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Armartmuntree N, Jusakul A, Sakonsinsiri C, Loilome W, Pinlaor S, Ungarreevittaya P, Yong CH, Techasen A, Imtawil K, Kraiklang R, Suwannakul N, Kaewlert W, Chaiprasert T, Thanan R, Murata M. Promoter hypermethylation of early B cell factor 1 (EBF1) is associated with cholangiocarcinoma progression. J Cancer 2021; 12:2673-2686. [PMID: 33854627 PMCID: PMC8040704 DOI: 10.7150/jca.52378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA hypermethylation in a promoter region causes gene silencing via epigenetic changes. We have previously reported that early B cell factor 1 (EBF1) was down-regulated in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) tissues and related to tumor progression. Thus, we hypothesized that the DNA hypermethylation of EBF1 promoter would suppress EBF1 expression in CCA and induce its progression. In this study, the DNA methylation status of EBF1 and mRNA expression levels were analyzed in CCA and normal bile duct (NBD) tissues using a publicly available database of genome-wide association data. The results showed that the DNA methylation of EBF1 promoter region was significantly increased in CCA tissues compared with those of NBD. The degree of methylation was negatively correlated with EBF1 mRNA expression levels. Using methylation-specific PCR technique, the DNA methylation rates of EBF1 promoter region were investigated in CCA tissues (n=72). CCA patients with high methylation rates of EBF1 promoter region in the tumor tissues (54/72) had a poor prognosis. Higher methylation rates of EBF1 promoter region have shown in all CCA cell lines than that of an immortal cholangiocyte cell line (MMNK1). Upon treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza-dC, increased EBF1 expression levels and reduced DNA methylation rates were observed in CCA cells. Moreover, restoration of EBF1 expression in CCA cells led to inhibition of cell growth, migration and invasion. In addition, RNA sequencing analysis suggested that EBF1 is involved in suppression of numerous pathways in cancer. Taken together, DNA hypermethylation in the EBF1 promoter region suppresses EBF1 expression and induces CCA progression with aggressive clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napat Armartmuntree
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Apinya Jusakul
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chadamas Sakonsinsiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Piti Ungarreevittaya
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chern Han Yong
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Science, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anchalee Techasen
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Imtawil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Nattawan Suwannakul
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Waleeporn Kaewlert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Timpika Chaiprasert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Raynoo Thanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Mariko Murata
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Cheng G, Gao J, Wang L, Ding Y, Wu Q, Wang Q, Xiao J, Wang S. The TGF-β1/COX-2-dependant pathway serves a key role in the generation of OKC-induced M2-polarized macrophage-like cells and angiogenesis. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:39. [PMID: 32788934 PMCID: PMC7416411 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a common oral cyst arising from the odontogenic epithelium, which has the characteristics of a tumor. Previous studies have demonstrated that M2-polarized macrophages and angiogenesis have important roles in the progression of OKCs. As transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is important in growth and developmental processes, and early studies have indicated that TGF-β1 is upregulated in OKCs, the present study aimed to investigate the expression levels of TGF-β1 as a first step. Flow cytometric analysis suggested that TGF-β1 induced M2-polarization of macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Expression levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and −2 were measured after treatment of M2 macrophages with TGF-β1 and OKC homogenate supernatant. COX-2 expression was influenced by TGF-β1 in a concentration-dependent manner and in OKC induction. In addition, inhibition of COX-2 resulted in the induction of M2-polarization of macrophages via TGF-β1 and OKC disruption. Because the extracellular matrix (ECM) is altered in individuals with chronic diseases, the present study analyzed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, which is able to degrade the ECM. The present study observed a decrease in MMP-9 activity following treatment with TGF-β1 and OKC homogenate supernatant. Additionally, the present study analyzed tube formation caused by OKC with or without a COX-2 inhibitor. The results of the present study suggested that angiogenesis increased following treatment with OKC homogenate supernatant but decreased after treatment with a COX-2 inhibitor. These findings indicated that the TGF-β1/COX-2 pathway may have an important role in the progression of OKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jinxing Gao
