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Tripathy S, Nagari A, Chiu SP, Nandu T, Camacho CV, Mahendroo M, Kraus WL. Relaxin Modulates the Genomic Actions and Biological Effects of Estrogen in the Myometrium by Reducing Estrogen Receptor Alpha Phosphorylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.15.589654. [PMID: 38659934 PMCID: PMC11042280 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.15.589654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) and relaxin (Rln) are steroid and polypeptide hormones, respectively, with important roles in the female reproductive tract, including myometrium. Some actions of Rln, which are mediated by its membrane receptor RXFP1, require or are augmented by E2 signaling through its cognate nuclear steroid receptor, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). In contrast, other actions of Rln act in opposition to the effects of E2. Here we explore the molecular and genomic mechanisms that underlie the functional interplay between E2 and Rln in the myometrium. We used both ovariectomized female mice and immortalized human myometrial cells expressing wild type or mutant ERα (hTERT-HM-ERα cells). Our results indicate that Rln attenuates the genomic actions and biological effects of estrogen in the myometrium and myometrial cells by reducing phosphorylation ERα on serine 118 (S118). Interestingly, we observed a potent inhibitory effect of Rln on the E2-dependent binding of ERα across the genome. The reduction in ERα binding was associated with changes in the hormone-regulated transcriptome, including a decrease in the E2-dependent expression of neighboring genes. The inhibitory effects of Rln cotreatment on the E2-dependent phosphorylation of ERα required the nuclear dual-specificity phosphatases DUSP1 and DUSP5. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of Rln were reflected in a concomitant inhibition of the E2-dependent contraction of myometrial cells. Collectively, our results identify a pathway that integrates Rln/RXFP1 and E2/ERα signaling, resulting in a convergence of membrane and nuclear signaling pathways to control genomic and biological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Tripathy
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Laboratory of Cervical Remodeling and Preterm Birth, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Section of Laboratory Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anusha Nagari
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Computational Core Facility, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shu-Ping Chiu
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tulip Nandu
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Computational Core Facility, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cristel V. Camacho
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Section of Laboratory Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mala Mahendroo
- Laboratory of Cervical Remodeling and Preterm Birth, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Section of Laboratory Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - W. Lee Kraus
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Section of Laboratory Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Ge Y, Ni X, Li J, Ye M, Jin X. Roles of estrogen receptor α in endometrial carcinoma (Review). Oncol Lett 2023; 26:530. [PMID: 38020303 PMCID: PMC10644365 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a group of endometrial epithelial malignancies, most of which are adenocarcinomas and occur in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. It is one of the most common carcinomas of the female reproductive system. It has been shown that the occurrence and development of EC is closely associated with the interaction between estrogen (estradiol, E2) and estrogen receptors (ERs), particularly ERα. As a key nuclear transcription factor, ERα is a carcinogenic factor in EC. Its interactions with upstream and downstream effectors and co-regulators have important implications for the proliferation, metastasis, invasion and inhibition of apoptosis of EC. In the present review, the structure of ERα and the regulation of ERα in multiple dimensions are described. In addition, the classical E2/ERα signaling pathway and the crosstalk between ERα and other EC regulators are elucidated, as well as the therapeutic targeting of ERα, which may provide a new direction for clinical applications of ERα in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Ge
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Ni
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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Shindo S, Kakizaki S, Sakaki T, Kawasaki Y, Sakuma T, Negishi M, Shizu R. Phosphorylation of nuclear receptors: Novelty and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2023:108477. [PMID: 37330113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NR) collectively regulate several biological functions in various organs. While NRs can be characterized by activation of the transcription of their signature genes, they also have other diverse roles. Although most NRs are directly activated by ligand binding, which induces cascades of events leading to gene transcription, some NRs are also phosphorylated. Despite extensive investigations, primarily focusing on unique phosphorylation of amino acid residues in different NRs, the role of phosphorylation in the biological activity of NRs in vivo has not been firmly established. Recent studies on the phosphorylation of conserved phosphorylation motifs within the DNA- and ligand-binding domains confirmed has indicated the physiologically relevance of NR phosphorylation. This review focuses on estrogen and androgen receptors, and highlights the concept of phosphorylation as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawako Shindo
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Satoru Kakizaki
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, 36 Takamatsu-cho, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0829, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaourui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sakuma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Ryota Shizu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Celik O, Celik N, Gungor ND, Celik S, Arslan L, Morciano A, Tinelli A. Biomechanical Forces Determine Fibroid Stem Cell Transformation and the Receptivity Status of the Endometrium: A Critical Appraisal. