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Sztankovics D, Moldvai D, Petővári G, Dankó T, Szalai F, Miyaura R, Varga V, Nagy N, Papp G, Pápay J, Krencz I, Sebestyén A. mTOR hyperactivity and RICTOR amplification as targets for personalized treatments in malignancies. Pathol Oncol Res 2024; 30:1611643. [PMID: 38515456 PMCID: PMC10954904 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2024.1611643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The increasing knowledge of molecular alterations in malignancies, including mutations and regulatory failures in the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling pathway, highlights the importance of mTOR hyperactivity as a validated target in common and rare malignancies. This review summarises recent findings on the characterization and prognostic role of mTOR kinase complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) activity regarding differences in their function, structure, regulatory mechanisms, and inhibitor sensitivity. We have recently identified new tumor types with RICTOR (rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR) amplification and associated mTORC2 hyperactivity as useful potential targets for developing targeted therapies in lung cancer and other newly described malignancies. The activity of mTOR complexes is recommended to be assessed and considered in cancers before mTOR inhibitor therapy, as current first-generation mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin and analogs) can be ineffective in the presence of mTORC2 hyperactivity. We have introduced and proposed a marker panel to determine tissue characteristics of mTOR activity in biopsy specimens, patient materials, and cell lines. Ongoing phase trials of new inhibitors and combination therapies are promising in advanced-stage patients selected by genetic alterations, molecular markers, and/or protein expression changes in the mTOR signaling pathway. Hopefully, the summarized results, our findings, and the suggested characterization of mTOR activity will support therapeutic decisions.
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Zhang MJ, Wu CC, Wang S, Yang LL, Sun ZJ. Overexpression of LAG3, TIM3, and A2aR in adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Oral Dis 2023; 29:175-187. [PMID: 34651389 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) are the two most frequent malignancies of salivary glands. This study aims to explore the expression and migration of LAG3, TIM3, and A2aR in AdCC and MEC, and the potential relationship with oncogenic signaling molecules and immunosuppressive cytokines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Custom made human salivary gland tissue microarrays included 81 AdCCs, 52 MECs, 76 normal salivary glands (NSG), and 14 pleomorphic adenoma (PMA) samples. Immunohistochemical analysis of lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM3), adenosine 2a receptor (A2aR), oncogenic phosphorylated S6 kinase (p-S6) and ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2 ), and TGF-β1 was performed with salivary gland tissue microarrays of human samples. The correlation of the immunostaining was analyzed based on a digital pathological system, and data were evaluated by hierarchical cluster. Further in vitro studies of knockdown immune checkpoints LAG3, TIM3, and A2aR were carried out by siRNA transfection. RESULTS The expression levels of LAG3, TIM3, and A2aR were remarkably increased in AdCC and MEC, compared with NSG and PMA samples, but were independent of pathology grade. They were closely correlated with TGF-β1, slightly related to p-ERK1/2 and p-S6. After the knockdown of immune checkpoints LAG3, TIM3, and A2aR, the migration of SACC-LM cell line was significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that LAG3, TIM3, and A2aR are overexpressed in AdCC and MEC, may promote migration of SACC-LM cell and correlated with TGF-β1 and oncogenic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jie Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Cong Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei-Lei Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head Neck Oncology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Michaelides I, Fest S, Berszin M, Wiegand S, Bohr C, Künzel J, Dietz A, Pirlich M, Wichmann G. [Pembrolizumab and Cetuximab as therapeutic options for ACC in head and neck]. Laryngorhinootologie 2022; 101:736-740. [PMID: 35576974 DOI: 10.1055/a-1830-8298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Michaelides
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Sandra Fest
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Michael Berszin
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Susanne Wiegand
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Christopher Bohr
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Julian Künzel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Dietz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Markus Pirlich
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Gunnar Wichmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
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4
