owing to morphologic overlap with other intraductal lesions and its rarity. While recent advances in molecular genetic studies of ITPN have provided new tools to facilitate clinical diagnosis, the limited number of cases has yielded limited follow-up data to guide management.
Objective.—To provide a clinical, pathologic, and molecular update on ITPN with respect to clinical presentation, imaging findings, histopathologic features, differential diagnosis, biological behavior, molecular characteristics, and treatment options.
Data Sources.—Analysis of the pertinent literature (PubMed) and authors' research and clinical practice experience based on institutional and consultation materials.
Conclusions.—Clinical presentation, imaging findings, histopathology, immunohistochemistry studies, molecular characteristics, prognosis, and treatment options of ITPN are reviewed. Important differential diagnoses with other intraductal neoplasms of the pancreas—especially intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm—using histopathologic, molecular, and immunohistochemical studies, are discussed. Despite the recent progress, more studies are necessary to assess the biology and genetics of ITPN for a better understanding of the prognostic factors and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Rooney
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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β-Mangostin suppresses LA-7 cells proliferation in vitro and in vivo: Involvement of antioxidant enzyme modulation; suppression of matrix metalloproteinase and α6β4 integrin signalling pathways. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms of the bile ducts: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular analysis of 20 cases. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:1249-64. [PMID: 26111977 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm is a well-established entity in the pancreas. A similar, if not identical, tumor occurs also in the biliary tract. We conducted a multicenter study of 20 such lesions, focusing on their clinicopathologic characteristics and molecular profile. Biliary intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms were seen in patients in their 60s (mean 62 years). The tumors were intrahepatic 70%, extrahepatic 10%, and perihilar 20%; mean tumor size was 6.9 cm. Histologically, all intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms showed, in addition to their typical tubular pattern, solid areas (70%) or abortive papillae (50%). Necrosis was common (85%), predominantly focal (40%), and with 'comedocarcinoma-like pattern' in 40%. Immunohistochemically, these neoplasms were characterized by the expression of MUC1 (80%) and MUC6 (30%) and by the absence of MUC2 and MUC5AC. Associated invasive carcinomas were present in 16 (80%), mainly conventional tubular adenocarcinoma (50%). The molecular alterations observed included CDKN2A/p16 (intraductal components 44%, invasive 33%) and TP53 (intraductal components 17%, invasive 9%). Mutations in KRAS (intraductal 6%, invasive 0%), PIK3CA (intraductal 6%, invasive 0%), and loss of SMAD4/DPC4 (intraductal 7%, invasive 0%) were rare. No alterations/mutations were identified in IDH1/2, BRAF, GNAS, EGFR, HER2, and β-catenin. Follow-up information was available for 17 patients (85%) with mean follow-up 44 months. Overall combined survival rates showed favorable prognosis: 1 year 100%, 3 years 90%, and 5 years 90%. In conclusion, despite the relatively high incidence of invasive carcinoma (80%), available follow-up suggests that biliary intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms have an indolent behavior. Molecular analyses highlight the low prevalence of alterations of common oncogenic signaling pathways in intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm. Further studies using whole-exome sequencing are required to discover yet unknown molecular changes and to understand the carcinogenesis of intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms.
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Is intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasia a new entity in the spectrum of familial pancreatic cancer syndrome? Fam Cancer 2015; 13:227-9. [PMID: 24317685 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-013-9696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 78-year old male with a positive family history for pancreatic cancer, who underwent total pancreatectomy for a suspected intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm with extensive involvement of the main pancreatic duct and multiple branch ducts. The post operative course was uneventful. Macroscopic examination of the specimen revealed multiple solid non-mucinous tumour nodules throughout the main pancreatic duct and within multiple branch ducts. The microscopic appearance of the tumour, in particular its tubulopapillary growth pattern and immunohistochemical mucin profile (MUC1, MUC6 positive; MUC2, MUC5AC negative) were consistent with intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasia (ITPN) showing high-grade dysplasia. No evidence of stromal invasion was identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on ITPN in a high-risk patient based on a history of familial pancreatic cancer (FPC). The potential association between this entity and the spectrum of neoplastic lesions in FPC should be investigated with particular consideration of the lower biological aggressiveness of ITPN.
