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Rotterova P, Alaghehbandan R, Skopal J, Rogala J, Slisarenko M, Strakova Peterikova A, Michalova K, Montiel DP, Farcas M, Ulamec M, Stransky P, Fiala O, Pitra T, Hora M, Michal M, Pivovarcikova K, Hes O. Alpha-methyl CoA racemase (AMACR) reactivity across the spectrum of clear cell renal cell neoplasms. Ann Diagn Pathol 2024; 71:152297. [PMID: 38579443 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2024.152297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
a-Methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) is traditionally considered to be a marker of papillary renal cell carcinoma. However, AMACR expression can be seen in other renal tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate AMACR immunoreactivity within the spectrum of clear cell renal cell neoplasms. Fifty-three clear cell renal epithelial tumors were used in assembling the following four cohorts: low grade (LG) clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), high grade (HG) CCRCC, CCRCC with cystic changes, and multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential (MCRNLMP). Representative blocks were stained for AMACR, using two different clones (SP52 and OV-TL12/30). There were at least some AMACR immunoreactivity in 77.8 % and 68.9 % of CCRCCs (using SP52 and OV-TL12/30 clone, respectively). Moderate to strong positivity, or positivity in more than one third of the tumor (even weak in intensity) was detected in 46.7 % of CCRCCs using SP52 and in 48.9 % of CCRCC using OV-TL12/30 clone. The highest AMACR reactivity was observed in HG CCRCC (60 % by SP52 and 66.7 % by OV-TL12/30). Strong and diffuse AMACR positivity was detected in 8.9 % of all CCRCCs. AMACR immunoreactivity in MCRNLMP was 37.5 % (SP52 clone) and 25 % (OV-TL12/30 clone). We demonstrated relatively high expression rate of AMACR in CCRCC, while very variable in intensity and distribution. This finding may have diagnostic implications especially in limited samples (i.e., core biopsies), as AMACR positivity does not exclude the diagnosis of CCRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Rotterova
- Department of Pathology, Biopticka laborator, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Reza Alaghehbandan
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Josef Skopal
- Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna Rogala
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maryna Slisarenko
- Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, CSD LAB, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrea Strakova Peterikova
- Department of Pathology, Biopticka laborator, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Kvetoslava Michalova
- Department of Pathology, Biopticka laborator, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Delia Perez Montiel
- Department of Pathology, Institute Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mihaela Farcas
- Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Onco Team Diagnostic, București, Romania
| | - Monika Ulamec
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petr Stransky
- Department of Urology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Fiala
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Pitra
- Department of Urology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Hora
- Department of Urology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Michal
- Department of Pathology, Biopticka laborator, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Pivovarcikova
- Department of Pathology, Biopticka laborator, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Hes
- Department of Pathology, Biopticka laborator, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Kilic I, Acosta AM, Ulbright TM. Clear Cell Carcinomas of Müllerian Type and Rete Testis Origin Presenting as Scrotal Masses: A Study of Seven Cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2024:00000478-990000000-00392. [PMID: 38990735 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian-type epithelial tumors involving the testis and paratestis are rare, with clear cell carcinomas (CCC) one of the least frequent. We report our experience with 4 müllerian-type (MT) CCCs presenting as testicular/scrotal masses and arising in the paratestis (n=2) and seminal vesicle (n=2; well supported in 1 case and likely in the other). In addition, we document 3 cases of papillary CCC exclusively within the rete testis (RTCCC) and seminiferous tubules and differing from the MT tumors. The patients with MTCCC were 24 to 85 years old (median, 42 y), and 2 had metastases at presentation. The 2 originating in the paratestis were associated with other MT tumors, an endometrioid borderline tumor and a papillary serous borderline tumor. The other 2 MTCCCs likely involved the testis via extension from seminal vesicle primaries through the vasa deferentia. All MTCCCs showed typical features, including tubules, simple papillae with hyalinized cores, and solid nests of polygonal clear cells with occasional hobnail features. Both paratesticular primaries showed sarcomatoid foci with tumor-associated neutrophilic infiltrates. The 3 RTCCCs presented in 54-, 57-, and 60-year-old men as testicular masses; they showed intrarete arborizing papillary growth with nonhyalinized fibrous cores and piled-up, solid foci, lacked hobnail cells, and expressed carbonic anhydrase IX (2/2) and CD10 (2/2) but not CA125, unlike the MTCCCs. On follow-up, 2 patients with MTCCC died of metastatic tumor (4 and 13.5 mo), a third developed ileal and retroperitoneal metastases at 13 months; and the fourth died at 13.5 months of unspecified cause. Follow-up of 2 patients with RTCCCs showed 1 disease free at 8 months and another alive with unknown disease status at 13 years. We conclude that CCCs involving the testis may either be of MT with often aggressive courses or show some features of renal tumors, with confinement to the rete testis and indolent behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Kilic
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Andrés M Acosta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine and Indiana University Health Partners, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas M Ulbright
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine and Indiana University Health Partners, Indianapolis, IN