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214201. [PMID: 36430682 PMCID: PMC9692870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myometrium cells are an important reproductive niche in which cyclic mechanical forces of a pico-newton range are produced continuously at millisecond and second intervals. Overproduction and/or underproduction of micro-forces, due to point or epigenetic mutation, aberrant methylation, and abnormal response to hypoxia, may lead to the transformation of fibroid stem cells into fibroid-initiating stem cells. Fibroids are tumors with a high modulus of stiffness disturbing the critical homeostasis of the myometrium and they may cause unfavorable and strong mechanical forces. Micro-mechanical forces and soluble-chemical signals play a critical role in transcriptional and translational processes' maintenance, by regulating communication between the cell nucleus and its organelles. Signals coming from the external environment can stimulate cells in the format of both soluble biochemical signals and mechanical ones. The shape of the cell and the plasma membrane have a significant character in sensing electro-chemical signals, through specialized receptors and generating responses, accordingly. In order for mechanical signals to be perceived by the cell, they must be converted into biological stimuli, through a process called mechanotransduction. Transmission of fibroid-derived mechanical signals to the endometrium and their effects on receptivity modulators are mediated through a pathway known as solid-state signaling. It is not sufficiently clear which type of receptors and mechanical signals impair endometrial receptivity. However, it is known that biomechanical signals reaching the endometrium affect epithelial sodium channels, lysophosphatidic acid receptors or Rho GTPases, leading to conformational changes in endometrial proteins. Translational changes in receptivity modulators may disrupt the selectivity and receptivity functions of the endometrium, resulting in failed implantation or early pregnancy loss. By hypermethylation of the receptivity genes, micro-forces can also negatively affect decidualization and implantation. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the state of the art of the biomechanical forces which can determine fibroid stem cell transformation and, thus, affect the receptivity status of the endometrium with regard to fertilization and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onder Celik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Private Clinic, Usak 64000, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Celik
- Department of Biochemistry, Behcet Uz Children’s Hospital, Izmir 35210, Turkey
| | - Nur Dokuzeylul Gungor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul 34732, Turkey
| | - Sudenaz Celik
- Medical Faculty, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Liya Arslan
- Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Andrea Morciano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Cardinal Panico” General Hospital, 73020 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Tinelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and CERICSAL (Centro di RIcerca Clinica SALentino), “Veris Delli Ponti Hospital”, 73020 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Sun H, Hirata T, Koga K, Arakawa T, Nagashima N, Neriishi K, Elsherbini M, Maki E, Izumi G, Harada M, Hirota Y, Wada-Hiraike O, Osuga Y. Elevated phosphorylation of estrogen receptor α at serine-118 in ovarian endometrioma. F&S SCIENCE 2022; 3:401-409. [PMID: 35654737 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the phosphorylation of estrogen receptor α at serine-118 (phospho-ERα S118) in the endometrium, ovarian endometrioma, and deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING University-affiliated hospital and academic research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Twenty-five patients underwent a hysterectomy, 18 patients underwent surgical removal of ovarian endometrioma, and 6 patients underwent DIE. INTERVENTION(S) Tissue samples were obtained from patients who underwent surgical procedures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Immunostaining for phospho-ERα S118, ERα, or phosphorylated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (phospho-p44/42 MAPK) was performed to evaluate the endometrium with or without endometriosis, ovarian endometrioma, and DIE. For in vitro analysis, endometrial epithelial cells (Ishikawa cells) were stimulated with estradiol (E2) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and the expression levels of phospho-ERα S118 and phospho-p44/42 MAPK were evaluated via Western blotting. RESULT(S) First, phospho-ERα S118 level was significantly higher in the glands and stroma of ovarian endometriosis samples than in those of endometrial and DIE samples. Second, colocalization of phospho-p44/42 MAPK and phospho-ERα S118 was observed in the glands of ovarian endometrioma. The proportions of cells strongly expressing phospho-p44/42 and phospho-ERα were 87% in phosphor-p44/42 MAPK-positive cells and 79% in phosphor-ERα-positive cells. Third, E2 stimulation significantly enhanced phospho-ERα S118 after 15 and 30 minutes in in vitro analysis using endometrial epithelial cells. Fourth, TNFα stimulation modestly but significantly enhanced phospho-ERα S118 after 15 and 30 minutes. Fifth, in Ishikawa cells, treatment with a p44/42 inhibitor (PD98059) significantly reduced phospho-ERα S118 by TNFα but not by E2. CONCLUSION(S) ERα-S118 phosphorylation was increased in ovarian endometriosis. Our findings may provide a new perspective for understanding the mechanism of increased ERα action in the pathophysiology of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Doai Kinen Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Arakawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Nagashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Neriishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohammed Elsherbini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiko Maki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gentaro Izumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Harada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hirota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Molecular and Cellular Insights into the Development of Uterine Fibroids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168483. [PMID: 34445194 PMCID: PMC8395213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas represent the most common benign gynecologic tumor. These hormone-dependent smooth-muscle formations occur with an estimated prevalence of ~70% among women of reproductive age and cause symptoms including pain, abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, and recurrent abortion. Despite the prevalence and public health impact of uterine leiomyomas, available treatments remain limited. Among the potential causes of leiomyomas, early hormonal exposure during periods of development may result in developmental reprogramming via epigenetic changes that persist in adulthood, leading to disease onset or progression. Recent developments in unbiased high-throughput sequencing technology enable powerful approaches to detect driver mutations, yielding new insights into the genomic instability of leiomyomas. Current data also suggest that each leiomyoma originates from the clonal expansion of a single transformed somatic stem cell of the myometrium. In this review, we propose an integrated cellular and molecular view of the origins of leiomyomas, as well as paradigm-shifting studies that will lead to better understanding and the future development of non-surgical treatments for these highly frequent tumors.
