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Morsi AA, Shawky LM, Shawky TM, Bahr MH, Alnasr MTA, El Bana E. Targeting NF-κB/COX-2 signaling by soyasaponin I alleviates diclofenac-induced gastric ulceration in male albino rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3927. [PMID: 38269501 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Gastric ulceration is a prevalent worldwide clinical presentation due to altered gastric defense mechanisms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are one of the common causes of gastric ulcers mediated by the release of inflammatory mediators. The study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of soyasaponin I (soya) against diclofenac (DIC)-induced gastric ulcer in rats and to highlight the underlying mechanisms. The experiment was conducted on 40 male Wistar albino rats, equally distributed into five groups: control, DIC-induced ulcer (9 mg/kg/d, orally, twice daily for 3 days), ulcer/soya-, ulcer/ranitidine-, and ulcer/soya/selective nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor (JSH-23)-treated groups. The doses of soya, ranitidine, and JSH were 20, 25, and 5 mg/kg/d, respectively, given orally. Gastric specimens were prepared for gene and histological study and for biochemical analysis of gastric prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), oxidative markers, and inflammatory cytokines. The gastric samples were formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), PAS staining, and immunohistochemical assay for identification of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proliferation marker (Ki67) expressions. The findings revealed decreased gastric PGE2 and altered inflammatory and oxidative markers in the ulcer model group. The H&E staining showed mucosal injury characterized by mucosal surface defects and inflammatory cell infiltrations. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry demonstrated an upregulation of NF-κB and COX-2 expression at gene/protein levels; meanwhile, Ki67 downregulation. The soya-treated group showed maintained biochemical, histological, and PCR findings comparable to the ranitidine-treated group. The JSH-23-treated group still showed partial gastric protection with biochemical and immunohistochemical changes. Soyasaponin I ameliorated DIC-induced gastric ulcers by targeting the COX-2 activity through modulation of NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Morsi
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa M Shawky
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Tamer M Shawky
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H Bahr
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Eman El Bana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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Lama P, Tiwari J, Mutreja P, Chauhan S, Harding IJ, Dolan T, Adams MA, Maitre CL. Cell clusters in intervertebral disc degeneration: an attempted repair mechanism aborted via apoptosis. Anat Cell Biol 2023; 56:382-393. [PMID: 37503630 PMCID: PMC10520859 DOI: 10.5115/acb.23.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell clusters are a histological hallmark feature of intervertebral disc degeneration. Clusters arise from cell proliferation, are associated with replicative senescence, and remain metabolically, but their precise role in various stages of disc degeneration remain obscure. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate small, medium, and large size cell-clusters. For this purpose, human disc samples were collected from 55 subjects, aged 37-72 years, 21 patients had disc herniation, 10 had degenerated non-herniated discs, and 9 had degenerative scoliosis with spinal curvature <45°. 15 non-degenerated control discs were from cadavers. Clusters and matrix changes were investigated with histology, immunohistochemistry, and Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Data obtained were analyzed with spearman rank correlation and ANOVA. Results revealed, small and medium-sized clusters were positive for cell proliferation markers Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in control and slightly degenerated human discs, while large cell clusters were typically more abundant in severely degenerated and herniated discs. Large clusters associated with matrix fissures, proteoglycan loss, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), and Caspase-3. Spatial association findings were reconfirmed with SDS-PAGE that showed presence to these target markers based on its molecular weight. Controls, slightly degenerated discs showed smaller clusters, less proteoglycan loss, MMP-1, and Caspase-3. In conclusion, cell clusters in the early stages of degeneration could be indicative of repair, however sustained loading increases large cell clusters especially around microscopic fissures that accelerates inflammatory catabolism and alters cellular metabolism, thus attempted repair process initiated by cell clusters fails and is aborted at least in part via apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Lama
- Department of Anatomy, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim, India
| | - Jerina Tiwari
- Department of Anatomy, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim, India
| | - Pulkit Mutreja
- Department of Anatomy, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim, India
| | - Sukirti Chauhan
- Department of Anatomy, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim, India
| | - Ian J Harding
- Centre for Clinical Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Trish Dolan
- Centre for Clinical Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael A Adams