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Menz A, Bauer R, Kluth M, Marie von Bargen C, Gorbokon N, Viehweger F, Lennartz M, Völkl C, Fraune C, Uhlig R, Hube-Magg C, De Wispelaere N, Minner S, Sauter G, Kind S, Simon R, Burandt E, Clauditz T, Lebok P, Jacobsen F, Steurer S, Wilczak W, Krech T, Marx AH, Bernreuther C. Diagnostic and prognostic impact of cytokeratin 19 expression analysis in human tumors: a tissue microarray study of 13,172 tumors. Hum Pathol 2021; 115:19-36. [PMID: 34102222 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate cytokeratin 19 (CK19) expression in normal and cancerous tissues, 15,977 samples from 122 tumor types and 608 samples of 76 normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). In normal tissues, CK19 expression occurred in epithelial cells of most glandular organs but was strictly limited to the basal cell layer of nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium and absent in the skin. CK19 expression in ≥90% of cases was seen in 34% of the tumor entities including the adenocarcinomas of the pancreas (99.4%), colorectum (99.8%), esophagus (98.7%), and stomach (97.7%), as well as breast cancer (90.0%-100%), high-grade serous (99.1%) or endometrioid (97.8%) ovarian cancer, and urothelial carcinoma (92.6%-100%). A low CK19 positivity rate (0.1-10%) was seen in 5 of 122 tumor entities including hepatocellular carcinoma and seminoma. A comparison of tumor versus normal tissue findings demonstrated that upregulation and downregulation of CK19 can occur in cancer and that both alterations can be linked to unfavorable phenotypes. CK19 downregulation was linked to high grade (p = 0.0017) and loss of estrogen receptor- and progesterone receptor-expression (p < 0.0001 each) in invasive breast carcinoma of no special type. CK19 upregulation was linked to nodal metastases in neuroendocrine tumors and papillary thyroid carcinomas (p < 0.05 each) and to poor grade in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (p < 0.05). CK19 upregulation was particularly common in squamous cell carcinomas. We concluded that CK19 IHC might separate primary liver cell carcinoma from liver metastases, seminoma from other testicular tumors, and helps in the detection of early neoplastic transformation in squamous epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rifka Bauer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clara Marie von Bargen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Viehweger
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lennartz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cosima Völkl
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Noémi De Wispelaere
- Department and Clinic of Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Kind
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Andreas H Marx
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, 90766 Fuerth Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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MicroRNAs as Urinary Biomarker for Oncocytoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:6979073. [PMID: 30116406 PMCID: PMC6079495 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6979073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The identification of benign renal oncocytoma, its differentiation from malignant renal tumors, and their eosinophilic variants are a continuous challenge, influencing preoperative planning and being an unnecessary stress factor for patients. Regressive changes enhance the diagnostic dilemma, making evaluations by frozen sections or by immunohistology (on biopsies) unreliable. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been proposed as novel biomarkers to differentiate renal tumor subtypes. However, their value as a diagnostic biomarker of oncocytoma in urines based on mechanisms known in oncocytomas has not been exploited. We used urines from patients with renal tumors (oncocytoma, renal cell carcinoma: clear cell, papillary, chromophobe) and with other urogenital lesions. miRs were extracted and detected via qRT-PCR, the respective tumors analyzed by immunohistology. We found isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 upregulated in oncocytoma and oncocytic chromophobe carcinoma, indicating an increased Krebs cycle metabolism. Since we had shown that all renal tumors are stimulated by endothelin-1, we analyzed miRs preidentified by microarray after endothelin-1 stimulation of renal epithelial cells. Four miRs are proposed as presurgical urinary biomarkers due to their known regulatory mechanism in oncocytoma: miR-498 (formation of the oncocytoma-specific slice-form of vimentin, Vim3), miR-183 (associated with increased CO2 levels), miR-205, and miR-31 (signaling through downregulation of PKC epsilon, shown previously).
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Liang L, Huang H, Dadhania V, Zhang J, Zhang M, Liu J. Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the ovary or fallopian tube: a clinicopathological study of 9 cases. Hum Pathol 2016; 51:96-102. [PMID: 27067787 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common type of kidney cancer in adult, rarely metastasizes to the ovary or fallopian tube, and most cases published in the literature were case reports. Herein, we describe the clinicopathological features of 9 cases of RCC metastatic to the ovary (n = 8) or the fallopian tube (n = 1). The patients' age at the onset of primary renal tumor was available in 8 patients, ranging from 37 to 73 years (mean, 51 years; median, 50 years). Ovarian metastasis was detected prior to or concurrently with the primary renal tumors in 3 patients, and after the diagnosis of renal tumors in 6 patients. The histotypes of the RCCs were clear cell (n = 7), chromophobe (n = 1), and unclassified (n = 1). Immunohistochemical stainings were performed on the sections containing metastatic tumors in 4 cases. Interestingly, pagetoid intraepithelial spread in the tubal mucosa was observed in the case of RCC metastatic to the fallopian tube. Among the 8 patients with follow-up data, 5 died of disease and 3 were alive with disease, with a follow-up period ranging from 3.7 months to 17 years (mean, 77 months; median, 53 months) after the diagnosis of primary kidney tumors. Diagnostically, metastatic RCC may mimic primary ovarian tumors clinically, morphologically, or immunophenotypically. Pathologists should also keep in mind that both ovarian and kidney tumors express PAX8 and PAX2, the markers commonly used to diagnose metastatic RCC. In addition, chromophobe RCC only rarely metastasizes, but it can be a diagnostic challenge when it metastasizes to the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - He Huang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Vipulkumar Dadhania
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032.