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Shindo S, Chen SH, Gotoh S, Yokobori K, Hu H, Ray M, Moore R, Nagata K, Martinez J, Hong JS, Negishi M. Estrogen receptor α phosphorylated at Ser216 confers inflammatory function to mouse microglia. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:117. [PMID: 32727504 PMCID: PMC7390202 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen receptor α (ERα) has been suggested to regulate anti-inflammatory signaling in brain microglia, the only resident immune cells in the brain. ERα conserves the phosphorylation motif at Ser216 within the DNA binding domain. Previously, Ser216 was found to be phosphorylated in neutrophils infiltrating into the mouse uterus and to enable ERα to regulate migration. Given the implication of this phosphorylation in immune regulation, ERα was examined in mouse microglia to determine if Ser216 is phosphorylated and regulates microglia's inflammation. It was found that Ser216 was constitutively phosphorylated in microglia and demonstrated that in the absence of phosphorylated ERα in ERα KI brains microglia inflamed, confirming that phosphorylation confers ERα with anti-inflammatory capability. ERα KI mice were obese and weakened motor ability. METHODS Mixed glia cells were prepared from brains of 2-days-old neonates and cultured to mature and isolate microglia. An antibody against an anti-phospho-S216 peptide of ERα (αP-S216) was used to detect phosphorylated ERα in double immunofluorescence staining with ERα antibodies and a microglia maker Iba-1 antibody. A knock-in (KI) mouse line bearing the phosphorylation-blocked ERα S216A mutation (ERα KI) was generated to examine inflammation-regulating functions of phosphorylated ERα in microglia. RT-PCR, antibody array, ELISA and FACS assays were employed to measure expressions of pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines at their mRNA and protein levels. Rotarod tests were performed to examine motor connection ability. RESULTS Double immune staining of mixed glia cells showed that ERα is phosphorylated at Ser216 in microglia, but not astrocytes. Immunohistochemistry with an anti-Iba-1 antibody showed that microglia cells were swollen and shortened branches in the substantial nigra (SN) of ERα KI brains, indicating the spontaneous activation of microglia as observed with those of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated ERα WT brains. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were up-regulated in the brain of ERα KI brains as well as cultured microglia, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines were down-regulated. FACS analysis showed that the number of IL-6 producing and apoptotic microglia increased in those prepared from ERα KI brains. Times of ERα KI mice on rod were shortened in Rotarod tests. CONCLUSIONS Blocking of Ser216 phosphorylation aggravated microglia activation and inflammation of mouse brain, thus confirming that phosphorylated ERα exerts anti-inflammatory functions. ERα KI mice enable us to further investigate the mechanism by which phosphorylated ERα regulates brain immunity and inflammation and brain diseases. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawako Shindo
- Pharmacogenetics, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
- Departments of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, 981-8558 Japan
| | - Shih-Heng Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Saki Gotoh
- Pharmacogenetics, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Kosuke Yokobori
- Pharmacogenetics, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Hao Hu
- Pharmacogenetics, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Manas Ray
- Knockout Mouse Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Rick Moore
- Pharmacogenetics, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Kiyoshi Nagata
- Departments of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, 981-8558 Japan
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- Pharmacogenetics, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
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Kim M, Kim YS, Choi JI, Kim JM, Lee HH, Kim TH. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 expression in normal myometrium, leiomyoma, and adenomyosis tissues of premenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:599-604. [PMID: 32321334 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1751108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To verify the different expression of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) among normal uterine, leiomyoma, and adenomyosis tissues. Normal uterine, leiomyoma, and adenomyosis tissue samples were obtained from women aged 35-52 years from a tertiary university hospital. The tissue samples were subjected to immunohistochemical, Western blot, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses of GPER1. GPER1 protein expression was confirmed in the tissues by immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses and compared with GPER1 mRNA levels using RT-PCR. GPER1 was detected in the tissue samples of leiomyoma and adenomyosis, which are estrogen-dependent diseases. GPER1 expression was similar between normal uterine and leiomyoma tissues but was reduced in adenomyosis tissue. The level of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 was lower and higher in leiomyoma and adenomyosis tissues, respectively, than in normal tissue, but the differences among the groups were not statistically significant. Our immunohistochemical, Western blot, and RT-PCR results suggest that GPER1 expression is involved in cell proliferation in leiomyoma and in cell invasion and migration in adenomyosis. Functional studies of GPER1 involving larger sample sizes should be performed to confirm the adenomyosis and leiomyoma disease mechanisms and eventually to develop new therapeutic interventions for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University Graduate School, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Suk Kim
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University Graduate School, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong In Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Hyeog Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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Effects of phosphorylated estrogen receptor alpha on apoptosis in human endometrial epithelial cells. Anat Sci Int 2019; 95:240-250. [PMID: 31823335 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-019-00515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the activities of estrogen receptor α (ERα) can be modulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) through the phosphatidylinostitol 3-kinase-alpha serine/threonine protein kinase (PI3K-AKT) pathway by phosphorylation. To clarify how ERα functions are regulated in endometrial cells during menstrual cycle, molecules related to phosphorylation of ERα (pERα) were examined. It was found that the expression of phosphorylated AKT on serine 473 (pAKT-Ser473) was increased during the proliferative phase, but decreased in the secretory phase. Although the expression of pAKT on threonine 308 in the proliferative phase was only identified in the wall of arterioles, it was strongly expressed in the cytoplasm of endometrial glandular cells after entering the secretory phase. Further observations revealed that while the expression of pERα-Ser104 was constant, pERα-Ser118 was expressed following a cyclic pattern similar to that of the pAKT-Ser473. Following treatment with specific inhibitors for EGFR-PI3K-AKT pathway, it was found that while the expression of pERα-Ser118 and pERα-Ser167 was inhibited, the induced apoptosis could be antagonized by the addition of estrogen, indicating that a mitochondrial pathway is involved. Therefore, pAKT and pERα or ERα could act cooperatively on coiled arterioles and endometrial cells in order to control menstrual cycle.
