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Mann M, Qavi I, Zhang N, Tan G. Engineers in Medicine: Foster Innovation by Traversing Boundaries. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 51:19-32. [PMID: 37551906 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2023047838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Engineers play a critical role in the advancement of biomedical science and the development of diagnostic and therapeutic technologies for human well-being. The complexity of medical problems requires the synthesis of diverse knowledge systems and clinical experiences to develop solutions. Therefore, engineers in the healthcare and biomedical industries are interdisciplinary by nature to innovate technical tools in sophisticated clinical settings. In academia, engineering is usually divided into disciplines with dominant characteristics. Since biomedical engineering has been established as an independent curriculum, the term "biomedical engineers" often refers to the population from a specific discipline. In fact, engineers who contribute to medical and healthcare innovations cover a broad range of engineering majors, including electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, industrial engineering, and computer sciences. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the contributions of different engineering professions to the development of innovative biomedical solutions. We use the term "engineers in medicine" to refer to all talents who integrate the body of engineering knowledge and biological sciences to advance healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monikka Mann
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing and Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Imtiaz Qavi
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing and Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing and Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - George Tan
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing and Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Mikkelsen ML, Marcussen N, Rabjerg M. Surgically induced ischemia has no impact on protein expression levels of HIF-1α and related biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma. APMIS 2021; 129:535-547. [PMID: 33948984 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The increasing demands for personalized targeted therapy directed against renal cell carcinoma have driven a search for predictive markers. Novel therapies targeting HIF-1α in renal cell carcinoma have been developed, and HIF-1α has been suggested as a novel predictive marker of response to therapy. The surgical resection of a kidney tumor induces tissue ischemia, and HIF-1α is an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor, which is known to be upregulated during hypoxia. This study investigated the impact of intra-surgical and post-surgical ischemia on protein expression levels of HIF-1α and three related biomarkers (VEGF, GLUT-1, and CAIX) in 20 patients with renal cell carcinoma with immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Surgical ischemia did not have a significant impact on protein expression levels of any of the investigated markers. Long-post-surgical ischemia resulted in reduced expression levels of HIF-1α, probably due to autolysis. Our results suggest that HIF-1α is a stable protein, with expression levels not affected by intra-surgical ischemia, and hence, HIF-1α is suited for marker analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maj Rabjerg
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Thomsen C, Nielsen S, Nielsen BS, Pedersen SH, Vyberg M. Estrogen Receptor-α Quantification in Breast Cancer: Concordance Between Immunohistochemical Assays and mRNA-In Situ Hybridization for ESR1 Gene. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 28:347-353. [PMID: 30920963 PMCID: PMC7253185 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical (IHC) quantification of estrogen receptor-α (ER) is used for assessment of treatment regimen in breast cancer. Different ER IHC assays may produce diverging results, because of different antibody clones, protocols, and stainer platforms. Objective tissue-based techniques to assess sensitivity and specificity of IHC assays are therefore needed. We tested the usability of ER mRNA-in situ hybridization (mRNA-ISH) in comparison with assays based on clones SP1 and 6F11. We selected 56 archival specimens according to their reported ER IHC positivity, representing a wide spectrum from negative to strongly positive cases. The specimens were used to prepare 4 TMAs with 112 cores. Serial sections of each TMA were stained for ER and pan-cytokeratin (PCK) by IHC and ESR1 (ER gene) by mRNA-ISH. Digital image analysis (DIA) was used to determine ER IHC H-score. ESR1 mRNA-ISH was scored both manually and by DIA. DIA showed a nonlinear correlation between IHC and ESR1 mRNA-ISH with R2-values of 0.80 and 0.78 for the ER antibody clones SP1 and 6F11, respectively. Comparison of manual mRNA-ISH scoring categories and SP1 and 6F11 IHC H-scores showed a highly significant relationship (P<0.001). In conclusion, the study showed good correlation between mRNA-ISH and IHC, suggesting that mRNA-ISH can be a valuable tool in the assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of ER IHC assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Institute of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital.,Nordic Immunohistochemical Quality Control (NordiQC)
| | | | | | - Mogens Vyberg
- Nordic Immunohistochemical Quality Control (NordiQC).,Institute of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg
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EGFR and αvβ6 as Promising Targets for Molecular Imaging of Cutaneous and Mucosal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck Region. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061474. [PMID: 32516897 PMCID: PMC7352159 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
R0 resection is paramount in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, in the setting of recurrence, immunocompromised patients, or non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with a spindle growth pattern, tumor borders are difficult, if not impossible, to determine. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) aids in this differentiation. Potential targets for FGS of CSCC and HNSCC were evaluated. Most sections stained intensely for αvβ6 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on tumor cells. Normal epithelium stained less for αvβ6 than for EGFR. In addition, soft tissue and stroma stained negative for both, allowing for clear discrimination of the soft tissue margin. Tumor cells weakly expressed urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) while expression on stromal cells was moderate. Normal epithelium rarely expressed uPAR, resulting in clear discrimination of superficial margins. Tumors did not consistently express integrin β3, carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial cell adhesion molecule, or vascular endothelial growth factor A. In conclusion, αvβ6 and EGFR allowed for precise discrimination of SSC at the surgically problematic soft tissue margins. Superficial margins are ideally distinguished with uPAR. In the future, FGS in the surgically challenging setting of cutaneous and mucosal SCC could benefit from a tailor-made approach, with EGFR and αvβ6 as targets.