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Lianfei Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China.,Department of Stomatology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Yude Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Quanbing Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jialing Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Shibing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China.,Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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Brivio S, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. Molecular Mechanisms Driving Cholangiocarcinoma Invasiveness: An Overview. Gene Expr 2018; 18:31-50. [PMID: 29070148 PMCID: PMC5860940 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x15088670121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of invasive functions by tumor cells is a first and crucial step toward the development of metastasis, which nowadays represents the main cause of cancer-related death. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a primary liver cancer originating from the biliary epithelium, typically develops intrahepatic or lymph node metastases at early stages, thus preventing the majority of patients from undergoing curative treatments, consistent with their very poor prognosis. As in most carcinomas, CCA cells gradually adopt a motile, mesenchymal-like phenotype, enabling them to cross the basement membrane, detach from the primary tumor, and invade the surrounding stroma. Unfortunately, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that synergistically orchestrate this proinvasive phenotypic switch. Autocrine and paracrine signals (cyto/chemokines, growth factors, and morphogens) permeating the tumor microenvironment undoubtedly play a prominent role in this context. Moreover, a number of recently identified signaling systems are currently drawing attention as putative mechanistic determinants of CCA cell invasion. They encompass transcription factors, protein kinases and phosphatases, ubiquitin ligases, adaptor proteins, and miRNAs, whose aberrant expression may result from either stochastic mutations or the abnormal activation of upstream pro-oncogenic pathways. Herein we sought to summarize the most relevant molecules in this field and to discuss their mechanism of action and potential prognostic relevance in CCA. Hopefully, a deeper knowledge of the molecular determinants of CCA invasiveness will help to identify clinically useful biomarkers and novel druggable targets, with the ultimate goal to develop innovative approaches to the management of this devastating malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brivio
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- ‡Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- §Liver Center, School of Medicine Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- §Liver Center, School of Medicine Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Chen G, Li X, Yang J, Li J, Wang X, He J, Huang Z. Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:1110-1117. [PMID: 27695503 PMCID: PMC5016591 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.61916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is believed to be an important enzyme in the carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it is still controversial whether COX-2 expression can be regarded as a prognostic factor for HCC patients. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the clinical and prognostic significance of COX-2 expression in HCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Identification and review of publications assessing clinical or prognostic significance of COX-2 expression in HCC until November 1, 2014. A meta-analysis was performed to clarify the association between COX-2 expression and clinical outcomes. RESULTS A total of 11 publications met the criteria and included 943 cases. Analysis of these data showed that COX-2 expression was not significantly correlated with capsular formation (OR = 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46-1.55, p = 0.58), tumor TNM stage (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.23-2.33, p = 0.59), vascular invasion (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.25-4.35, p = 0.96), tumor size (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.21-2.86, p = 0.71), or tumor differentiation degree (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.42-2.79, p = 0.87). However, in the identified studies, COX-2 expression was strongly associated with high alpha-fetoprotein level (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.01-3.33, p = 0.05), HBsAg status (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.13-3.03, p = 0.01), decreased overall survival (relative risk (RR): 1.54, 95% CI: 1.18-2.02, p = 0.001) and decreased disease-free survival (RR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.22-1.81, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis shows that COX-2 expression in HCC is associated with decreased overall and disease-free survival and thus marks a worse prognosis. Nevertheless, more large sample and well-designed studies are warranted to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zonghai Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Delgado-Enciso I, Soriano-Hernández AD, Rodriguez-Hernandez A, Galvan-Salazar HR, Montes-Galindo DA, Martinez-Martinez R, Valdez-Velazquez LL, Gonzalez-Alvarez R, Espinoza-Gómez F, Newton-Sanchez OA, Lara-Esqueda A, Guzman-Esquivel J. Histological changes caused by meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer tumors: evaluation in a mouse model. Int Braz J Urol 2016; 41:1002-7. [PMID: 26689527 PMCID: PMC4756978 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2013.