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Phosphoproteins Involved in the Inhibition of Apoptosis and in Cell Survival in the Leiomyoma. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050691. [PMID: 31100862 PMCID: PMC6572112 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle cell tumors originating from the myometrium. In this study we focus on leiomyoma and normal myometrium phosphoproteome, to identify differentially phosphorylated proteins involved in tumorigenic signaling pathways, and in anti-apoptotic processes and cell survival. We obtained paired tissue samples of seven leiomyomas and adjacent myometria and analyzed the phosphoproteome by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) and Pro-Q Diamond phosphoprotein gel stain. We used mass spectrometry for protein identification and Western blotting for 2-DE data validation. Quantities of 33 proteins enriched by the IMAC approach were significantly different in the leiomyoma if compared to the myometrium. Bioinformatic analysis revealed ten tumorigenic signaling pathways and four phosphoproteins involved in both the inhibition of apoptosis and cell survival. Our study highlights the involvement of the phosphoproteome in leiomyoma growth. Further studies are needed to understand the role of phosphorylation in leiomyoma. Our data shed light on mechanisms that still need to be ascertained, but could open the path to a new class of drugs that not only can block the growth, but could also lead to a significant reduction in tumor size.
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Borahay MA, Asoglu MR, Mas A, Adam S, Kilic GS, Al-Hendy A. Estrogen Receptors and Signaling in Fibroids: Role in Pathobiology and Therapeutic Implications. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:1235-1244. [PMID: 27872195 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116678686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are the most common gynecologic tumors with a significant medical and financial burden. Several genetic, hormonal, and biological factors have been shown to contribute to the development and growth of fibroid tumors. Of these factors, estrogen is particularly critical since fibroids are considered estrogen dependent because no prepubertal cases have been described in the literature and tumors tend to regress after menopause. Understanding the role of estrogen in fibroids is not only important for understanding the pathobiology of fibroids but also for the development of successful therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the types and structure of estrogen receptors (nuclear and membrane bound, including α and β receptors and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 GPER1). Estrogen-signaling pathways in fibroids include genomic (direct and indirect) and nongenomic including Ras-Raf-MEK (MAPK/Erk Kinase)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3)-Akt (Protein kinase B)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways; shortly Ras-Raf-MEK-MAPK and PI3K-PIP3-Akt-mTOR pathways. Several aberrations in estrogen receptors and signaling pathways are implicated in fibroid pathobiology. Current therapeutic and research agents targeting ERs/signaling include gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, GnRH antagonists, aromatase inhibitors, selective ER modulators, gene therapy, and others. Future research can identify potential targets for the development of novel treatments. In particular, epigenomics of estrogen activity and individualized (precision) medicine appear to be attractive areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Borahay
- 1 Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mehmet R Asoglu
- 2 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Aymara Mas
- 3 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Adam
- 4 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mercer University, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Gokhan S Kilic
- 2 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- 3 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Yu L, Ham K, Gao X, Castro L, Yan Y, Kissling GE, Tucker CJ, Flagler N, Dong R, Archer TK, Dixon D. Epigenetic regulation of transcription factor promoter regions by low-dose genistein through mitogen-activated protein kinase and mitogen-and-stress activated kinase 1 nongenomic signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:18. [PMID: 27582276 PMCID: PMC5007815 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The phytoestrogen, genistein at low doses nongenomically activates mitogen-activated protein kinase p44/42 (MAPKp44/42) via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) leading to proliferation of human uterine leiomyoma cells. In this study, we evaluated if MAPKp44/42 could activate downstream effectors such as mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1), which could then epigenetically modify histone H3 by phosphorylation following a low dose (1 μg/ml) of genistein. Results Using hormone-responsive immortalized human uterine leiomyoma (ht-UtLM) cells, we found that genistein activated MAPKp44/42 and MSK1, and also increased phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine10 (H3S10ph) in ht-UtLM cells. Colocalization of phosphorylated MSK1 and H3S10ph was evident by confocal microscopy in ht-UtLM cells (r = 0.8533). Phosphorylation of both MSK1and H3S10ph was abrogated by PD98059 (PD), a MEK1 kinase inhibitor, thereby supporting genistein’s activation of MSK1 and Histone H3 was downstream of MAPKp44/42. In proliferative (estrogenic) phase human uterine fibroid tissues, phosphorylated MSK1 and H3S10ph showed increased immunoexpression compared to normal myometrial tissues, similar to results observed in in vitro studies following low-dose genistein administration. Real-time RT-PCR arrays showed induction of growth-related transcription factor genes, EGR1, Elk1, ID1, and MYB (cMyb) with confirmation by western blot, downstream of MAPK in response to low-dose genistein in ht-UtLM cells. Additionally, genistein induced associations of promoter regions of the above transcription factors with H3S10ph as evidenced by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, which were inhibited by PD. Therefore, genistein epigenetically modified histone H3 by phosphorylation of serine 10, which was regulated by MSK1 and MAPK activation. Conclusion Histone H3 phosphorylation possibly represents a mechanism whereby increased transcriptional activation occurs following low-dose genistein exposure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-016-0141-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Yu
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Kyle Ham
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Xiaohua Gao
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Lysandra Castro
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Yitang Yan
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), NIEHS, NIH, HHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Charles J Tucker
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, DIR, NIEHS, NIH, HHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Norris Flagler
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, DNTP, NIEHS, NIH, HHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Ray Dong
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Trevor K Archer
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Group, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, DIR, NIEHS, NIH, HHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA.