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Egebjerg K, Harwood CD, Woller NC, Kristensen CA, Mau-Sørensen M. HER2 Positivity in Histological Subtypes of Salivary Gland Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:693394. [PMID: 34249747 PMCID: PMC8264509 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.693394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HER2 aberrations in salivary gland carcinomas (SGC) as well as benefit of HER2 directed therapy have been reported in small studies. However, reliable estimates of the prevalence of HER2 positivity in SGC and its various histological subtypes are lacking. Objective To assess the prevalence of HER2 positivity in histological subtypes of salivary gland carcinomas (SGC). Methods Studies were identified by a systematic review of the literature. Data on in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were extracted to derive pooled prevalence estimates calculated by a random effects model. Characteristics of the studies were extracted for subgroup analysis. Results Fifty studies including 3372 patients were identified, providing data on sixteen histological subtypes. Based on the meta-analysis, the estimated prevalence of HER2 positivity were 43% (95% CI: 36% – 51%) in salivary duct carcinoma (SDC), 39% (95% CI: 32% – 45%) in carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CEP), 17% (95% CI: 7.5% – 33%) in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 13% (95% CI: 7.6% – 21%) in adenocarcinoma NOS (ADC), 6.7% (95% CI: 0.17%-32%) in poorly differentiated carcinoma, 5.5% (95% CI: 2.9% – 9.6%) in mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 4.3% (95% CI: 1.4% – 13%) in myoepithelial carcinoma, 1.8% (95% CI: 0.04%-9.6%) in epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, 0.45% (95% CI: 0.0097% – 18%) in acinic cell carcinoma and 0.15% (0.037% – 5.4%) in adenoid cystic carcinoma. Estimates for five additional subtypes were assessed. Conclusion Prevalence of HER 2 positivity in SGC varies greatly based on histological subtype, with SDC, CEP, SCC, and ADC displaying the highest rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Egebjerg
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Dupont Harwood
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Claire Woller
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Mau-Sørensen
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Expression of upstream and downstream targets of mTOR pathway in seven cases of secretory carcinoma of salivary gland origin. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:279-283. [PMID: 32577896 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression of upstream and downstream targets of mTOR signalling pathway in the secretory carcinoma of salivary gland origin (SCsg). METHODS Seven cases of secretory carcinoma diagnosed by a combination of immunohistochemistry and/or molecular testing were retrieved from our pathology files. For comparison purposes, 27 other salivary carcinomas were selected. Immunohistochemical staining was performed against phospho-Akt, PTEN, phospho-mTOR, phospho-4E-BP, eIF4E and phospho-S6 ribosomal protein. RESULTS With the exception of Akt, all the other proteins were present at some level in the SCsg and in other salivary carcinomas. PTEN was diffusely expressed in 57.1% of SCsg, but only in 14.8% of other salivary carcinomas. mTOR is expressed in more than half of the cases both for SCsg and other salivary tumour types. Most cases of SCsg showed negative expression for S6 ribosomal protein (71.4%) and 4E-BP1 (57.1%). For both groups evaluated, eIF4E was the most expressed protein. CONCLUSION SCsg shows different expression patterns for the mTOR signalling molecules, but only eIF4E was highly expressed. This may suggest alternative signalling pathways other than Akt and mTOR in this group of tumours.
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Huang L, Zhao C, Sun K, Yang D, Yan L, Luo D, He J, Hu X, Wang R, Shen X, Xiao N, Zhong Z. Downregulation of CLDN6 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via regulating EGFR/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:541-548. [PMID: 32056244 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence showed that the claudin-6 (CLDN6) expression was abnormal in many cancers, while its expression and biological functions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. The present study demonstrated that CLDN6 was upregulated in HCC tissues compared with tumour-adjacent tissues. CLDN6 silencing was significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, downregulation of CLDN6 remarkably inhibited the activation of EGFR/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. Interestingly, the effect of CLDN6 overexpression on HepG2 cell proliferation and invasion could be inhibited by EGFR/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway inhibitor (AG1478). SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: These findings suggested that CLDN6 may act as an oncogene in HCC and improve HepG2 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion may via EGFR/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chanjuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, SiChuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Linxia Yan
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinli He
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Hu
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Health Management Center & Physical Examination Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhendong Zhong
- Institute of Laboratory Animals of Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
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de Souza AA, Altemani A, de Araujo NS, Texeira LN, de Araújo VC, Soares AB. Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and HER-2 Expression in Recurrent Pleomorphic Adenoma. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:2632010X19873384. [PMID: 31598607 PMCID: PMC6764050 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x19873384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common salivary gland neoplasm and, although
mostly benign, recurrences, being called recurrent pleomorphic adenoma (RPA) and
malignant transformation to carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA), do occur.