- Centre for Clinical Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Lashen AG, Toss MS, Ghannam SF, Makhlouf S, Green A, Mongan NP, Rakha E. Expression, assessment and significance of Ki67 expression in breast cancer: an update. J Clin Pathol 2023; 76:357-364. [PMID: 36813558 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2022-208731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Ki67 expression is one of the most important and cost-effective surrogate markers to assess for tumour cell proliferation in breast cancer (BC). The Ki67 labelling index has prognostic and predictive value in patients with early-stage BC, particularly in the hormone receptor-positive, HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)-negative (luminal) tumours. However, many challenges exist in using Ki67 in routine clinical practice and it is still not universally used in the clinical setting. Addressing these challenges can potentially improve the clinical utility of Ki67 in BC. In this article, we review the function, immunohistochemical (IHC) expression, methods for scoring and interpretation of results as well as address several challenges of Ki67 assessment in BC. The prodigious attention associated with use of Ki67 IHC as a prognostic marker in BC resulted in high expectation and overestimation of its performance. However, the realisation of some pitfalls and disadvantages, which are expected with any similar markers, resulted in an increasing criticism of its clinical use. It is time to consider a pragmatic approach and weigh the benefits against the weaknesses and identify factors to achieve the best clinical utility. Here we highlight the strengths of its performance and provide some insights to overcome the existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Gamal Lashen
- Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Michael S Toss
- Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of pathology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Suzan Fathy Ghannam
- Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Histology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Shorouk Makhlouf
- Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Andrew Green
- Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emad Rakha
- Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK .,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt.,Pathology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Okudela K, Woo T, Saigusa Y, Arai H, Matsumura M, Mitsui H, Sugiyama M, Sekiya M, Ishikawa Y, Oshiro H, Kameda Y, Ohashi K. A method to obtain reproducible Ki-67 indices in lung adenocarcinoma. Histopathology 2020; 78:414-423. [PMID: 32813926 DOI: 10.1111/his.14234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Proliferative activity, evaluated from the Ki-67 index, is a strong prognostic factor in lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). Here, we optimised a procedure to measure the Ki-67 index and establish the best cut-off value. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined 342 stage I LADCs for the immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 using different antibodies, MIB1 and SP6. The results revealed the superior specificity of SP6; therefore, SP6 was used in subsequent analyses. Slides were scanned with a virtual slide system. Using software, tumour cells were counted in a whole tumour. Thereafter, the tumour was evenly subdivided into 0.25-mm2 tiles. The frequency of positive cells was counted in each tile of an invasive area or the whole tumour. We calculated the number of tumour cells required to produce a 95% confidence interval (CI) <0.05. Additionally, we calculated coverage probabilities (CP) using two different methods, counting any number or 200 cells per tile. The results showed that we could meet our goal by counting 2000 cells from 10 random tiles (200 cells each) in invasive areas. CONCLUSIONS We successfully developed an optimal procedure for determination of the Ki-67 labelling index using an SP6 antibody, which provided CP > 70% and CI of <0.05 in more than 90% of cases. Furthermore, we identified an optimal cut-off value of 0.12 with an alternative of 0.15, based on disease recurrence. This procedure and the cut-off values may be used in the routine pathological diagnosis of LADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Okudela
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsukan Woo
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saigusa
- Department of Biostatics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Arai
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Kanagawa Prefectural Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mai Matsumura
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideaki Mitsui
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Misaki Sugiyama
- Division of Pathology, Kanagawa Prefectural Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motoki Sekiya
- Division of Pathology, Kanagawa Prefectural Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oshiro
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kameda
- Division of Pathology, Kanagawa Prefectural Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ohashi
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Dormant tumor cells interact with memory CD8 + T cells in RET transgenic mouse melanoma model. Cancer Lett 2020; 474:74-81. [PMID: 31962142 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin-cancer. Melanoma cells are characterized by their plasticity, resulting in therapy resistance. Using RET transgenic mouse melanoma model, we characterized dormant tumor cells accumulated in the bone marrow (BM) and investigated their interaction with effector memory CD8+ T cells. We found that cells expressing melanoma-associated antigen tyrosinase related protein (TRP)-2 and stemness marker CD133 represented less than 1.5% of all melanoma cells in primary skin lesions and metastatic lymph nodes. The majority of these cells were negative for the proliferation marker Ki67. In the BM, CD133+TRP-2+ melanoma cells displayed an aberrant expression of p16, p27, Ki67 and PCNA proteins, suggesting their dormant phenotype. Moreover, these cells were characterized by an elevated expression of various molecules characterized stemness, metastatic, angiogenic and immunosuppressive properties such as CD271, CD34, HIF-1α, CXCR3, CXCR4, VEGR2, PD-L1, CTLA-4, CD39 and CCR4 as compared to their CD133- counterparts. Disseminated BM dormant TRP-2+ tumor cells were found to be co-localized with memory CD8+ T cells. Our data suggest that these dormant melanoma cells in the BM could play an important role in the maintenance of memory T cells in the BM.
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