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13
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Kasap B, Öztürk Turhan N, Edgünlü T, Duran M, Akbaba E, Öner G. G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor-30 gene polymorphisms are associated with uterine leiomyoma risk. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2016; 16:39-45. [PMID: 26773178 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2016.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30, GPER-1) is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor 1 family and is expressed significantly in uterine leiomyomas. To understand the relationship between GPR30 single nucleotide polymorphisms and the risk of leiomyoma, we measured the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2) levels of 78 perimenopausal healthy women and 111 perimenopausal women with leiomyomas. The participants' leiomyoma number and volume were recorded. DNA was extracted from whole blood with a GeneJET Genomic DNA Purification Kit. An amplification-refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction approach was used for genotyping of the GPR30 gene (rs3808350, rs3808351, and rs11544331). The differences in genotype and allele frequencies between the leiomyoma and control groups were calculated using the chi-square (χ2) and Fischer's exact test. The median FSH level was higher in controls (63 vs. 10 IU/L, p=0.000), whereas the median E2 level was higher in the leiomyoma group (84 vs. 9.1 pg/mL, p=0.000). The G allele of rs3808351 and the GG genotype of both the rs3808350 and rs3808351 polymorphisms and the GGC haplotype increased the risk of developing leiomyoma. There was no significant difference in genotype frequencies or leiomyoma volume. However, the GG genotype of the GPR30 rs3808351 polymorphism and G allele of the GPR30 rs3808351 polymorphism were associated with the risk of having a single leiomyoma. Our results suggest that the presence of the GG genotype of the GPR30 rs3808351 polymorphism and the G allele of the GPR30 rs3808351 polymorphism affect the characteristics and development of leiomyomas in the Turkish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Kasap
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey.
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Borahay MA, Al-Hendy A, Kilic GS, Boehning D. Signaling Pathways in Leiomyoma: Understanding Pathobiology and Implications for Therapy. Mol Med 2015; 21:242-56. [PMID: 25879625 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas are the most common tumors of the female genital tract, affecting 50% to 70% of females by the age of 50. Despite their prevalence and enormous medical and economic impact, no effective medical treatment is currently available. This is, in part, due to the poor understanding of their underlying pathobiology. Although they are thought to start as a clonal proliferation of a single myometrial smooth muscle cell, these early cytogenetic alterations are considered insufficient for tumor development and additional complex signaling pathway alterations are crucial. These include steroids, growth factors, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/Smad; wingless-type (Wnt)/β-catenin, retinoic acid, vitamin D, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). An important finding is that several of these pathways converge in a summative way. For example, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt pathways seem to act as signal integrators, incorporating input from several signaling pathways, including growth factors, estrogen and vitamin D. This underlines the multifactorial origin and complex nature of these tumors. In this review, we aim to dissect these pathways and discuss their interconnections, aberrations and role in leiomyoma pathobiology. We also aim to identify potential targets for development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Borahay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gokhan S Kilic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Darren Boehning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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15
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Moravek MB, Yin P, Ono M, Coon JS, Dyson MT, Navarro A, Marsh EE, Chakravarti D, Kim JJ, Wei JJ, Bulun SE. Ovarian steroids, stem cells and uterine leiomyoma: therapeutic implications. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 21:1-12. [PMID: 25205766 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor in women and is thought to arise from the clonal expansion of a single myometrial smooth muscle cell transformed by a cellular insult. Leiomyomas cause a variety of symptoms, including abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, bladder or bowel dysfunction, and recurrent pregnancy loss, and are the most common indication for hysterectomy in the USA. A slow rate of cell proliferation, combined with the production of copious amounts of extracellular matrix, accounts for tumor expansion. A common salient feature of leiomyomas is their responsiveness to steroid hormones, thus providing an opportunity for intervention. METHODS A comprehensive search of PUBMED was conducted to identify peer-reviewed literature published since 1980 pertinent to the roles of steroid hormones and somatic stem cells in leiomyoma, including literature on therapeutics that target steroid hormone action in leiomyoma. Reviewed articles were restricted to English language only. Studies in both animals and humans were reviewed for the manuscript. RESULTS Estrogen stimulates the growth of leiomyomas, which are exposed to this hormone not only through ovarian steroidogenesis, but also through local conversion of androgens by aromatase within the tumors themselves. The primary action of estrogen, together with its receptor estrogen receptor α (ERα), is likely mediated via induction of progesterone receptor (PR) expression, thereby allowing leiomyoma responsiveness to progesterone. Progesterone has been shown to stimulate the growth of leiomyoma through a set of key genes that regulate both apoptosis and proliferation. Given these findings, aromatase inhibitors and antiprogestins have been developed for the treatment of leiomyoma, but neither treatment results in complete regression of leiomyoma, and tumors recur after treatment is stopped. Recently, distinct cell populations were discovered in leiomyomas; a small population showed stem-progenitor cell properties, and was found to be essential for ovarian steroid-dependent growth of leiomyomas. Interestingly, these stem-progenitor cells were deficient in ERα and PR and instead relied on the strikingly higher levels of these receptors in surrounding differentiated cells to mediate estrogen and progesterone action via paracrine signaling. CONCLUSIONS It has been well established that estrogen and progesterone are involved in the proliferation and maintenance of uterine leiomyoma, and the majority of medical treatments currently available for leiomyoma work by inhibiting steroid hormone production or action. A pitfall of these therapeutics is that they decrease leiomyoma size, but do not completely eradicate them, and tumors tend to regrow once treatment is stopped. The recent discovery of stem cells and their paracrine interactions with more differentiated cell populations within leiomyoma has the potential to provide the missing link between developing therapeutics that temper leiomyoma growth and those that eradicate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly B Moravek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Masanori Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John S Coon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew T Dyson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Antonia Navarro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Erica E Marsh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Debabrata Chakravarti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - J Julie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Serdar E Bulun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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16