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Klöppel G, Basturk O, Schlitter AM, Konukiewitz B, Esposito I. Intraductal neoplasms of the pancreas. Semin Diagn Pathol 2014; 31:452-466. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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El-Readi MZ, Eid S, Ashour ML, Tahrani A, Wink M. Modulation of multidrug resistance in cancer cells by chelidonine and Chelidonium majus alkaloids. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:282-294. [PMID: 23238299 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells often develop multidrug resistance (MDR) which is a multidimensional problem involving several mechanisms and targets. This study demonstrates that chelidonine and an alkaloid extract from Chelidonium majus, which contains protoberberine and benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids, has the ability to overcome MDR of different cancer cell lines through interaction with ABC-transporters, CYP3A4 and GST, by induction of apoptosis, and cytotoxic effects. Chelidonine and the alkaloid extract inhibited P-gp/MDR1 activity in a concentration-dependent manner in Caco-2 and CEM/ADR5000 and reversed their doxorubicin resistance. In addition, chelidonine and the alkaloid extract inhibited the activity of the drug modifying enzymes CYP3A4 and GST in a dose-dependent manner. The alkaloids induced apoptosis in MDR cells which was accompanied by an activation of caspase-3, -8,-6/9, and phosphatidyl serine (PS) exposure. cDNA arrays were applied to identify differentially expressed genes after treatment with chelidonine and the alkaloid extract. The expression analysis identified a common set of regulated genes related to apoptosis, cell cycle, and drug metabolism. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with 50 μg/ml alkaloid extract and 50 μM chelidonine for up to 48 h resulted in a significant decrease in mRNA levels of P-gp/MDR1, MRP1, BCRP, CYP3A4, GST, and hPXR and in a significant increase in caspase-3 and caspase-8 mRNA. Thus, chelidonine is a promising model compound for overcoming MDR and for enhancing cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutics, especially against leukaemia cells. Its efficacy needs to be confirmed in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Zaki El-Readi
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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13
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Bhuva N, Wasan H, Spalding D, Stamp G, Harrison M. Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas as a radiation induced malignancy. BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011:bcr.09.2011.4777. [PMID: 22669886 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.09.2011.4777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic malignancies account for 3% of all cancer diagnoses in the UK and prognosis is poor with overall 1-year survival rates at 20% and 5-year survival rates at 5%. The majority of these cancers (75%-95%) arise from the exocrine part of the gland and are almost all invasive ductal adenocarcinomas. One per cent of all pancreatic tumours are endocrine tumours. There is limited data regarding the management of such rare neoplasms of the pancreas and some evidence suggests that prognoses and risk factors may be different. Therefore, it is important to report experience of this type of malignancy in order to build a knowledge base to guide the practice of future clinicians. The authors report a case of an intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas. This is very unusual form of intraductal pancreatic tumour, which is now thought to occupy a distinct histological subcategory and has arisen within a previously irradiated field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Bhuva
- Oncology Department, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK.
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15
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Youns M, Efferth T, Hoheisel JD. Transcript profiling identifies novel key players mediating the growth inhibitory effect of NS-398 on human pancreatic cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 650:170-7. [PMID: 20969859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies with an increasing incidence worldwide. Despite an increase in the number of systemic treatments available for pancreatic cancer, the impact of therapy on the clinical course of the disease has been modest, underscoring an urgent need for new therapeutic options. Although selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors have been demonstrated to have cancer-preventive effects, the mechanism of their effects is not clearly known. Moreover, there have been no unbiased studies to identify novel molecular targets of NS-398 regarding pancreatic cancer. Here we undertook a gene expression profiling study to identify novel molecular targets modulating the growth inhibitory effects of NS-398 on pancreatic cancer cell lines. Our mRNA-based gene expression results showed that the growth inhibitory effect of NS-398 was accompanied with an activation of G1/S and G2/M cell cycle regulation, P53 signalling, apoptotic, aryl hydrocarbon receptor and death receptor signalling pathways. Moreover, we reported, for the first time, that the growth inhibitory effect of NS-398 is mediated by down-regulation of RRM2, CTGF, MCM2 and PCNA and up-regulation of NAG-1 in all cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Youns
- Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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16