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Qualifying antibodies for image-based immune profiling and multiplexed tissue imaging. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2900-2930. [PMID: 31534232 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiplexed tissue imaging enables precise, spatially resolved enumeration and characterization of cell types and states in human resection specimens. A growing number of methods applicable to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections have been described, the majority of which rely on antibodies for antigen detection and mapping. This protocol provides step-by-step procedures for confirming the selectivity and specificity of antibodies used in fluorescence-based tissue imaging and for the construction and validation of antibody panels. Although the protocol is implemented using tissue-based cyclic immunofluorescence (t-CyCIF) as an imaging platform, these antibody-testing methods are broadly applicable. We demonstrate assembly of a 16-antibody panel for enumerating and localizing T cells and B cells, macrophages, and cells expressing immune checkpoint regulators. The protocol is accessible to individuals with experience in microscopy and immunofluorescence; some experience in computation is required for data analysis. A typical 30-antibody dataset for 20 FFPE slides can be generated within 2 weeks.
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Avoiding non-contributive molecular results in cancer samples: proposal of a score-based approach for sample choice. Pathology 2019; 51:524-528. [PMID: 31227255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mutational analyses have become crucial for therapeutic choices in patients with advanced lung cancer, colorectal cancer and melanoma. Short turnaround times for molecular analyses are necessary to match the patient's therapeutic management. Non-contributive molecular analyses may increase the delay in reaching a relevant mutational status. We attempted to identify criteria in samples associated with non-contributive molecular results to better anticipate them and select samples with contributive analyses. We compared several criteria such as cancer type, sample type, organ of origin and percentage of tumour cells between samples with non-contributive or contributive EGFR, KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutation analyses. Among two sets of 3367 and 554 tumour samples analysed in 2015-2017 and 2018, respectively, 11.7% and 15.7% of sample analyses were non-contributive for at least one oncogene. Lung cancer and melanoma cancer subtypes [odds ratio (OR)=7.2], cytological (OR=1.8) or bone samples (OR=8.5) and a percentage of tumour cells ≤20% (OR=41.4) were significantly associated with non-contributive results. By combining these parameters in a scoring system, we were able to predict the contributive or non-contributive result of a molecular analysis with sensitivity and specificity higher than 80% in a validation set of samples. Predicting the contributive or non-contributive result of a molecular analysis is feasible in samples on the basis of simple features. A combination of these features could be used to better choose samples to analyse in order to reduce the rate of non-contributive molecular results and related treatment delays and costs in patients with advanced cancers.
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Mouh FZ, Mzibri ME, Slaoui M, Amrani M. Recent Progress in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Research. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:1595-608. [PMID: 27221827 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.4.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined as a type of breast carcinoma that is negative for expression of oestrogene and progesterone hormone receptors (ER, PR) and HER2. This form of breast cancer is marked by its aggressiveness, low survival rate and lack of specific therapies. Recently, important molecular characteristics of TNBC have been highlighted and led to the identification of some biomarkers that could be used in diagnosis, as therapeutic targets or to assess the prognosis. In this review, we summarize recent progress in TNBC research focusing on the genetic and epigenetic alterations of TNBC and the potential use of these biomarkers in the targeted therapy for better management of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Mouh
- Equipe deRecherche ONCOGYMA, University of Mohamed V, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat Morocco E-mail :
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de Geus SWL, Boogerd LSF, Swijnenburg RJ, Mieog JSD, Tummers WSFJ, Prevoo HAJM, Sier CFM, Morreau H, Bonsing BA, van de Velde CJH, Vahrmeijer AL, Kuppen PJK. Selecting Tumor-Specific Molecular Targets in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Paving the Way for Image-Guided Pancreatic Surgery. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 18:807-819. [PMID: 27130234 PMCID: PMC5093212 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-0959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify suitable molecular targets for tumor-specific imaging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PROCEDURES The expression of eight potential imaging targets was assessed by the target selection criteria (TASC)-score and immunohistochemical analysis in normal pancreatic tissue (n = 9), pancreatic (n = 137), and periampullary (n = 28) adenocarcinoma. RESULTS Integrin αvβ6, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) showed a significantly higher (all p < 0.001) expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma compared to normal pancreatic tissue and were confirmed by the TASC score as promising imaging targets. Furthermore, these biomarkers were expressed in respectively 88 %, 71 %, 69 %, and 67 % of the pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that integrin αvβ6, CEA, EGFR, and uPAR are suitable targets for tumor-specific imaging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna W L de Geus
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leonora S F Boogerd
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger-Jan Swijnenburg
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Sven D Mieog
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willemieke S F J Tummers
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrica A J M Prevoo
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis F M Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Morreau
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A Bonsing
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J H van de Velde