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Karmon AE, Cardozo ER, Rueda BR, Styer AK. MicroRNAs in the development and pathobiology of uterine leiomyomata: does evidence support future strategies for clinical intervention? Hum Reprod Update 2014; 20:670-87. [PMID: 24706045 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human leiomyomata (fibroids) are benign tumors of the uterus, represent the most common neoplasms of reproductive-aged women and have a prevalence of ∼70% in the general population. This disorder conveys a significant degree of morbidity and remains the leading indication for hysterectomy in the USA. Prior investigations of aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression in various malignancies have provided invaluable insight into the role of this class of small non-coding RNAs in tumor growth. Evidence of irregular miRNA expression in uterine fibroids has garnered recent interest for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Since miRNA gene targets modulate several processes implicated in the genesis of uterine fibroids, more focused investigation has the potential to elucidate the functional significance of miRNA in the genesis and pathology of the disease. METHODS Comprehensive electronic searches of peer reviewed published literature in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) were performed for content related to the biologic functions of miRNA, the roles of miRNA in human disease and studies investigating miRNA in the context of uterine leiomyomata. Herein, this article will review the current evidence supporting the use of miRNA expression profiling as an investigative tool to assess the pathobiology of uterine fibroids and will discuss potential future applications of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. RESULTS Mounting evidence supports a functional role for miRNA as either indirect or direct regulators of gene expression which impacts the pathobiology of uterine fibroids. Specifically, miRNAs let-7, 200a, 200c, 93, 106b and 21 have been implicated in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix turnover, angiogenesis and inflammation. Preliminary data provide evidence to suggest that respective in vitro miRNA expression in leiomyomata and myometrium is regulated by sex steroids. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the identification of aberrantly expressed miRNAs in uterine leiomyomata and accumulating data derived from mining of gene target prediction models and recent functional studies support the concept that miRNAs might impact the genesis and progression of disease. However, the specific biologic functions of differential miRNA expression have yet to be confirmed in vivo. Further functional studies and developing miRNA technology may provide the basis for future applications of miRNAs in clinical medicine as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatte E Karmon
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eden R Cardozo
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bo R Rueda
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron K Styer
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Segars JH, Parrott EC, Nagel JD, Guo XC, Gao X, Birnbaum LS, Pinn VW, Dixon D. Proceedings from the Third National Institutes of Health International Congress on Advances in Uterine Leiomyoma Research: comprehensive review, conference summary and future recommendations. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 20:309-33. [PMID: 24401287 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine fibroids are the most common gynecologic tumors in women of reproductive age yet the etiology and pathogenesis of these lesions remain poorly understood. Age, African ancestry, nulliparity and obesity have been identified as predisposing factors for uterine fibroids. Symptomatic tumors can cause excessive uterine bleeding, bladder dysfunction and pelvic pain, as well as associated reproductive disorders such as infertility, miscarriage and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Currently, there are limited noninvasive therapies for fibroids and no early intervention or prevention strategies are readily available. This review summarizes the advances in basic, applied and translational uterine fibroid research, in addition to current and proposed approaches to clinical management as presented at the 'Advances in Uterine Leiomyoma Research: 3rd NIH International Congress'. Congress recommendations and a review of the fibroid literature are also reported. METHODS This review is a report of meeting proceedings, the resulting recommendations and a literature review of the subject. RESULTS The research data presented highlights the complexity of uterine fibroids and the convergence of ethnicity, race, genetics, epigenetics and environmental factors, including lifestyle and possible socioeconomic parameters on disease manifestation. The data presented suggest it is likely that the majority of women with uterine fibroids will have normal pregnancy outcomes; however, additional research is warranted. As an alternative to surgery, an effective long-term medical treatment for uterine fibroids should reduce heavy uterine bleeding and fibroid/uterine volume without excessive side effects. This goal has not been achieved and current treatments reduce symptoms only temporarily; however, a multi-disciplined approach to understanding the molecular origins and pathogenesis of uterine fibroids, as presented in this report, makes our quest for identifying novel targets for noninvasive, possibly nonsystemic and effective long-term treatment very promising. CONCLUSIONS The Congress facilitated the exchange of scientific information among members of the uterine leiomyoma research and health-care communities. While advances in research have deepened our knowledge of the pathobiology of fibroids, their etiology still remains incompletely understood. Further needs exist for determination of risk factors and initiation of preventive measures for fibroids, in addition to continued development of new medical and minimally invasive options for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Segars
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Islam MS, Protic O, Stortoni P, Grechi G, Lamanna P, Petraglia F, Castellucci M, Ciarmela P. Complex networks of multiple factors in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:178-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Tian R, Wang Z, Shi Z, Li D, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Lin W, Gui Y, Zheng XL. Differential expression of G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor-30 in human myometrial and uterine leiomyoma smooth muscle. Fertil Steril 2013; 99:256-263.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sphingolipid content in the human uterus and pair-matched uterine leiomyomas remains constant. Lipids 2012; 48:245-50. [PMID: 23239114 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we sought to investigate the content of sphingolipids (sphingosine, sphinganine, sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide) in human fibroids and pair-matched healthy uterus tissue. We demonstrated that, in uterine leiomyomas, the contents of sphingosine, sphinganine, sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide remains quite constant. However, a trend towards elevation of ceramide and simultaneous reduction of sphingosine-1 phosphate levels was also noticed. Additionally, in uterine leiomyomas we found relevant activation of both PTEN and MAPK(ERK1/2) signaling pathways with only a minor change in AKT activity and relatively absent HIF-1α/AMPK activation. In conclusion, rather modest changes in sphingolipids are correlated with the activation of PTEN and MAPK(ERK1/2) signaling proteins in human uterine leiomyomas.
