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Sypré L, Sharma S, Mantini D, Nelissen K. Intrinsic functional clustering of the macaque insular cortex. Front Integr Neurosci 2024; 17:1272529. [PMID: 38250745 PMCID: PMC10797002 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1272529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The functional organization of the primate insula has been studied using a variety of techniques focussing on regional differences in either architecture, connectivity, or function. These complementary methods offered insights into the complex organization of the insula and proposed distinct parcellation schemes at varying levels of detail and complexity. The advent of imaging techniques that allow non-invasive assessment of structural and functional connectivity, has popularized data-driven connectivity-based parcellation methods to investigate the organization of the human insula. Yet, it remains unclear if the subdivisions derived from these data-driven clustering methods reflect meaningful descriptions of the functional specialization of the insula. In this study, we employed hierarchical clustering to examine the cluster parcellations of the macaque insula. As our aim was exploratory, we examined parcellations consisting of two up to ten clusters. Three different cluster validation methods (fingerprinting, silhouette, elbow) converged on a four-cluster solution as the most optimal representation of our data. Examining functional response properties of these clusters, in addition to their brain-wide functional connectivity suggested a functional specialization related to processing gustatory, somato-motor, vestibular and social visual cues. However, a more detailed functional differentiation aligning with previous functional investigations of insula subfields became evident at higher cluster numbers beyond the proposed optimal four clusters. Overall, our findings demonstrate that resting-state-based hierarchical clustering can provide a meaningful description of the insula's functional organization at some level of detail. Nonetheless, cluster parcellations derived from this method are best combined with data obtained through other modalities, to provide a more comprehensive and detailed account of the insula's complex functional organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Sypré
- Laboratory for Neuro- & Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dante Mantini
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Nelissen
- Laboratory for Neuro- & Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Bufacchi RJ, Battaglia-Mayer A, Iannetti GD, Caminiti R. Cortico-spinal modularity in the parieto-frontal system: A new perspective on action control. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102537. [PMID: 37832714 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Classical neurophysiology suggests that the motor cortex (MI) has a unique role in action control. In contrast, this review presents evidence for multiple parieto-frontal spinal command modules that can bypass MI. Five observations support this modular perspective: (i) the statistics of cortical connectivity demonstrate functionally-related clusters of cortical areas, defining functional modules in the premotor, cingulate, and parietal cortices; (ii) different corticospinal pathways originate from the above areas, each with a distinct range of conduction velocities; (iii) the activation time of each module varies depending on task, and different modules can be activated simultaneously; (iv) a modular architecture with direct motor output is faster and less metabolically expensive than an architecture that relies on MI, given the slow connections between MI and other cortical areas; (v) lesions of the areas composing parieto-frontal modules have different effects from lesions of MI. Here we provide examples of six cortico-spinal modules and functions they subserve: module 1) arm reaching, tool use and object construction; module 2) spatial navigation and locomotion; module 3) grasping and observation of hand and mouth actions; module 4) action initiation, motor sequences, time encoding; module 5) conditional motor association and learning, action plan switching and action inhibition; module 6) planning defensive actions. These modules can serve as a library of tools to be recombined when faced with novel tasks, and MI might serve as a recombinatory hub. In conclusion, the availability of locally-stored information and multiple outflow paths supports the physiological plausibility of the proposed modular perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bufacchi
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy; International Center for Primate Brain Research (ICPBR), Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - A Battaglia-Mayer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Sapienza, Italy
| | - G D Iannetti
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - R Caminiti
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.
