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Biz C, Cerchiaro M, Mori F, Rossin A, Ponticiello M, Crimì A, Ruggieri P. Flatfoot over the centuries: the background of current conservative and operative treatments. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2023; 47:2357-2368. [PMID: 37222816 PMCID: PMC10439239 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-023-05837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although flatfoot is a widespread human condition, historical medical texts and ancient illustrations on this deformity are extremely rare. Nowadays, doubts regarding its management remain unsolved. This historical review aims to identify the presence of pes planus since the prehistoric era and examine the treatments proposed over the centuries up to the present. METHOD For this propose, we performed an extensive electronic search of the relevant literature, complemented by a manual search of additional sources from archaeological to artistic, literary, historical, and scientific accounts, describing flatfoot and its treatment in different eras. RESULTS Flatfoot accompanied the evolutionary timeline of human species: from Lucy Australopithecus to Homo Sapiens. It was described among various diseases suffered by Tutankhamun (1343-1324 B.C.), while the first anatomical description dates to Emperor Trajan (53-117 A.D.) and the medical studies of Galen (129-201 A.D.). It was also represented in the anatomical drawings of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente (1533-1619). Historically, the conservative treatment by insoles was the only one proposed until the nineteenth century. Since then, the most popular surgical procedures performed for correction have been osteotomies, arthrodesis, arthrorisis, and tendon lengthening and transfer. CONCLUSION During the centuries, conservative therapeutic strategies have not radically changed in their substance, while operative ones have become the protagonists during the twentieth century up to the present. Nevertheless, after more than 2000 years of history, there is no consensus regarding the best indication for the flatfoot and if it really needs to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Biz
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DiSCOG, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Cerchiaro
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DiSCOG, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Fabiana Mori
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DiSCOG, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossin
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DiSCOG, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia Ponticiello
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DiSCOG, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Crimì
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DiSCOG, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DiSCOG, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Barron A. Applications of Microct Imaging to Archaeobotanical Research. JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHOD AND THEORY 2023:1-36. [PMID: 37359278 PMCID: PMC10225294 DOI: 10.1007/s10816-023-09610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The potential applications of microCT scanning in the field of archaeobotany are only just beginning to be explored. The imaging technique can extract new archaeobotanical information from existing archaeobotanical collections as well as create new archaeobotanical assemblages within ancient ceramics and other artefact types. The technique could aid in answering archaeobotanical questions about the early histories of some of the world's most important food crops from geographical regions with amongst the poorest rates of archaeobotanical preservation and where ancient plant exploitation remains poorly understood. This paper reviews current uses of microCT imaging in the investigation of archaeobotanical questions, as well as in cognate fields of geosciences, geoarchaeology, botany and palaeobotany. The technique has to date been used in a small number of novel methodological studies to extract internal anatomical morphologies and three-dimensional quantitative data from a range of food crops, which includes sexually-propagated cereals and legumes, and asexually-propagated underground storage organs (USOs). The large three-dimensional, digital datasets produced by microCT scanning have been shown to aid in taxonomic identification of archaeobotanical specimens, as well as robustly assess domestication status. In the future, as scanning technology, computer processing power and data storage capacities continue to improve, the possible applications of microCT scanning to archaeobotanical studies will only increase with the development of machine and deep learning networks enabling the automation of analyses of large archaeobotanical assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleese Barron
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Banks Building, Canberra, Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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Sommer AP, Försterling HD, Sommer KE. Tutankhamun's Antimalarial Drug for Covid-19. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2021; 71:4-9. [PMID: 33128226 PMCID: PMC7869223 DOI: 10.1055/a-1274-1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug repositioning is a strategy that identifies new uses of approved drugs to treat conditions different from their original purpose. Current efforts to treat Covid-19 are based on this strategy. The first drugs used in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 were antimalarial drugs. It is their mechanism of action, i. e., rise in endosomal pH, which recommends them against the new coronavirus. Disregarding their side effects, the study of their antiviral activity provides valuable hints for the choice and design of drugs against SARS-CoV-2. One prominent drug candidate is thymoquinone, an antimalarial substance contained in Nigella sativa - most likely one of the first antimalarial drugs in human history. Since the outbreak of the pandemic, the number of articles relating thymoquinone to Covid-19 continuously increases. Here, we use it as an exemplary model drug, compare its antiviral mechanism with that of conventional antimalarial drugs and establish an irreducible parametric scheme for the identification of drugs with a potential in Covid-19.Translation into the laboratory is simple. Starting with the discovery of Nigella sativa seeds in the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, we establish a physicochemical model for the interaction of thymoquinone with both coronavirus and cells. Exploiting the predictive capability of the model, we provide a generalizable scheme for the systematic choice and design of drugs for Covid-19. An unexpected offshoot of our research is that Tutankhamun could not have died of malaria, a finding contrary to the mainstream theory.