Recently, attention has been focused on molecular targeted cancer therapy in
various tumors, including salivary gland tumors. The aim of this study was to
investigate the role of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and
human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) in PA, RPA, and CXPA. In total,
20 cases of PA, 18 of RPA, and 7 cases of CXPA were immunohistochemically
studied for ER, PR, and HER-2. For evaluation of ER and PR, only nuclear
expression and greater than 10% positive cells were regarded as cutoff criteria.
HER-2 was evaluated semiquantitatively and graded from 0 to 3+. HER-2
amplification was assessed by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Tumors
were negative for ER, PR, and HER-2 in all cases of PA and RPA. A case of CXPA
showed moderate and complete membranous staining, and 6 cases were negative.
HER-2 amplification was not observed in any case. In conclusion, the lack of ER,
PR, and HER-2 expression in PA, RPA, and CXPA suggests that these proteins are
not involved in progression, recurrence, or malignant transformation of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Amélia de Souza
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Albina Altemani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ney Soares de Araujo
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lucas Novaes Texeira
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Andresa Borges Soares
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, Brazil
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8
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Saintigny P, Mitani Y, Pytynia KB, Ferrarotto R, Roberts DB, Weber RS, Kies MS, Maity SN, Lin SH, El-Naggar AK. Frequent PTEN loss and differential HER2/PI3K signaling pathway alterations in salivary duct carcinoma: Implications for targeted therapy. Cancer 2018; 124:3693-3705. [PMID: 30289966 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with advanced primary and recurrent salivary duct carcinoma (SDC), a rare and lethal malignancy, have limited therapeutic options. Novel small-molecule agents aimed at targeting critical signaling associated with SDC tumorigenesis may lead to new therapeutic options for patients with these tumors. The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) axis, an important oncogenic pathway, has been targeted for therapy in several solid tumors. Currently, little is known about the role and clinical implications of alterations of the HER2/PI3K pathway in patients with SDC. METHODS The authors investigated the clinicopathologic features, genetic alterations, and expression of key members of the HER2/PI3K pathway in 43 primary tumors and conducted in vitro functional and targeted drug-response analyses on cell lines derived from salivary epithelial carcinomas. RESULTS In primary tumors, loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression was identified in 22 of 43 tumors (51%), overexpression of HER2 was observed in 12 of 43 tumors (28%), and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutations were identified in 12 of 43 tumors (28%). Phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) was highly expressed in most tumors. Most tumors (70%) displayed mutually exclusive alterations of PI3K members, whereas 8 tumors (19%) had 2 or more concurrent abnormalities. In vitro studies demonstrated a direct association between PTEN loss and PI3K pathway activation and evidence of response to combined PI3Kα and PI3Kβ and/or pan-PI3K inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS The current analyses reveal frequent PTEN loss and mutually exclusive alterations of key PI3K pathway members in SDC and demonstrate in vitro evidence of a response to pan-PI3K inhibitors. These results provide a framework for a biomarker-based substratification of patients with SDC in future targeted therapy. Cancer 2018;124:3523-32. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Saintigny
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Yoshitsugu Mitani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kristen B Pytynia
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Renata Ferrarotto
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dianna B Roberts
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Randal S Weber
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Merrill S Kies
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sankar N Maity
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Adel K El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Alamri AM, Liu X, Blancato JK, Haddad BR, Wang W, Zhong X, Choudhary S, Krawczyk E, Kallakury BV, Davidson BJ, Furth PA. Expanding primary cells from mucoepidermoid and other salivary gland neoplasms for genetic and chemosensitivity testing. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm031716. [PMID: 29419396 PMCID: PMC5818080 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Restricted availability of cell and animal models is a rate-limiting step for investigation of salivary gland neoplasm pathophysiology and therapeutic response. Conditionally reprogrammed cell (CRC) technology enables establishment of primary epithelial cell cultures from patient material. This study tested a translational workflow for acquisition, expansion and testing of CRC-derived primary cultures of salivary gland neoplasms from patients presenting to an academic surgical practice. Results showed that cultured cells were sufficient for epithelial cell-specific transcriptome characterization to detect candidate therapeutic pathways and fusion genes, and for screening for cancer risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and driver gene mutations through exome sequencing. Focused study of primary cultures of a low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma demonstrated amphiregulin-mechanistic target of rapamycin-protein kinase B (AKT; AKT1) pathway activation, identified through bioinformatics and subsequently confirmed as present in primary tissue and preserved through different secondary 2D and 3D culture media and xenografts. Candidate therapeutic testing showed that the allosteric AKT inhibitor MK2206 reproducibly inhibited cell survival across different culture formats. By contrast, the cells appeared resistant to the adenosine triphosphate competitive AKT inhibitor GSK690693. Procedures employed here illustrate an approach for reproducibly obtaining material for pathophysiological studies of salivary gland neoplasms, and other less common epithelial cancer types, that can be executed without compromising pathological examination of patient specimens. The approach permits combined genetic and cell-based physiological and therapeutic investigations in addition to more traditional pathologic studies, and can be used to build sustainable bio-banks for future inquiries.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad M Alamri
- Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jan K Blancato
- Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Bassem R Haddad
- Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Weisheng Wang
- Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Ewa Krawczyk
- Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Bhaskar V Kallakury
- Pathology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Bruce J Davidson
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Priscilla A Furth
- Oncology and Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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10
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Saravani S. The Role of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2/neu) in Mucoepidermoid Carcinomas. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:EL03-4. [PMID: 27630860 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/20104.8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Saravani
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan, Iran
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Adams A, Warner K, Pearson AT, Zhang Z, Kim HS, Mochizuki D, Basura G, Helman J, Mantesso A, Castilho RM, Wicha MS, Nör JE. ALDH/CD44 identifies uniquely tumorigenic cancer stem cells in salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26633-50. [PMID: 26449187 PMCID: PMC4694941 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A small sub-population of cells characterized by increased tumorigenic potential, ability to self-renew and to differentiate into cells that make up the tumor bulk, has been characterized in some (but not all) tumor types. These unique cells, namedcancer stem cells, are considered drivers of tumor progression in these tumors. The purpose of this work is to understand if cancer stem cells play a functional role in the tumorigenesis of salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Here, we investigated the expression of putative cancer stem cell markers (ALDH, CD10, CD24, CD44) in primary human mucoepidermoid carcinomas by immunofluorescence, in vitro salisphere assays, and in vivo tumorigenicity assays in immunodeficient mice. Human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells (UM-HMC-1, UM-HMC-3A, UM-HMC-3B) sorted for high levels of ALDH activity and CD44 expression (ALDHhighCD44high) consistently formed primary and secondary salispheres in vitro, and showed enhanced tumorigenic potential in vivo (defined as time to tumor palpability, tumor growth after palpability), when compared to ALDHlowCD44low cells. Cells sorted for CD10/CD24, and CD10/CD44 showed varying trends of salisphere formation, but consistently low in vivo tumorigenic potential. And finally, cells sorted for CD44/CD24 showed inconsistent results in salisphere formation and tumorigenic potential assays when different cell lines were evaluated. Collectively, these data demonstrate that salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinomas contain a small population of cancer stem cells with enhanced tumorigenic potential and that are characterized by high ALDH activity and CD44 expression. These results suggest that patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma might benefit from therapies that ablate these highly tumorigenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Adams
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristy Warner
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexander T Pearson
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zhaocheng Zhang
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hong Sun Kim
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory Basura
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph Helman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrea Mantesso
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Oral Pathology, University of Sao Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil, USA
| | - Rogério M Castilho