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Estrogen Regulates MAPK-Related Genes through Genomic and Nongenomic Interactions between IGF-I Receptor Tyrosine Kinase and Estrogen Receptor-Alpha Signaling Pathways in Human Uterine Leiomyoma Cells. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:204236. [PMID: 23094148 PMCID: PMC3474284 DOI: 10.1155/2012/204236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen and growth factors play a major role in uterine leiomyoma (UtLM) growth possibly through interactions of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) signaling. We determined the genomic and nongenomic effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on IGF-IR/MAPKp44/42 signaling and gene expression in human UtLM cells with intact or silenced IGF-IR. Analysis by RT2 Profiler PCR-array showed genes involved in IGF-IR/MAPK signaling were upregulated in UtLM cells by E2 including cyclin D kinases, MAPKs, and MAPK kinases; RTK signaling mediator, GRB2; transcriptional factors ELK1 and E2F1; CCNB2 involved in cell cycle progression, proliferation, and survival; and COL1A1 associated with collagen synthesis. Silencing (si)IGF-IR attenuated the above effects and resulted in upregulation of different genes, such as transcriptional factor ETS2; the tyrosine kinase receptor, EGFR; and DLK1 involved in fibrosis. E2 rapidly activated IGF-IR/MAPKp44/42 signaling nongenomically and induced phosphorylation of ERα at ser118 in cells with a functional IGF-IR versus those without. E2 also upregulated IGF-I gene and protein expression through a prolonged genomic event. These results suggest a pivotal role of IGF-IR and possibly other RTKs in mediating genomic and nongenomic hormone receptor interactions and signaling in fibroids and provide novel genes and targets for future intervention and prevention strategies.
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Kim JJ, Sefton EC. The role of progesterone signaling in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:223-31. [PMID: 21672608 PMCID: PMC3184215 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas are benign tumors that originate from the myometrium. Evidence points to ovarian steroid hormones, in particular, progesterone as major promoters of leiomyoma development and growth. While progesterone action in leiomyomas involves the classical nuclear receptor effects on gene regulation, there is growing evidence that signaling pathways are directly activated by the progesterone receptor (PR) and that PR can interact with growth factor signaling systems to promote proliferation and survival of leiomyomas. Studies investigating the genomic and non-genomic actions of PR and its role in leiomyoma growth are summarized here. Studies testing various selective progesterone receptor modulators for the treatment of leiomyomas are also highlighted. An increased understanding of the mechanisms associated with progesterone-driven growth of leiomyomas is critical in order to develop more efficient and targeted therapies for this prevalent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Julie Kim
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Burns KA, Korach KS. Estrogen receptors and human disease: an update. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1491-504. [PMID: 22648069 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A myriad of physiological processes in mammals are influenced by estrogens and the estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ. As we reviewed previously, given the widespread role for estrogen in normal human physiology, it is not surprising that estrogen is implicated in the development or progression of a number of diseases. In this review, we are giving a 5-year update of the literature regarding the influence of estrogens on a number of human cancers (breast, ovarian, colorectal, prostate, and endometrial), endometriosis, fibroids, and cardiovascular disease. A large number of sophisticated experimental studies have provided insights into human disease, but for this review, the literature citations were limited to articles published after our previous review (Deroo and Korach in J Clin Invest 116(3):561-570, 2006) and will focus in most cases on human data and clinical trials. We will describe the influence in which estrogen's action, through one of or both of the ERs, mediates the aforementioned human disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Burns
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Makker A, Goel MM, Das V, Agarwal A. PI3K-Akt-mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in polycystic ovarian syndrome, uterine leiomyomas and endometriosis: an update. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:175-81. [PMID: 21916800 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.583955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3K-Akt-mTOR and MAP kinase are two important cell signaling pathways that are activated by steroid hormones and growth factors leading to cellular events including gene expression, cell proliferation and survival. These pathways are considered as an attractive target for the development of novel anticancer molecules, and selective inhibitors specifically targeting different components of these cascades have been developed. This review summarizes the current available knowledge on the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and MAPK pathways and their targeting in estrogen-dependent benign gynecological disorders viz. polycystic ovarian syndrome, uterine leiomyomas and endometriosis, which are a significant cause of high morbidity in women of reproductive age group. Increasing knowledge about the role of the two growth regulatory pathways in the pathogenesis of these disorders may give the opportunity to use specific signal transduction inhibitors for management of these patients in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Makker
- Post-Graduate Department of Pathology, CSM Medical University, Lucknow, India.
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Ciarmela P, Islam MS, Reis FM, Gray PC, Bloise E, Petraglia F, Vale W, Castellucci M. Growth factors and myometrium: biological effects in uterine fibroid and possible clinical implications. Hum Reprod Update 2011; 17:772-90. [PMID: 21788281 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmr031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth factors are proteins secreted by a number of cell types that are capable of modulating cellular growth, proliferation and cellular differentiation. It is well accepted that uterine cellular events such as proliferation and differentiation are regulated by sex steroids and their actions in target tissues are mediated by local production of growth factors acting through paracrine and/or autocrine mechanisms. Myometrial mass is ultimately modified in pregnancy as well as in tumour conditions such as leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma. Leiomyomas, also known as fibroids, are benign tumours of the uterus, considered to be one of the most frequent causes of infertility in reproductive years in women. METHODS For this review, we searched the database MEDLINE and Google Scholar for articles with content related to growth factors acting on myometrium; the findings are hereby reviewed and discussed. RESULTS Different growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and TGF-β perform actions in myometrium and in leiomyomas. In addition to these growth factors, activin and myostatin have been recently identified in myometrium and leiomyoma. CONCLUSIONS Growth factors play an important role in the mechanisms involved in myometrial patho-physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquapina Ciarmela
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Tronto 10/a, 60020 Ancona, Italy.