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Meclofenamic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has shown therapeutic potential for different types of cancers, including androgen-independent prostate neoplasms. The antitumor effect of diverse nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been shown to be accompanied by histological and molecular changes that are responsible for this beneficial effect. The objective of the present work was to analyze the histological changes caused by meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Tumors were created in a nude mouse model using PC3 cancerous human cells. Meclofenamic acid (10 mg/kg/day; experimental group, n=5) or saline solution (control group, n=5) was administered intraperitoneally for twenty days. Histological analysis was then carried out on the tumors, describing changes in the cellular architecture, fibrosis, and quantification of cellular proliferation and tumor vasculature. Meclofenamic acid causes histological changes that indicate less tumor aggression (less hypercellularity, fewer atypical mitoses, and fewer nuclear polymorphisms), an increase in fibrosis, and reduced cellular proliferation and tumor vascularity. Further studies are needed to evaluate the molecular changes that cause the beneficial and therapeutic effects of meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Delgado-Enciso
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, México.,Instituto Estatal de Cancerología, Servicios de Salud del Estado de Colima, Colima, México
| | | | | | - Héctor R Galvan-Salazar
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, México.,Instituto Estatal de Cancerología, Servicios de Salud del Estado de Colima, Colima, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jose Guzman-Esquivel
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, México.,Hospital General de Zona Nº1 del IMSS, Colima, México
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Dayi N, Baba HA, Schmid KW, Schmitz KJ. Increased expression of α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase (AMACR; p504s) and p16 in distal hyperplastic polyps. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:178. [PMID: 24152881 PMCID: PMC3818439 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperplastic polyps (HP) and sessile serrated adenomas (SSA) share morphological similarities. In this immunohistochemical study we chose a panel of potential relevant and promising biomarkers including α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase (AMACR; p504s), which is involved in the degradation of branched chained fatty acids derivates, and analysed a cohort of HPs and SSAs in order to identify different immunophenotypes in relation to lesion localisation. Methods 154 specimen were carefully selected and a micro tissue array (TMA) was constructed. Immunohistochemistry of p16Ink4a, Ki67, α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase (AMACR; p504s), BRAF, CK 20, MLH1 and β-catenin was performed and and immunoexpression was compared among proximal and distal HPs as well as SSAs. Results None of the markers revealed a differential expression among HPs and SSAs. However, the study demonstrates a significant overexpression of AMACR (p = 0.004) and p16Ink4a (p = 0.028) in distal HPs compared to proximal HPs. In addition AMACR overexpression was associated with increased p16Ink4a immunoexpression (p < 0.001). Conclusions In this study we describe differential AMACR and p16Ink4a in HPs in relation to their localisation. Distal HPs were characterized by AMACR and p16Ink4a overexpression in contrast to proximal HPs, although morphological identically. Thus AMACR overexpression points towards a pathobiological relevance of the protein in distal HPs. In context of recently published data this suggest distal HPs as potential precursor lesions of certain adenoma subtypes. However, at this point of time this finding remains speculative and needs to be confirmed by further studies. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1836116001066768
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Klaus J Schmitz
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Ruys AT, Groot Koerkamp B, Wiggers JK, Klümpen HJ, ten Kate FJ, van Gulik TM. Prognostic Biomarkers in Patients with Resected Cholangiocarcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 21:487-500. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Reappraisal of the therapeutic role of celecoxib in cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69928. [PMID: 23922859 PMCID: PMC3724720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a lethal disease, affects many thousands worldwide yearly. Surgical resection provides the best chance for a cure; however, only one-third of CCA patients present with a resectable tumour at the time of diagnosis. Currently, no effective chemotherapy is available for advanced CCA. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a potential oncogene expressing in human CCA tissues and represents a candidate target for treatment; however, COX-2 inhibitors increase the risk of negative cardiovascular events as application for chemoprevention aim. Here, we re-evaluated the effectiveness and safety of celecoxib, one widely used COX-2 inhibitor, in treating CCA. We demonstrated that celecoxib exhibited an anti-proliferative effect on CGCCA cells via cell cycle arrest at G2 phase and apoptosis induction. Treatment for 5 weeks high dose celecoxib (160 mg/kg) significantly repressed thioacetamide-induced CCA tumour growth in rats as monitored by animal positron emission tomography through apoptosis induction. No obviously observable side effects were noted during the therapeutic period. As retrospectively reviewing 78 intrahepatic mass-forming CCA patients, their survival was strongly and negatively associated with a positive resection margin and high COX-2 expression. Based on our result, we concluded that short-term high dose celecoxib may be a promising therapeutic regimen for CCA. Yet its clinical application still needs more studies to prove its safety.