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Mihaljevic AL, Esposito I, Michalski CW, Kleeff J, Friess H. Defining new pancreatic tumour entities by molecular analysis. Pancreatology 2009; 9:334-9. [PMID: 19451742 DOI: 10.1159/000212081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular biology, biochemistry and genetics have broadened our understanding of tumourigenesis and of the maintenance and spread of pancreatic cancer far beyond traditional microscopic histopathological analysis. While the main focus of pancreatic cancer research has been on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, molecular research has also led to a better understanding of rare tumours of the pancreas, as well as to the definition of previously unknown tumour entities that can only be identified through the application of molecular tools. Furthermore, molecular analysis increasingly reveals the genetic and cell biological heterogeneity of established tumour entities, making subclassification of tumours possible. Genetic and molecular approaches may, therefore, not only lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of pancreatic tumours, but also culminate in more precise diagnosis as well as individually tailored treatment strategies for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Mihaljevic
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitat Munchen, Munich, Germany
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17
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Youns M, Efferth T, Reichling J, Fellenberg K, Bauer A, Hoheisel JD. Gene expression profiling identifies novel key players involved in the cytotoxic effect of Artesunate on pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:273-83. [PMID: 19393226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies, with an extremely poor prognosis. The paucity of curative therapies has translated into an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5%, underscoring a desperate need for new therapeutic options. Artesunate (ART), clinically used as anti-malarial agent, has recently revealed remarkable anti-tumor activity. However, the mechanisms underlying those activities in pancreatic cancer are not yet known. Here we evaluated the anti-tumor activity of Artesunate and the possible underlying mechanisms in pancreatic cancer. MiaPaCa-2 (poorly differentiated) and BxPC-3 (moderately differentiated) pancreatic cancer cell lines were treated with Artesunate and the effect was monitored by a tetrazolium-based assay (MTS) for evaluating cell viability and by flow cytometry and caspase 3/7 activation for apoptosis evaluation. In addition cDNA arrays were used to identify differentially expressed genes. The microarray data were then validated by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Moreover, pathways associated with these expression changes were identified using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The expression analysis identified a common set of genes that were regulated by Artesunate in pancreatic cancer. Our results provide the first in vitro evidence for the therapeutic utility of Artesunate in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, we identified Artesunate as a novel topoisomerase IIalpha inhibitor that inhibits pancreatic cancer growth through modulation of multiple signaling pathways. The present analysis is a starting point for the generation of hypotheses on candidate genes and for a more detailed dissection of the functional role of individual genes for the activity of Artesunate in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Youns
- Department of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Bauer A, Kleeff J, Bier M, Wirtz M, Kayed H, Esposito I, Korc M, Hafner M, Hoheisel JD, Friess H. Identification of malignancy factors by analyzing cystic tumors of the pancreas. Pancreatology 2008; 9:34-44. [PMID: 19077453 DOI: 10.1159/000178873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The diversity in the aggressiveness of cystic tumors of the pancreas - ranging from the usually benign serous cystadenoma to lesions of variable degrees of malignancy - was utilized for the identification of molecular factors that are involved in the occurrence of malignancy. METHODS We analyzed the transcript profiles of different cystic tumor types. The results were confirmed at the protein level by immunohistochemistry. Also, functional studies with siRNA silencing were performed. RESULTS Expression variations at the RNA and protein level were identified that are closely correlated with the degree of malignancy. Besides, all tumors could be classified effectively by this means. Many of the identified factors had not previously been known to be associated with malignant cystic lesions. siRNA silencing of the gene with the most prominent variation - the anti-apoptotic factor FASTK (Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase) - revealed a regulative effect on several genes known to be relevant to the development of tumors. CONCLUSION By a molecular analysis of rare types of pancreatic cancer, which are less frequent in terms of disease, variations could be identified that could be critical for the regulation of malignancy and thus relevant to the treatment of also the majority of pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bauer