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030.
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030; Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210029.
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Alshenawy HA. Immunohistochemical panel for differentiating renal cell carcinoma with clear and papillary features. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2015; 3:68-74. [PMID: 30023184 PMCID: PMC6014190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in which clear cells with papillary architecture are present is a difficult diagnostic challenge. Clear cell RCC, rarely has papillary architecture. Papillary RCC rarely contains clear cells. However, two recently described types; clear cell papillary and Xp11 translocation RCC characteristically feature both papillary and clear cells. Accurate diagnosis has both prognostic and therapeutic implications. This study aims to highlight the helpful features of each of these entities to enable reproducible classification. METHODS Sixty RCC cases with clear cells and papillary architecture were selected and classified according to The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Vancouver Classification of Renal Neoplasia and graded according to The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grading system for renal cell carcinoma then stained for CK7, carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), α-methylacyl-CoA-racemase (AMACR) and TFE-3. RESULTS The characteristic immunoprofile of Clear RCC is CK7-, AMACR-, CA IX+ and TFE3-, papillary RCC is CK7+, AMACR+, CAIX- and TFE3-, while for clear cell papillary RCC it is CK7+, AMACR-, CAIX+ and TFE3- and lastly Xp11 translocation RCC is CK7-, AMACR+, CAIX- and TFE3+. CONCLUSIONS Staining for CA IX, CK7, AMACR and TFE3 comprises a concise panel for distinguishing RCC with papillary and clear pattern.
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Alshenawy HA. Immunohistochemical Panel for Differentiating Renal Cell Carcinoma with Clear and Papillary Features. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:893-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Comparison of segmental enhancement inversion on biphasic MDCT between small renal oncocytomas and chromophobe renal cell carcinomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013; 201:598-604. [PMID: 23971452 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.12.10372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to assess the usefulness of segmental enhancement inversion on biphasic MDCT in differentiating small (<4 cm) renal oncocytomas from chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (CRCCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-two patients (40 men and 42 women) with a mean (±SD) age of 54±12 years (range, 21-75 years) with 27 renal oncocytomas and 55 CRCCs diagnosed by surgery who underwent contrast-enhanced biphasic CT between January 2000 and December 2011 were included. CT scans were interpreted by two radiologists who were blinded to the pathologic findings. The tumors were evaluated for size and segmental enhancement inversion. After independent evaluation, a consensus was reached by measuring the attenuation. Pathologic analysis determined the presence of fibrous septa, cystic change, hemorrhage, and necrosis. The Fisher exact test was used to evaluate the relationship between segmental enhancement inversion, tumor type, and specific pathologic changes. Interobserver concordance was evaluated with kappa statistics. RESULTS There were no significant differences in size between renal oncocytomas and CRCCs (p=0.458). Segmental enhancement inversion was present in 23, 20, and 21 (25.6%) of the 82 tumors according to reader 1, reader 2, and the consensus, respectively. The agreement was almost perfect (κ=0.843; p<0.001). Segmental enhancement inversion was more common in renal oncocytomas (63% [17/27]) than in CRCCs (7.3% [4/55]; p<0.001). There were no significant relationships between the four pathologic changes and tumor type or segmental enhancement inversion (p=0.351 and p=0.126, respectively). CONCLUSION Our study findings suggest that segmental enhancement inversion on biphasic MDCT may be useful in differentiating small renal oncocytomas from CRCCs.
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López JI. Renal tumors with clear cells. A review. Pathol Res Pract 2013; 209:137-46. [PMID: 23433880 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The spectrum of primary renal tumors in which clear cells may appear is revisited in this review. The pathologist's viewpoint of this topic is pertinent because not all the tumors with clear cells are carcinomas and not all renal cell carcinomas with clear cells are clear cell renal cell carcinomas. In fact, some of them are distinct entities according to the new WHO classification. The morphological approach is combined with genetics. Renal cell carcinoma related to von Hippel-Lindau disease is reviewed first because many of the genetic disorders underlying this disease are also present in sporadic, conventional renal cell clear cell carcinomas. Subsequently, conventional renal cell clear cell carcinomas, familial, non von Hippel-Lindau-associated renal cell carcinomas, translocation carcinomas, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinomas, carcinomas associated to tuberous sclerosis and to Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, chromophobe renal cell carcinomas, carcinomas associated with end-stage renal disease, and clear cell tubulopapillary carcinomas are reviewed. Finally, epithelioid angiomyolipoma is also considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I López
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, BioCruces Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (EHU/UPV), Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
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