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Ohtsubo I, Ajiki T, Hori Y, Murakami S, Shimizu K, Itoh T, Shimizu M, Fukumoto T, Ku Y. Distinctive expression of CD133 between intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct and bile duct adenocarcinomas. Hepatol Res 2012; 42:574-82. [PMID: 22221899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB), a novel entity of biliary disease, is recently advocated as the counterpart of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) because both are in common with a large amount of mucin production and papillary growth. Based on our recent finding that expression of CD133, a cancer stem cell marker, is lacking in pancreatic IPMN, we herein focused on CD133 expression of IPNB in comparison with intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma (IHCCC) or hilar bile duct cancer (HBDC). METHODS Expression of CD133 protein was immunohistochemically determined in patients with IPNB (n = 7), IHCCC (n = 16) or HBDC (n = 8). In addition, morphological and immunohistochemical mucin expression patterns were characterized in IPNB, and clinicopathological features including prognosis were compared between IPNB and other biliary tumors. RESULTS The IPNB group included significantly more females than the other two groups, and had a longer survival time. While no CD133 expression was observed in IPNB tumor, 16.4% of cancer cells in IHCCC and 17.2% of cells in HBDC expressed CD133. Among seven patients with IPNB, six (86%) were morphologically the pancreatobiliary type and four of six showed mucin expression pattern of the typical pancreatobiliary type (MUC1+/MUC2-/MUC5AC+). CONCLUSION Loss of CD133 expression supports the hypothesis that IPNB is a counterpart of pancreatic IPMN with a differing carcinogenesis from conventional bile duct adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izuru Ohtsubo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Billiary-Pancreatic Surgery Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Department of Biophysics, Division of Medical Chemistry, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe Medical Center, Kobe Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
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10
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Schmitz KJ, Sotiropoulos GC, Baba HA, Schmid KW, Müller D, Paul A, Auer T, Gamerith G, Loeffler-Ragg J. AKR1B10 expression is associated with less aggressive hepatocellular carcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 168 cases. Liver Int 2011; 31:810-6. [PMID: 21645211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The detoxification enzyme AKR1B10, a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, is discussed as a new biomarker candidate for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Only rare clinicopathological data on AKRB1B10 in HCC exist. This retrospective study determines the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of AKR1B10 expression in HCC and its relationship to a series of clinicopathological parameters including underlying aetiological factors. METHODS A series of 168 patients with HCCs treated either by surgical resection (n=92) or liver transplantation (n=76) were investigated after construction of a tissue micro-array. Immunohistochemically confirmed AKR1B10 expression was correlated with clinicopathologically relevant parameters as well as proliferative activity (indicated by Ki-67 immunostaining) and apoptosis (terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling). RESULTS AKR1B10 overexpression is significantly associated with lower pT-classification (P=0.030) and highly statistically associated with an underlying viral hepatitis (P<0.001) and the presence of cirrhosis (P<0.001). In addition, loss of AKR1B10 expression correlates with increased proliferative activity (Ki-67, P=0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of the resection group reveals a poorer prognosis in patients with AKR1B10-negative HCCs compared with patients with strongly positive HCCs (P=0.046). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms and expands data on the expression of AKR1B10 in HCC, suggesting that this enzyme is a valuable novel biomarker candidate for staging of HCC, especially in patients with underlying virus hepatitis or cirrhosis, and may present a new therapeutic target for multimodal therapy concepts. We confirm its prognostic value and conclude that high expression of AKR1B10 reflects a less aggressive tumour behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus J Schmitz
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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11