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Cramer L, Brix A, Matin E, Rühli F, Hussein K. Computed Tomography-Detected Paleopathologies in Ancient Egyptian Mummies. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2017; 47:225-232. [PMID: 28823581 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Computed tomography (CT)-based analyses of mummies have been performed since the 1970s but, until now, no systematic summary of PubMed®-published data has been performed. The aim was to perform a systematic review of previously published cases and summarize artificial changes and detectable paleopathologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data collection from publications on CT analyses of mummies from ancient Egypt until the Greco-Roman period (up to 700 ad) from the PubMed® database (1973-2013) and descriptive data analysis. RESULTS Forty-seven publications on CT-based analyses have been identified, which reported on 189 mummies. Commonly reported artificial changes were destruction of the nasal bone and left-sided lateral abdominal incision for removal of inner organs. Dental and jaw pathologies (n = 42), chronic degenerative changes of skeletal bones (n = 39), and arteriosclerosis (n = 36) were reported in a subfraction of cases while traumatic fractures (n = 16) and other diseases were less often identified. The cause of death was rarely detectable by CT, but a cut through the throat, arrowheads, and bone fracture could be verified by CT. CONCLUSION Standards in documentation of CT devices have changed over the past 40 years, and insufficient documentation limits the interpretation of findings. In ancient Egyptian mummies, most organs have been removed during the mummification process while teeth and jaws are often preserved. Dental pathologies were frequent in ancient Egypt and can indicate personal circumstances and diet. The cause of death is rarely verifiable, but CT scan could be the clue. Although well known in Egyptian mummies, artificial changes may lead to misinterpretation of CT findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cramer
- Institute of Pathology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Anke Brix
- Institute of Pathology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ekatrina Matin
- Institute of Pathology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kais Hussein
- Institute of Pathology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
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Habicht ME, Bouwman AS, Rühli FJ. Identifications of ancient Egyptian royal mummies from the 18th Dynasty reconsidered. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 159:S216-31. [PMID: 26808107 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, ancient Egyptian Royal mummies have drawn the attention both of the general public and scientists. Many royal mummies from the New Kingdom have survived. The discoveries of the bodies of these ancient rulers have always sparked much attention, yet not all identifications are clear even nowadays. This study presents a meta-analysis to demonstrate the difficulties in identifying ancient Egyptian royal mummies. Various methods and pitfalls in the identification of the Pharaohs are reassessed since new scientific methods can be used, such as ancient DNA-profiling and CT-scanning. While the ancestors of Tutankhamun have been identified, some identities are still highly controversial (e.g., the mystery of the KV-55 skeleton, recently most likely identified as the genetic father of Tutankhamun). The meta-analysis confirms the suggested identity of some mummies (e.g., Amenhotep III, Thutmosis IV, and Queen Tjye).
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Habicht
- Institute for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, CH, 8057, Switzerland
| | - A S Bouwman
- Institute for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, CH, 8057, Switzerland
| | - F J Rühli
- Institute for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, CH, 8057, Switzerland
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Petaros A, Janković I, Cavalli F, Ivanac G, Brkljačić B, Čavka M. Mummified remains from the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Croatia - Reviewing peculiarities and limitations of human and non-human radiological identification and analysis in mummified remains. J Forensic Leg Med 2015; 35:54-61. [PMID: 26344461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Forensic protocols and medico-legal techniques are increasingly being employed in investigations of museological material. The final findings of such investigations may reveal interesting facts on historical figures, customs and habits, as well as provide meaningful data for forensic use. Herein we present a case review where forensic experts were requested to identify taxonomic affinities, stage of preservation and provide skeletal analysis of mummified non-human archaeological remains, and verify whether two mummified hands are human or not. The manuscript offers a short review on the process and particularities of radiological species identification, the impact of post-mortem changes in the analysis and imaging of mummified remains as well as the macroscopical interpretation of trauma, pathology and authenticity in mummified remains, which can all turn useful when dealing with forensic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Petaros
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Criminalistics, Rijeka University School of Medicine, Braće Branchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Ivor Janković
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Fabio Cavalli
- Research Unit of Paleoradiology and Allied Sciences, AOUTS Trieste, Italy.
| | - Gordana Ivanac
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Boris Brkljačić
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mislav Čavka
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Social Medicine and Organization of Health Care, Zagreb University, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Tutanchamun: Evidenzbasierte Paleopathologie vs. „Fluch des Pharao“. DER PATHOLOGE 2015; 36:186-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00292-014-1940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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