- Department Periodontics Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Max S Wicha
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jacques E Nör
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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12
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Diamanti S, Nikitakis N, Rassidakis G, Doulis I, Sklavounou A. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the mTOR pathway in intra-oral minor salivary gland neoplasms. Oral Dis 2016; 22:620-9. [PMID: 27177463 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of upstream and downstream molecules of the oncogenic mTOR signaling pathway in intra-oral minor salivary gland tumors (SGTs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue samples consisted of 39 malignant and 13 benign minor SGTs, and 8 controls of normal minor salivary glands (NMSG). An immunohistochemical analysis for phosphorylated Akt, 4EBP1 and S6 (total and phosphorylated), and eIF4E was performed. RESULTS Expression of pAkt and 4EBP1 was observed in all SGTs and in most NMSG. p4EBP1 was detected in almost all SGT cases, NMSG being negative. S6 immunoreactivity was observed in 37.5% of NMSG, 92.3% of benign and 100% of malignant SGTs, while pS6 expression was observed in 77% of benign and 95% of malignant SGTs, but not in NMSG. Finally, eIF4E was expressed in 12.5% of NMSG, 69.2% of benign, and 76.9% of malignant tumors. All molecules studied had statistically significantly lower expression in NMSG compared with SGTs. Moreover, malignant neoplasms received higher scores compared with benign tumors for all molecules with the exception of eIF4E. CONCLUSION The mTOR signaling pathway is activated in SGTs, especially in malignancies. Therefore, the possible therapeutic role of targeting the mTOR pathway by rapamycin analogs in SGTs needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diamanti
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Dental School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. , .,Oral Medicine Department, 251 General Air Force and VA Hospital, Athens, Greece. ,
| | - N Nikitakis
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Dental School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Rassidakis
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Pathology and Cytology, Carolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - I Doulis
- Oral Medicine Department, 251 General Air Force and VA Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - A Sklavounou
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Dental School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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13
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Vander Poorten V, Triantafyllou A, Thompson LDR, Bishop J, Hauben E, Hunt J, Skalova A, Stenman G, Takes RP, Gnepp DR, Hellquist H, Wenig B, Bell D, Rinaldo A, Ferlito A. Salivary acinic cell carcinoma: reappraisal and update. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:3511-3531. [PMID: 26685679 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and clinicopathologic features, therapeutic strategies, and prognosis for acinic cell carcinoma of the major and minor salivary glands are critically reviewed. We explore histopathologic, histochemical, electron microscopic and immunohistochemical aspects and discuss histologic grading, histogenesis, animal models, and genetic events. In the context of possible diagnostic difficulties, the relationship to mammary analog secretory carcinoma is probed and a classification is suggested. Areas of controversy or uncertainty, which may benefit from further investigations, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vander Poorten
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Leuven Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology-Section Head and Neck Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,European Salivary Gland Society, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - A Triantafyllou
- School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Pathology Department, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool, UK
| | - L D R Thompson
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Woodland Hills, CA, USA
| | - J Bishop
- Department of Pathology and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E Hauben
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Hunt
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - A Skalova
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles, University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Stenman
- European Salivary Gland Society, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R P Takes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D R Gnepp
- University Pathologists, Fall River, MA, USA
| | - H Hellquist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - B Wenig
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Bell
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Rinaldo
- University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine, Italy
| | - A Ferlito
- Coordinator of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy
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14