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Bermúdez B, López S, Pacheco YM, Villar J, Muriana FJG, Hoheisel JD, Bauer A, Abia R. Influence of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins on lipid-mediated gene expression in smooth muscle cells of the human coronary artery. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:294-303. [PMID: 18359786 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) have a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) and they increase the risk of atherogenesis. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that the different fatty acid composition of TRL is capable of differentially modifying gene expression in human coronary artery SMC (CASMC). In addition, the effect of TRL on cell proliferation and transcription factor activation was also evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS TRL were prepared from plasma of healthy volunteers after the ingestion of meals enriched in refined olive oil (ROO), butter or a mixture of vegetable and fish oils (VEFO). We use cDNA microarrays to determine the genes differentially expressed in TRL-treated CASMC. Correspondence cluster analysis demonstrated that TRL-butter, -ROO and -VEFO provoked different transcriptional profiles in CASMC. Sixty-six genes were regulated by TRL-butter, 55 by -ROO, and 47 by -VEFO. The data revealed that TRL-butter predominantly activated genes involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and inflammation. Likewise, TRL-VEFO induced the expression of genes implicated in inflammation, while TRL-ROO promoted a less atherogenic gene profile. CONCLUSION The pathophysiological contribution of TRL to the development of atherosclerosis and the stability of atherosclerotic plaques may depend on the fatty acid composition of TRL. Our findings suggest a role for macrophage-inhibiting cytokine-1 (MIC-1) in coronary artery cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bermúdez
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, Avda, Padre García Tejero, 4, 41012 Seville, Spain
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20
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Intraductal and cystic tubulopapillary adenocarcinoma of the pancreas--a possible variant of intraductal tubular carcinoma. Pancreas 2008; 36:92-5. [PMID: 18192889 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318149f536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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21
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Loos M, Bergmann F, Bauer A, Hoheisel JD, Esposito I, Kleeff J, Schirmacher P, Büchler MW, Klöppel G, Friess H. Solid type clear cell carcinoma of the pancreas: differential diagnosis of an unusual case and review of the literature. Virchows Arch 2007; 450:719-26. [PMID: 17453235 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-007-0416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic neoplasms have been reliably classified on the basis of their histopathology and immunophenotype. In this study, we report on a pancreatic tumor whose phenotype and genotype could not be assigned to any known tumor entity. The tumor was observed in the pancreatic head of a 54-year-old woman. It was found to be a solid infiltrating carcinoma with abundant clear cells. Apart from cytokeratin, the tumor cells expressed vimentin, S100, and MUC-1. DNA microarray analysis revealed a transcription profile clearly differing from that of normal pancreatic tissue and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Despite metastatic behavior, the tumor displayed a more favorable course than conventional pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We suggest that this tumor be called solid type clear cell carcinoma of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Loos
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Fellenberg K, Busold CH, Witt O, Bauer A, Beckmann B, Hauser NC, Frohme M, Winter S, Dippon J, Hoheisel JD. Systematic interpretation of microarray data using experiment annotations. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:319. [PMID: 17181856 PMCID: PMC1774576 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to now, microarray data are mostly assessed in context with only one or few parameters characterizing the experimental conditions under study. More explicit experiment annotations, however, are highly useful for interpreting microarray data, when available in a statistically accessible format. RESULTS We provide means to preprocess these additional data, and to extract relevant traits corresponding to the transcription patterns under study. We found correspondence analysis particularly well-suited for mapping such extracted traits. It visualizes associations both among and between the traits, the hereby annotated experiments, and the genes, revealing how they are all interrelated. Here, we apply our methods to the systematic interpretation of radioactive (single channel) and two-channel data, stemming from model organisms such as yeast and drosophila up to complex human cancer samples. Inclusion of technical parameters allows for identification of artifacts and flaws in experimental design. CONCLUSION Biological and clinical traits can act as landmarks in transcription space, systematically mapping the variance of large datasets from the predominant changes down toward intricate details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Fellenberg
- Department of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, PO 101949, D-69009 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian H Busold
- Department of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, PO 101949, D-69009 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Experimental Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, PO 101949, D-69009 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, PO 101949, D-69009 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boris Beckmann
- Department of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, PO 101949, D-69009 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Frohme
- Department of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, PO 101949, D-69009 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Winter
- Institute for Stochastics and Applications, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Dippon
- Institute for Stochastics and Applications, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg D Hoheisel