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Xu JD, Cao XX, Long ZW, Liu XP, Furuya T, Xu JW, Liu XL, De Xu Z, Sasaki K, Li QQ. BCL2L10 protein regulates apoptosis/proliferation through differential pathways in gastric cancer cells. J Pathol 2010; 223:400-9. [PMID: 21171085 DOI: 10.1002/path.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The reason for and consequences of BCL2L10 down-regulation in gastric carcinoma are poorly understood. Our aim was to investigate the function of the protein BCL2L10 in gastric carcinoma. We investigated BCL2L10 expression using quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting. The methylation status of the BCL2L10 gene promoter was examined by bisulphite sequencing in fresh gastric normal and carcinoma tissues. We studied apoptosis and proliferation regulation in gastric cancer cell lines using flow cytometry, fluorescence staining, murine xenografting and immunoblotting. Pathway inhibitors were applied to confirm the major pathways involved in apoptosis or proliferation regulation. We observed significant correlations between lower BCL2L10 expression and CpG island hypermethylation of the BCL2L10 gene promoter in gastric carcinoma, apoptosis induced by over-expressed BCL2L10 through mitochondrial pathways, and proliferation accelerated by BCL2L10 siRNA via the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway in gastric cancer cell lines. The pro-apoptotic effect of BCL2L10 and growth promotion by BCL2L10 siRNA in gastric cancer cells suggest that it may be a tumour suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Da Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University,Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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12
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Schmitz KJ, Lang H, Kaiser G, Wohlschlaeger J, Sotiropoulos GC, Baba HA, Jasani B, Schmid KW. Metallothionein overexpression and its prognostic relevance in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and extrahepatic hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumors). Hum Pathol 2009; 40:1706-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Loeffler-Ragg J, Mueller D, Gamerith G, Auer T, Skvortsov S, Sarg B, Skvortsova I, Schmitz KJ, Martin HJ, Krugmann J, Alakus H, Maser E, Menzel J, Hilbe W, Lindner H, Schmid KW, Zwierzina H. Proteomic identification of aldo-keto reductase AKR1B10 induction after treatment of colorectal cancer cells with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1995-2006. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nanashima A, Shibata K, Nakayama T, Tobinaga S, Araki M, Kunizaki M, Takeshita H, Hidaka S, Sawai T, Nagayasu T, Tagawa T. Relationship Between Microvessel Count and Postoperative Survival in Patients with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:2123-9. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Baba HA, Wohlschlaeger J, Cicinnati VR, Hilgard P, Lang H, Sotiropoulos GC, Takeda A, Beckebaum S, Schmitz KJ. Phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase predicts overall survival in patients with clear margin-resected hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2009; 29:399-405. [PMID: 18492014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors play a key role in regulating signal transduction by blocking the mTOR pathway and combining anticancer and immunosuppressive properties. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and clinicopathological relevance of phospho-p70S6 (p-p70S6) kinase in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to investigate the effects of rapamycin on HCC in vitro. METHODS A total of 196 patients with HCCs were treated either with surgical resection (n=106) or liver transplantation (n=90). Tumour tissue was investigated for p-p70S6, phospho-AKT, Ki-67, Cyclin-D1 and apoptosis, and staining results were correlated with clinicopathologically relevant parameters. RESULTS Overall, p-p70S6 was detected in 24.5% (48/196) of HCCs. In the resection group, 26.4% (28/106) of HCC were positive and 22.2% (20/90) in the transplant group. p-p70S6 was significantly associated with elevated Cyclin-D1 immunoexpression and was correlated with decreased overall survival (P=0.011) in patients resected with a clear margin. In multivariate COX regression analysis, p-p70S6 was identified as an independent prognostic parameter in patients resected with a clear margin. Rapamycin induced apoptosis and growth inhibition by G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in vitro. However, in HCC patients p-p70S6 kinase was not associated with proliferation or apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Activation of p70S6 kinase indicates aggressive tumour behaviour in patients with clear margin-resected HCC. Identification of p-p70S6 kinase in HCC selects high-risk patients who may benefit from drugs targeting the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo A Baba
