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Cassalia F, Danese A, Tudurachi I, Federico S, Zambello A, Guidotti A, Franceschin L, Bolzon A, Naldi L, Belloni Fortina A. PRAME Updated: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Role in Skin Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1582. [PMID: 38338862 PMCID: PMC10855739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Preferentially Expressed Antigen in Melanoma (PRAME), a member of the cancer/testis antigen family, is central to the field of skin cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. As a nuclear receptor and transcriptional regulator, PRAME plays a critical role in inhibiting retinoic acid signalling, which is essential for cell differentiation and proliferation. Its aberrant overexpression in various malignancies, particularly cutaneous melanoma, is associated with more aggressive tumour phenotypes, positioning PRAME as both a diagnostic and prognostic marker. In melanoma, PRAME is typically highly expressed, in contrast to its weak or absent expression in benign nevi, thereby improving the accuracy of differential diagnoses. The diagnostic value of PRAME extends to various lesions. It is significantly expressed in uveal melanoma, correlating to an increased risk of metastasis. In acral melanomas, especially those with histopathological ambiguity, PRAME helps to improve diagnostic accuracy. However, its expression in spitzoid and ungual melanocytic lesions is inconsistent and requires a comprehensive approach for an accurate assessment. In soft tissue sarcomas, PRAME may be particularly helpful in differentiating melanoma from clear cell sarcoma, an important distinction due to their similar histological appearance but different treatment approaches and prognosis, or in detecting dedifferentiated and undifferentiated melanomas. In non-melanoma skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma, the variable expression of PRAME can lead to diagnostic complexity. Despite these challenges, the potential of PRAME as a therapeutic target in melanoma is significant. Emerging immunotherapies, including T-cell-based therapies and vaccines targeting PRAME, are being investigated to exploit its cancer-specific expression. Ongoing research into the molecular role and mechanism of action of PRAME in skin cancer continues to open new avenues in both diagnostics and therapeutics, with the potential to transform the management of melanoma and related skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunato Cassalia
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (I.T.); (A.Z.); (A.G.); (L.F.); (A.B.); (A.B.F.)
| | - Andrea Danese
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Integrated Medical and General Activity, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy;
| | - Ina Tudurachi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (I.T.); (A.Z.); (A.G.); (L.F.); (A.B.); (A.B.F.)
| | - Serena Federico
- Dermatology Unit, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Anna Zambello
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (I.T.); (A.Z.); (A.G.); (L.F.); (A.B.); (A.B.F.)
| | - Alessia Guidotti
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (I.T.); (A.Z.); (A.G.); (L.F.); (A.B.); (A.B.F.)
| | - Ludovica Franceschin
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (I.T.); (A.Z.); (A.G.); (L.F.); (A.B.); (A.B.F.)
| | - Anna Bolzon
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (I.T.); (A.Z.); (A.G.); (L.F.); (A.B.); (A.B.F.)
| | - Luigi Naldi
- Department of Dermatology, Ospedale San Bortolo, 36100 Vicenza, Italy;
- Centro Studi Gruppo Italiano Studi Epidemiologici in Dermatologia (GISED), 24121 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Anna Belloni Fortina
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (I.T.); (A.Z.); (A.G.); (L.F.); (A.B.); (A.B.F.)
- Pediatric Dermatology Department of Women’s and Child’s Health (SDB), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
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Fujii S, Ishida M, Komura K, Nishimura K, Tsujino T, Saito T, Taniguchi Y, Murakawa T, Azuma H, Hirose Y. Expression of Preferentially Expressed Antigen in Melanoma, a Cancer/Testis Antigen, in Carcinoma In Situ of the Urinary Tract. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3636. [PMID: 38132219 PMCID: PMC10742698 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13243636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the urinary tract comprises 1-3% of all urothelial malignancies and is often a precursor to muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC). This study aimed to examine the expression profiles of preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME), a cancer/testis antigen, and assess its diagnostic and therapeutic applications in CIS, given that its expression in UC has been minimally studied and has not yet been analyzed in CIS. We selected consecutive patients with CIS who underwent biopsy and/or transurethral tumor resection at the Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital. Immunohistochemical staining for PRAME and p53 was performed. Overall, 53 patients with CIS (6 females and 47 males) were included. Notably, PRAME expression was observed in 23 of the 53 patients (43.4%), whereas it was absent in the non-neoplastic urothelial epithelium. Furthermore, no correlation was found between PRAME expression and aberrant p53 expression. Therefore, PRAME expression may serve as a useful marker for CIS of the urinary tract. Furthermore, PRAME may be a candidate for the novel therapeutic target for standard treatment-refractory CIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Fujii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.F.)
| | - Mitsuaki Ishida
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.F.)
| | - Kazumasa Komura
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City 569-8686, Osaka, Japan
- Translational Research Program, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City 569-8686, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nishimura
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City 569-8686, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsujino
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City 569-8686, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohito Saito
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Taniguchi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Murakawa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhito Azuma
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City 569-8686, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hirose
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (S.F.)
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Gosman LM, Țăpoi DA, Costache M. Cutaneous Melanoma: A Review of Multifactorial Pathogenesis, Immunohistochemistry, and Emerging Biomarkers for Early Detection and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15881. [PMID: 37958863 PMCID: PMC10650804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is an increasingly significant public health concern. Due to alarming mortality rates and escalating incidence, it is crucial to understand its etiology and identify emerging biomarkers for improved diagnosis and treatment strategies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multifactorial etiology of CM, underscore the importance of early detection, discuss the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma development and progression, and shed light on the role of the potential biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment. The pathogenesis of CM involves a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, ultraviolet radiation exposure being the predominant environmental risk factor. The emergence of new biomarkers, such as novel immunohistochemical markers, gene mutation analysis, microRNA, and exosome protein expressions, holds promise for improved early detection, and prognostic and personalized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maria Gosman
- Doctoral School, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pathology, Saint Pantelimon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 021659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana-Antonia Țăpoi
- Department of Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pathology, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Costache
- Department of Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pathology, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
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