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Nishijima T, Yamamoto H, Nakano T, Nakashima T, Taguchi KI, Masuda M, Motoshita JI, Komune S, Oda Y. Dual gain of HER2 and EGFR gene copy numbers impacts the prognosis of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1730-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Omar N, Yan B, Salto-Tellez M. HER2: An emerging biomarker in non-breast and non-gastric cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathog.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Alotaibi AM, Alqarni MA, Alnobi A, Tarakji B. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2/neu) in Salivary Gland Carcinomas: A Review of Literature. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZE04-8. [PMID: 25859537 PMCID: PMC4378820 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/11289.5572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study is to assess the relation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 or HER2/neu with the development of salivary gland carcinomas and use of Herceptin in the treatment of these cancers. A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE accessed via the National Library of Medicine PubMed interface searching for articles from 1994 up to 2014 relating to the existence of HER-2 protein and gene in salivary gland carcinomas and HER2/neu targeted therapy, written in English language. Almost all the studies in literature reported a frequent over expression and amplification of HER2/nue in salivary duct carcinomas (SDC) compared to other salivary gland cancers. Herceptin given as a monotherapy was not effective. The data on Herceptin combined chemotherapy are potentially promising but inadequate to evaluate drug activity, as patients also received a variety of cytotoxic agents. Therefore, Herceptin contribution to tumour response outcomes could not be precisely determined and the total number of cases is not sufficient. It is recommended that further work involves a large series of HER2/neu positive salivary gland cancers (randomized control trial) treated with chemotherapy with and without Herceptin. This might need multi-institutional cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mislat Alotaibi
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Alqarni
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelrahman Alnobi
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassel Tarakji
- Head of Department, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Stenman G, Persson F, Andersson MK. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of new molecular biomarkers in salivary gland cancers. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:683-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Fok TC, Lapointe H, Tuck AB, Chambers AF, Jackson-Boeters L, Daley TD, Darling MR. Expression and localization of osteopontin, homing cell adhesion molecule/CD44, and integrin αvβ3 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma and acinic cell adenocarcinoma of salivary gland origin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 118:320-9. [PMID: 25151586 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteopontin (OPN) plays a role in tumor progression. This study aimed to determine the expression of OPN, CD44, and integrin αvβ3 in pleomorphic adenoma (PA), acinic cell adenocarcinoma (ACA), and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemistry was used to semiquantify the levels of expression of OPN and its receptors in normal salivary glands (NSG) (n = 20), PA (n = 20), ACA (n = 11), and MEC (n = 29). RESULTS OPN expression was increased in ACA and MEC compared with PA and NSG (median scores, 6, 6, 4, and 4, respectively). CD44 expression was increased in ACA and reduced in MEC and PA compared with NSG (median scores, 8, 4, 3, and 5, respectively). Integrin αvβ3 median scores were 5 in ACA, 1 in MEC, and 0 in PA and NSG. CONCLUSIONS OPN is expressed in salivary gland tumors and is at higher levels in ACA and MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Fok
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Resident, Division of Oral Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Lapointe
- Professor, Division of Oral Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - A B Tuck
- Professor, Department of Pathology and Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - A F Chambers
- Professor, Department of Pathology and Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Jackson-Boeters
- Medical Technologist, Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - T D Daley
- Professor, Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - M R Darling
- Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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19
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Salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma revisited. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 272:799-819. [PMID: 24771140 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinicopathological features, prognosis and therapeutic strategies for mucoepidermoid carcinoma originating in salivary and salivary-type glands of the head and neck are reviewed. We emphasise histopathological aspects, appraise the value of histochemistry, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and cytophotometry, and discuss histogenesis and characteristic gene translocations. We additionally consider possible diagnostic difficulties, problems related to histological grading and accuracy of existing literature, and areas of controversy or uncertainty which may benefit from further investigations.