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Itatsu K, Sasaki M, Yamaguchi J, Ohira S, Ishikawa A, Ikeda H, Sato Y, Harada K, Zen Y, Sato H, Ohta T, Nagino M, Nimura Y, Nakanuma Y. Cyclooxygenase-2 is involved in the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in cholangiocarcinoma induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:829-41. [PMID: 19218340 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an important enzyme in tumor invasion and metastasis in malignant tumors, including cholangiocarcinoma (CC). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a proinflammatory cytokine, was recently reported to induce the up-regulation of MMP-9 in cultured CC cells. We examined whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), another endogenous tumor promoter, are involved in the up-regulation of MMP-9 in CC using CC tissue specimens and a CC cell line, HuCCT-1. MMP-9 and COX-2 were immunohistochemically expressed in 58% and 89% of 110 CC cases, respectively; the expression of MMP-9 and COX-2 was correlated (r = 0.32, P = 0.00072). Using zymography, latent MMP-9 was detectable in all cases and active MMP-9 was detected in 24% of cases of the CC specimens. The TNF-alpha/TNF-receptor 1 (TNF-R1) interaction induced MMP-9 production and activation, as well as COX-2 overexpression and PGE2 production, and increased the migration of CC cells. MMP-9 up-regulation was inhibited by COX inhibitors, antagonists of EP2/4 (receptors of PGE2), and COX-1 and COX-2 siRNAs. Inhibitors of both MMP-9 and MMP-9 siRNA treatment abrogated the increase in the migration of CC cells induced by TNF-alpha. In conclusion, we propose a novel signaling pathway of MMP-9 up-regulation in CC cells such that TNF-alpha induces the activation of COX-2 and PGE2 via TNF-R1 followed by the up-regulation of MMP-9 via the PGE2 (EP2/4) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Itatsu
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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Kim YJ, Choi MH, Hong ST, Bae YM. Resistance of cholangiocarcinoma cells to parthenolide-induced apoptosis by the excretory-secretory products of Clonorchis sinensis. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:1011-6. [PMID: 19066964 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection by Clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese or oriental liver fluke, is a significant risk factor for the development of cholangiocarcinoma, a human epithelial carcinoma of the intrahepatic bile duct. Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone that has strong anticancer properties and is also known to induce apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Many investigators have reported that excretory-secretory (ES) products of C. sinensis as well as Opisthorchis viverrini promote the development of cholangiocarcinomas. However, the intrinsic mechanism is not clearly understood. Therefore, we investigated the biological roles of the ES products in a cholangiocarcinoma cell line, HuCCT1. The ES products of C. sinensis increased proliferation of HuCCT1 cells and augmented the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. To determine whether cells treated with ES products would respond differently to parthenolide, HuCCT1 cells were treated with parthenolide alone or parthenolide after pretreatment with ES products. Cells pretreated with ES products were resistant to parthenolide-induced apoptosis. Because parthenolide has been reported to be a COX-2 inhibitor, we hypothesize that COX-2 might be a key factor that promotes resistance of cholangiocarcinoma cancer cells to parthenolide-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that chemotherapy treatment regimens in cholangiocarcinoma patients with C. sinensis infection should be modulated to account for ES products excreted by the liver fluke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
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Briggs CD, Neal CP, Mann CD, Steward WP, Manson MM, Berry DP. Prognostic molecular markers in cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer 2008; 45:33-47. [PMID: 18938071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is steadily rising, with the incidence in United Kingdom (UK) now exceeding 1000 cases per year. It is an aggressive malignancy typified by unresponsiveness to the existing chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimes in the vast majority of cases. Surgery offers the only hope of a cure, though post-operative disease recurrence is common, with 5-year survival rates of less than 25% following resection. Developments in molecular techniques and improved understanding of the basis of carcinogenesis in CC has led to examination of the role of biomarkers in predicting poor outcome. This systematic review examines published evidence relating to the prognostic significance of these molecular markers in CC. Of the molecular markers which have been investigated to date, p53 mutation, cyclins, proliferation indices, mucins, CA19-9, CRP and aneuploidy appear to hold significant potential as predictors of outcome in CC. These and other biomarkers may themselves represent novel therapeutic targets for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Briggs