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3
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Sypré L, Durand JB, Nelissen K. Functional characterization of macaque insula using task-based and resting-state fMRI. Neuroimage 2023; 276:120217. [PMID: 37271304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurophysiological investigations over the past decades have demonstrated the involvement of the primate insula in a wide array of sensory, cognitive, affective and regulatory functions, yet the complex functional organization of the insula remains unclear. Here we examined to what extent non-invasive task-based and resting-state fMRI provides support for functional specialization and integration of sensory and motor information in the macaque insula. Task-based fMRI experiments suggested a functional specialization related to processing of ingestive/taste/distaste information in anterior insula, grasping-related sensorimotor responses in middle insula and vestibular information in posterior insula. Visual stimuli depicting social information involving conspecific`s lip-smacking gestures yielded responses in middle and anterior portions of dorsal and ventral insula, overlapping partially with the sensorimotor and ingestive/taste/distaste fields. Functional specialization/integration of the insula was further corroborated by seed-based whole brain resting-state analyses, showing distinct functional connectivity gradients across the anterio-posterior extent of both dorsal and ventral insula. Posterior insula showed functional correlations in particular with vestibular/optic flow network regions, mid-dorsal insula with vestibular/optic flow as well as parieto-frontal regions of the sensorimotor grasping network, mid-ventral insula with social/affiliative network regions in temporal, cingulate and prefrontal cortices and anterior insula with taste and mouth motor networks including premotor and frontal opercular regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Sypré
- Laboratory for Neuro- & Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Nelissen
- Laboratory for Neuro- & Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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4
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Amiez C, Verstraete C, Sallet J, Hadj-Bouziane F, Ben Hamed S, Meguerditchian A, Procyk E, Wilson CRE, Petrides M, Sherwood CC, Hopkins WD. The relevance of the unique anatomy of the human prefrontal operculum to the emergence of speech. Commun Biol 2023; 6:693. [PMID: 37407769 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the evolutionary origins of human speech remains a topic of intense scientific interest. Here we describe a unique feature of adult human neuroanatomy compared to chimpanzees and other primates that may provide an explanation of changes that occurred to enable the capacity for speech. That feature is the Prefrontal extent of the Frontal Operculum (PFOp) region, which is located in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, adjacent and ventromedial to the classical Broca's area. We also show that, in chimpanzees, individuals with the most human-like PFOp, particularly in the left hemisphere, have greater oro-facial and vocal motor control abilities. This critical discovery, when combined with recent paleontological evidence, suggests that the PFOp is a recently evolved feature of human cortical structure (perhaps limited to the genus Homo) that emerged in response to increasing selection for cognitive and motor functions evident in modern speech abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Amiez
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, Bron, France.
| | - Charles Verstraete
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, Bron, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Sallet
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, Bron, France
- Wellcome Integrative Neuroimaging Centre, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Fadila Hadj-Bouziane
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team (ImpAct), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Suliann Ben Hamed
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR5229, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Bron, France
| | - Adrien Meguerditchian
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, UMR7290, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, 13331, Marseille, France
- Station de Primatologie CNRS, UAR846, 13790, Rousset, France
- Institut Language, Communication and the Brain (ILCB), Aix-Marseille Université, 13604, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Emmanuel Procyk
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, Bron, France
| | - Charles R E Wilson
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, Bron, France
| | - Michael Petrides
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William D Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA.
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Pelliccia V, Avanzini P, Rizzi M, Caruana F, Tassi L, Francione S, Gozzo F, Mariani V, d'Orio P, Castana L, Mai R, Terzaghi M, Nobili L, Sartori I. Association Between Semiology and Anatomo-Functional Localization in Patients With Cingulate Epilepsy: A Cohort Study. Neurology 2022; 98:e2211-e2223. [PMID: 35190463 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cingulate epilepsy (CE) is a rare and challenging type of focal epilepsy, due to the polymorphic semiology of the seizures, mimicking other types of epilepsy, and the limited utility of scalp-EEG. METHODS We selected consecutive drug-resistant subjects with CE who were seizure-free after surgery, with seizure onset zone (SOZ) confirmed in the CC (cingulate cortex) by histology and/or SEEG. We analysed subjective and objective ictal manifestations using video recordings and correlated semeiology with anatomical CC subregions (anterior, anterior middle, posterior middle and posterior) localization of SOZ. RESULTS We analysed 122 seizures in 57 patients. Seizures were globally characterized by complex behaviors, typically natural seeming and often accompanied by emotional components.All objective ictal variables considered (pronation of the body or getting up from a lying/sitting position, tonic/dystonic posturing, hand movements, asymmetry, vocalizations, fluidity and repetitiveness of motor manifestations, awareness and emotional and autonomic components) were differently distributed among CC subregions (p<.05) Along the rostro-caudal axis fluidity and repetitiveness of movement, vocalizations, body pronation and emotional components decrease anterior-posteriorly, while tonic/dystonic postures, signs of lateralization and awareness increase.Vestibular and asymmetric somatosensory, somatosensory and epigastric and enteroceptive/autonomic symptoms were distributed differently among CC subregions (p<.05). Along the rostro-caudal axis vestibular, somatosensory and somatosensory asymmetric symptoms increase anterior-posterior. DISCUSSION CE is characterized by a spectrum of semeiological manifestations with a topographic distribution. CE semiology could indicate which cingulate sector is mainly involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pelliccia
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michele Rizzi
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Tassi
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Francione