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Sherrill JD, Sparks M, Dennis J, Mansour M, Kemppainen BW, Bartol FF, Morrison EE, Akingbemi BT. Developmental exposures of male rats to soy isoflavones impact Leydig cell differentiation. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:488-501. [PMID: 20554919 PMCID: PMC6366397 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.082685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular Leydig cells, which are the predominant source of the male sex steroid hormone testosterone, express estrogen receptors (ESRs) and are subject to regulation by estrogen. Following ingestion, the two major isoflavones in soybeans, genistin and daidzin, are hydrolyzed by gut microflora to form genistein and daidzein, which have the capacity to bind ESRs and affect gene expression. Thus, the increasing use of soy-based products as nondairy sources of protein has raised concerns about the potential of these products to cause reproductive toxicity. In the present study, perinatal exposure of male rats to isoflavones induced proliferative activity in Leydig cells. Isoflavones have the capacity to act directly as mitogens in Leydig cells, because genistein treatment induced Leydig cell division in vitro. Genistein action regulating Leydig cell division involved ESRs, acting in concert with signaling molecules in the transduction pathway mediated by protein kinase B (AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Enhanced proliferative activity in the prepubertal period increased Leydig cell numbers, which alleviated deficits in androgen biosynthesis and/or augmented serum and testicular testosterone concentrations in adulthood. Together, these observations indicate that the perinatal exposures of male rats to isoflavones affected Leydig cell differentiation, and they imply that including soy products in the diets of neonates has potential implications for testis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Sherrill
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids, myomas) are benign tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells. Although the most common gynecologic tumor in premenopausal women, there is still little known of the etiology, the genetics and basic/molecular biology, or the influence of the environment on the development and growth of these tumors. The fact that fibroids occur during the reproductive years and regress after menopause indicates a growth dependent on ovarian hormones. Studies have supported a role of estrogen and progesterone in leiomyoma growth possibly through regulating growth factors and their signaling pathways. Activation of steroid hormone receptors can have a myriad of effects and include upregulation of growth factors and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which through downstream effector proteins such as mitogen-activated protein kinase p44/42, can mediate transcription, translation, and cell proliferation. Due to their hormonal dependency, fibroids may also be targeted by environmental chemicals whose biological effects are mediated through the estrogen and/or progesterone receptors. This review focuses on the role of growth factors and their receptors (RTKs) in uterine leiomyoma growth and their regulation by ovarian hormones. It also presents data on specific signaling pathways activated in uterine leiomyomas and the "cross talk" between the estrogen receptor alpha and RTK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Yu
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch (CMPB), National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Alicia B. Moore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch (CMPB), National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Darlene Dixon
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch (CMPB), National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Gao X, Yu L, Castro L, Moore AB, Hermon T, Bortner C, Sifre M, Dixon D. An endocrine-disrupting chemical, fenvalerate, induces cell cycle progression and collagen type I expression in human uterine leiomyoma and myometrial cells. Toxicol Lett 2010; 196:133-41. [PMID: 20230880 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fenvalerate (Fen), widely used for its high insecticidal potency and low mammalian toxicity, is classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical. Recently, Fen has received great attention for its adverse effects on human reproductive health. In this study, we found that Fen (10 microM) had a stimulatory effect on the growth of both cell lines at 24 h compared with controls by MTS (p < 0.01) and BrdU (p < 0.01) assays in hormonally responsive uterine leiomyoma (UtLM) cells and normal uterine smooth muscle cells (UtSMC). Flow cytometry results showed that Fen enhanced the escape of cells from the G(0)-G(1) checkpoint and promoted progression of both cell types into the S phase. An Annexin V assay showed that Fen had an anti-apoptotic effect on both cell types. By Real-time PCR, we found that collagen I mRNA expression increased (p < 0.05) in Fen-treated cells compared to controls, although it was greater in UtLM tumor cells. Accordingly, Fen increased (p < 0.05) collagen I protein levels in both cell lysate and supernatant when compared to controls. To further test the mechanism of Fen's effects, transactivation and competitive binding assays were done. The results showed Fen did not significantly stimulate luciferase activity at concentrations of 0.1 microM, 1.0 microM or 10.0 microM in either of the cell types. Competitive binding assays revealed that the affinity of Fen binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) was non-detectable compared to E(2). Our data show that Fen can stimulate the growth of both UtLM cells and UtSMC, which involves a combination of enhanced cell cycle progression and inhibition of apoptosis. Also this compound can increase collagen I expression, at both mRNA and protein levels. Interestingly, the ER is less likely involved in either the hyperplasia or extracellular matrix (ECM) overproduction induced by Fen. Our results indicate that Fen exposure could be considered a novel risk factor for uterine fibroids through molecular mechanisms that do not directly involve the ERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Gao
- Comparative Pathobiology Group, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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Kim JJ, Sefton EC, Bulun SE. Progesterone receptor action in leiomyoma and endometrial cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 87:53-85. [PMID: 20374701 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)87002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone is a key hormone in the regulation of uterine function. In the normal physiological context, progesterone is primarily involved in remodeling of the endometrium and maintaining a quiescent myometrium. When pathologies of the uterus develop, specifically, endometrial cancer and uterine leiomyoma, response to progesterone is usually altered. Progesterone acts through mainly two isoforms of the progesterone receptor (PR), PRA and PRB which have been reported to exhibit different transcriptional activities. Studies examining the expression and function of the PRs in the normal endometrium and myometrium as well as in endometrial cancer and uterine leiomyoma are summarized here. The clinical use of progestins and the transcriptional activity of the PR on genes specific to endometrial cancer and leiomyoma are described. An increased understanding of the differential expression of PRs and response to progesterone in these two diseases is critical in order to develop more efficient and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Julie Kim
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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