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Biocentre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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Hammam OA, Aziz AA, Roshdy MS, Abdel Hadi AM. Possible role of cyclooxygenase-2 in schistosomal and non-schistosomal-associated bladder cancer. MEDSCAPE JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2008; 10:60. [PMID: 18449376 PMCID: PMC2329780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an angiogenic factor that is strongly related to inflammatory diseases and the development of cancer and metastasis in several cancers. It is overexpressed in a variety of premalignant and malignant conditions, including urinary bladder cancer. Our aim was to investigate and compare the expression of COX-2 enzyme in patients with bladder cancer, chronic cystitis, and normal bladder tissue. The results were correlated to the classic prognostic factors, mainly tumor stage and grade, in a trial to determine the prognostic significance of COX-2 marker. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-five bladder samples were taken, including 50 cases with bladder cancer (31 were schistosomal-associated and 19 non-schistosomal-associated), 20 samples from cases with chronic cystitis (7 were nonschistosomal and 13 were schistosomal cystitis), and 5 samples from normal bladder tissue taken as control. The specimens were stained by streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemistry protocol, with COX-2 monoclonal antibody. RESULTS Although no notable expression of COX-2 was observed in the normal bladder, it was slightly expressed in chronic cystitis especially in areas of dysplasia and squamous metaplasia, whereas there was a significant increase in COX-2 (P < .001) with moderate-to-strong granular cytoplasmic expression in all malignant histologic types. The COX-2 reactivity was higher in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) than in squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) (P < .01). COX-2 expression was significantly higher in schistosomal-associated TCC than in non-schistosomal-associated TCC (P < .01). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between COX-2 expression and tumor grade (P = .0052). COX-2 expression was significantly higher in grade 3 bladder TCC than in grades 1 and 2 bladder TCC (P < .05, P < .01). A correlation between COX-2 expression and progression of bladder TCC also was observed (P = .001). There was a significant difference in COX-2 expression level between the bladder TCCs at different clinical stages (P < .01). CONCLUSION COX-2 is overexpressed in schistosomal-associated bladder cancer. COX-2 may be of significance to the development and proliferation of bladder TCC, consistent with a potential role for COX-2 inhibitors in the prevention and management of this disease.
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Schmitz KJ, Lang H, Wohlschlaeger J, Sotiropoulos GC, Reis H, Schmid KW, Baba HA. AKT and ERK1/2 signaling in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:6470-7. [PMID: 18161916 PMCID: PMC4611285 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i48.6470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICC) are neoplasms that originate from cholangiocytes and can occur at any level of the biliary tree. Surgical resection is the current therapy of choice for this highly aggressive cancer. However, the 5-year survival still is poor, with high recurrence rates. Due to the intrahepatic growth a significant proportion of patients present with advanced disease and are not candidates for curative surgery or transplantation. The existing palliative options are of limited benefit and there is a great necessity for novel therapeutic options. In this article we review the role of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/AKT and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways in ICC and present new data on the prognostic value of these protein kinases. Finally, we discuss future upcoming therapeutic options based on targeting these signaling pathways.
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