- Department of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, PO 101949, D-69009 Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Esposito I, Penzel R, Chaib-Harrireche M, Barcena U, Bergmann F, Riedl S, Kayed H, Giese N, Kleeff J, Friess H, Schirmacher P. Tenascin C and annexin II expression in the process of pancreatic carcinogenesis. J Pathol 2006; 208:673-85. [PMID: 16450333 DOI: 10.1002/path.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin C (TNC) is a component of the provisional extracellular matrix (ECM) that characterizes solid tumours. Cell surface annexin II is a high-affinity receptor for large TNC splice variants. The aim of this study was to analyse whether TNC and annexin II play a role in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC is characterized by a rich ECM populated by pancreatic stellate cells, which play a crucial role in pancreatic desmoplasia. The mRNA and protein levels of TNC and of annexin II were analysed in pancreatic tissues by DNA array, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. TNC large splice variants were detected by RT-PCR. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure TNC levels in serum and culture supernatants. TNC and annexin II mRNA levels were significantly higher in pancreatic cancer tissues than in the normal pancreas. TNC expression was detected with increased frequency in the progression from PanIN-1 lesions to PDAC, and a parallel switch from cytoplasmic to cell surface expression of annexin II was observed. Large TNC transcripts were found in pancreatic cancer and in chronic pancreatitis, but not in the normal pancreas. TNC expression was demonstrated in pancreatic stellate cells, where it could be induced by tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and by cancer cell supernatants supplemented with TGF-beta1. In conclusion, the expression of TNC and cell surface annexin II increases in the progression from low-grade PanIN lesions to pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic stellate cells are identified as a source of TNC in pancreatic tissues, possibly under the influence of soluble factors released by the tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Klöppel G, Kosmahl M, Lüttges J. [Intraductal neoplasms of the pancreas: cystic and common]. DER PATHOLOGE 2005; 26:31-6. [PMID: 15592674 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-004-0728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The most important of the generally rare intraductal tumors of the pancreas is the intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). In recent years this tumor type has been described in detail, and it was included in the WHO classification of 1996. IPMNs typically grow for a long time within the ducts, before approximately 50% of them eventually become invasive. Because of this feature the IPMNs are clearly distinct from ductal adenocarcinomas. Currently, IPMNs have advanced to the most commonly resected cystic tumor of the pancreas. Recent studies have shown that IPMNs may be distinguished into different types showing a different biology according to their mucin pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Klöppel
- Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein--Campus Kiel, Michaelisstrasse 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Busold CH, Winter S, Hauser N, Bauer A, Dippon J, Hoheisel JD, Fellenberg K. Integration of GO annotations in Correspondence Analysis: facilitating the interpretation of microarray data. Bioinformatics 2005; 21:2424-9. [PMID: 15746280 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The functional interpretation of microarray datasets still represents a time-consuming and challenging task. Up to now functional categories that are relevant for one or more experimental context(s) have been commonly extracted from a set of regulated genes and presented in long lists. RESULTS To facilitate interpretation, we integrated Gene Ontology (GO) annotations into Correspondence Analysis to display genes, experimental conditions and gene-annotations in a single plot. The position of the annotations in these plots can be directly used for the functional interpretation of clusters of genes or experimental conditions without the need for comparing long lists of annotations. Correspondence Analysis is not limited in the number of experimental conditions that can be compared simultaneously, allowing an easy identification of characterizing annotations even in complex experimental settings. Due to the rapidly increasing amount of annotation data available, we apply an annotation filter. Hereby the number of displayed annotations can be significantly reduced to a set of descriptive ones, further enhancing the interpretability of the plot. We validated the method on transcription data from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human pancreatic adenocarcinomas. AVAILABILITY The M-CHiPS software is accessible for collaborators at http://www.mchips.org
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Busold
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Brandt R, Grützmann R, Bauer A, Jesnowski R, Ringel J, Löhr M, Pilarsky C, Hoheisel JD. DNA microarray analysis of pancreatic malignancies. Pancreatology 2004; 4:587-97. [PMID: 15557762 DOI: 10.1159/000082241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has an extremely poor prognosis. To improve the prognosis, novel molecular markers and targets for earlier diagnosis and adjuvant and/or neoadjuvant treatment are needed. Recent advances in human genome research and high-throughput molecular technologies make it possible to cope with the molecular complexity of malignant tumors. With DNA array technology, mRNA expression levels of thousand of genes can be measured simultaneously in a single assay. As several studies using microarrays in PDAC have already been published, this review attempts to compare the published data and therefore to validate the results. In addition, the applied techniques are discussed in the context of pancreatic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Brandt
- Department of Medicine II, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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