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20
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Gupta P, Kim B, Kim SH, Srivastava SK. Molecular targets of isothiocyanates in cancer: recent advances. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1685-707. [PMID: 24510468 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a multistep process resulting in uncontrolled cell division. It results from aberrant signaling pathways that lead to uninhibited cell division and growth. Various recent epidemiological studies have indicated that consumption of cruciferous vegetables, such as garden cress, broccoli, etc., reduces the risk of cancer. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) have been identified as major active constituents of cruciferous vegetables. ITCs occur in plants as glucosinolate and can readily be derived by hydrolysis. Numerous mechanistic studies have demonstrated the anticancer effects of ITCs in various cancer types. ITCs suppress tumor growth by generating reactive oxygen species or by inducing cycle arrest leading to apoptosis. Based on the exciting outcomes of preclinical studies, few ITCs have advanced to the clinical phase. Available data from preclinical as well as available clinical studies suggest ITCs to be one of the promising anticancer agents available from natural sources. This is an up-to-date exhaustive review on the preventive and therapeutic effects of ITCs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Oncogenic PIK3CA mutation and dysregulation in human salivary duct carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:810487. [PMID: 24511546 PMCID: PMC3910486 DOI: 10.1155/2014/810487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an aggressive malignant tumor with a high mortality, which resembles high-grade breast ductal carcinoma in morphology. The parotid gland is the most common location. Its molecular genetic characteristics remain largely unknown. We have previously reported high incidence of PIK3CA somatic mutations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, particularly in pharyngeal cancers. Here we examined the PIK3CA gene expression status and hotspot mutations in six cases of SDC by immunohistochemistry and genomic DNA sequencing. Immunohistochemistry showed that PIK3CA expression was elevated in all six patients with SDC. By DNA sequencing, two hotspot mutations of the PIK3CA gene, E545K (exon 9) and H1047R (exon 20), were identified in two of the six cases. Our results support that oncogenic PIK3CA is upregulated and frequently mutated in human SDC, adding evidence that PIK3CA oncogenic pathway is critical in the tumorigenesis of SDC, and may be a plausible drug target for this rare disease.
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22
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Abstract
Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an aggressive malignancy that frequently presents at an advanced stage. Mutations/amplification of the gene encoding the p110α catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PIK3CA) and/or loss of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) are known to activate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and may represent a therapeutic target. In 7 of 34 SDCs (20.5%) a SNaPshot polymerase chain reaction detected PIK3CA exon 9 [p.E545K (n=3) and p.E542K (n=2)] or exon 20 [p.H1047R (n=2)] mutations. PIK3CA p.E545K mutation was identified in 3 de novo SDCs with conventional morphology. The only case of SDC with anaplastic transformation showed PIK3CA p.H1047R mutation, whereas 1 of 2 PIK3CA p.E542K mutations was identified in SDC arising in a pleomorphic adenoma. None of the 16 tested SDCs showed PIK3CA amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Fluorescence in situ hybridization identified PTEN loss in 8 of 16 tested SDCs (50%) [homozygous deletion (n=3), chromosome 10 monosomy (n=3), hemizygous deletion (n=2)]. Two cases showed both PIK3CA mutation and PTEN loss, suggesting that these events are not mutually exclusive. These findings offer a molecular rationale for therapeutic targeting of the PI3K pathway in patients with SDC.
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Ach T, Zeitler K, Schwarz-Furlan S, Baader K, Agaimy A, Rohrmeier C, Zenk J, Gosau M, Reichert TE, Brockhoff G, Ettl T. Aberrations of MET are associated with copy number gain of EGFR and loss of PTEN and predict poor outcome in patients with salivary gland cancer. Virchows Arch 2012; 462:65-72. [PMID: 23242174 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET) is a key driver of oncogenic transformation. Copy number gain and amplification of MET positively enhance tumour growth, invasiveness and metastasis in different cancer types. In the present study, 266 carcinomas of the major and minor salivary glands were investigated for genomic MET status by fluorescence in situ hybridization and for protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Results were matched with clinicopathological parameters, long-term survival and the status of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN). Low polysomy (n = 42), high polysomy (n = 27), amplification (n = 2) and deletion (n = 18) were found as aberrations of genomic MET in certain subtypes. MET aberrations were associated with increased patient age (>70 years, p = 0.003), male gender (p = 0.01), increased tumour size (p = 0.002), lymph node metastases (p < 0.001), high-grade malignancy (p < 0.001) and unfavourable overall survival (p < 0.001). Both copy number gain (p < 0.001) and deletion (p = 0.031) of MET correlated with copy number gain of EGFR. Tumours with genomic loss of PTEN (n = 48) concurrently presented aberration of genomic MET (p < 0.001). MET gene status significantly correlated with protein status (p = 0.038). In conclusion, gain but also loss of genomic MET activity correlates with aggressive tumour growth, nodal metastasis and worse overall survival in salivary gland cancer. Moreover, aberrations of MET are associated with EGFR and PTEN signalling and might possess relevance for targeted therapies of salivary gland carcinomas in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ach
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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