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander L Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Manejo de las muestras para test inmunohistoquímicos, moleculares y genéticos en el cáncer de mama. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.senol.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Scudamore CL, Soilleux EJ, Karp NA, Smith K, Poulsom R, Herrington CS, Day MJ, Brayton CF, Bolon B, Whitelaw B, White ES, Everitt JI, Arends MJ. Recommendations for minimum information for publication of experimental pathology data: MINPEPA guidelines. J Pathol 2015; 238:359-67. [PMID: 26387837 DOI: 10.1002/path.4642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are essential research tools in modern biomedical research, but there are concerns about their lack of reproducibility and the failure of animal data to translate into advances in human medical therapy. A major factor in improving experimental reproducibility is thorough communication of research methodologies. The recently published ARRIVE guidelines outline basic information that should be provided when reporting animal studies. This paper builds on ARRIVE by providing the minimum information needed in reports to allow proper assessment of pathology data gathered from animal tissues. This guidance covers aspects of experimental design, technical procedures, data gathering, analysis, and presentation that are potential sources of variation when creating morphological, immunohistochemical (IHC) or in situ hybridization (ISH) datasets. This reporting framework will maximize the likelihood that pathology data derived from animal experiments can be reproduced by ensuring that sufficient information is available to allow for replication of the methods and facilitate inter-study comparison by identifying potential interpretative confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth J Soilleux
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Natasha A Karp
- Mouse Informatics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken Smith
- Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Richard Poulsom
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK and Scientific Editor, The Journal of Pathology
| | - C Simon Herrington
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK and Editor in Chief, The Journal of Pathology
| | - Michael J Day
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Bruce Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eric S White
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Mark J Arends
- Centre for Comparative Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Torlakovic EE, Brynes RK, Hyjek E, Lee SH, Kreipe H, Kremer M, McKenna R, Sadahira Y, Tzankov A, Reis M, Porwit A. ICSH guidelines for the standardization of bone marrow immunohistochemistry. Int J Lab Hematol 2015; 37:431-49. [DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. E. Torlakovic
- Department of Laboratory Hematology; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - R. K. Brynes
- Department of Pathology; Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - E. Hyjek
- Department of Pathology; University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - S.-H. Lee
- Department of Haematology; St George Hospital; SEALS Central; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - H. Kreipe
- Department of Pathology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - M. Kremer
- Munich Municipal Hospital; Institute of Pathology; Munich Germany
| | - R. McKenna
- Special Hematology; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN USA
| | - Y. Sadahira
- Department of Pathology; Kawasaki Medical School; Kurashiki Japan
| | - A. Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - M. Reis
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Toronto ON Canada
| | - A. Porwit
- Department of Laboratory Hematology; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Pathology; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
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Recommendations for reporting histopathology studies: a proposal. Virchows Arch 2015; 466:611-5. [PMID: 25846513 PMCID: PMC4460276 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Grillo F, Pigozzi S, Ceriolo P, Calamaro P, Fiocca R, Mastracci L. Factors affecting immunoreactivity in long-term storage of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:93-9. [PMID: 25757745 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antigen decay in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections for immunohistochemistry is a well-known phenomenon which may have repercussions on translational and research studies and length of storage time appears fundamental. The aim of this study was to evaluate all possible factors which may lead to antigen decay on a prospective standardized collection of human tissues with a panel of 14 routinely used antibodies. Serial slide sections from FFPE control tissues were stored using different methods (routine storage at room temperature, Parafilm(®) protected, paraffin coated and cold stored at 4 °C) and for different time periods: 1, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 36 months. Immunohistochemistry was performed at each time cutoff simultaneously on stored sections and on freshly cut sections using a panel of 14 antibodies. Immunoreactivity was compared with immunoreactions performed at time zero. Reduction in immunostaining was observed for a subset of antibodies (CD3, CD 31, CD117, estrogen and progesterone receptors, Ki67, p53, TTF-1, vimentin) while for others (smooth muscle actin, keratins 7, 20, AE1/AE3, 34βE12), no antigen decay was observed. Loss of antigenicity was proportional to tissue section age and was dependent on mode of storage with cold storage slides being the least affected. All antigens with reductions in immunosignal were nuclear or membranous, and they all required heat pre-treatment for antigen retrieval. In contrast to results from other studies, when pre-analytical factors are strictly controlled and standardized, antigen decay seems to be restricted to nuclear or membrane antigens which require heat antigen retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Grillo
- Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Science and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy,
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14
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Bosman FT, True LD. Prognostic biomarkers: an introduction. Virchows Arch 2014; 464:253-6. [PMID: 24562304 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fred T Bosman
- Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne Medical Center, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland,
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