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Gozzo
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Piergiorgio d'Orio
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Castana
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mai
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Terzaghi
- Sleep Medicine and Epilepsy, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ivana Sartori
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Wang H, Zhu WF, Xia LX. Brain structural correlates of aggression types from the perspective of disinhibition–control: A voxel-based morphometric study. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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7
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Murray EA, Fellows LK. Prefrontal cortex interactions with the amygdala in primates. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:163-179. [PMID: 34446829 PMCID: PMC8616954 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01128-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses functional interactions between the primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the amygdala, with emphasis on their contributions to behavior and cognition. The interplay between these two telencephalic structures contributes to adaptive behavior and to the evolutionary success of all primate species. In our species, dysfunction in this circuitry creates vulnerabilities to psychopathologies. Here, we describe amygdala-PFC contributions to behaviors that have direct relevance to Darwinian fitness: learned approach and avoidance, foraging, predator defense, and social signaling, which have in common the need for flexibility and sensitivity to specific and rapidly changing contexts. Examples include the prediction of positive outcomes, such as food availability, food desirability, and various social rewards, or of negative outcomes, such as threats of harm from predators or conspecifics. To promote fitness optimally, these stimulus-outcome associations need to be rapidly updated when an associative contingency changes or when the value of a predicted outcome changes. We review evidence from nonhuman primates implicating the PFC, the amygdala, and their functional interactions in these processes, with links to experimental work and clinical findings in humans where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lesley K Fellows
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Giarrocco F, Averbeck B. Organization of Parieto-Prefrontal and Temporo-Prefrontal Networks in the Macaque. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1289-1309. [PMID: 34379536 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00092.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The connectivity among architectonically defined areas of the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex of the macaque has been extensively mapped through tract tracing methods. To investigate the statistical organization underlying this connectivity, and identify its underlying architecture, we performed a hierarchical cluster analysis on 69 cortical areas based on their anatomically defined inputs. We identified 10 frontal, 4 parietal, and 5 temporal hierarchically related sets of areas (clusters), defined by unique sets of inputs and typically composed of anatomically contiguous areas. Across cortex, clusters that share functional properties were linked by dominant information processing circuits in a topographically organized manner that reflects the organization of the main fiber bundles in the cortex. This led to a dorsal-ventral subdivision of the frontal cortex, where dorsal and ventral clusters showed privileged connectivity with parietal and temporal areas, respectively. Ventrally, temporo-frontal circuits encode information to discriminate objects in the environment, their value, emotional properties, and functions such as memory and spatial navigation. Dorsal parieto-frontal circuits encode information for selecting, generating, and monitoring appropriate actions based on visual-spatial and somatosensory information. This organization may reflect evolutionary antecedents, in which the vertebrate pallium, which is the ancestral cortex, was defined by a ventral and lateral olfactory region and a medial hippocampal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Giarrocco
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Bruno Averbeck
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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9
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Rolls ET, Cheng W, Du J, Wei D, Qiu J, Dai D, Zhou Q, Xie P, Feng J. Functional connectivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex in depression. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:75-86. [PMID: 31993660 PMCID: PMC7171374 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The orbitofrontal cortex extends into the laterally adjacent inferior frontal gyrus. We analyzed how voxel-level functional connectivity of the inferior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex is related to depression in 282 people with major depressive disorder (125 were unmedicated) and 254 controls, using FDR correction P < 0.05 for pairs of voxels. In the unmedicated group, higher functional connectivity was found of the right inferior frontal gyrus with voxels in the lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, temporal lobe, angular gyrus, precuneus, hippocampus and frontal gyri. In medicated patients, these functional connectivities were lower and toward those in controls. Functional connectivities between the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the angular and middle frontal gyri were higher in unmedicated patients, and closer to controls in medicated patients. Medial orbitofrontal cortex voxels had lower functional connectivity with temporal cortex areas, the parahippocampal gyrus and fusiform gyrus, and medication did not result in these being closer to controls. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in depression, and can influence mood and behavior via the right inferior frontal gyrus, which projects to premotor cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund T Rolls
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, UK
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Wei Cheng. E-mail:
| | - Jingnan Du
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Dai
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Qunjie Zhou
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 402160, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
- School of Mathematical Sciences, School of Life Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
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10
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Intrinsic functional clustering of ventral premotor F5 in the macaque brain. Neuroimage 2020; 227:117647. [PMID: 33338618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurophysiological and anatomical data suggest the existence of several functionally distinct regions in the lower arcuate sulcus and adjacent postarcuate convexity of the macaque monkey. Ventral premotor F5c lies on the postarcuate convexity and consists of a dorsal hand-related and ventral mouth-related field. The posterior bank of the lower arcuate contains two additional premotor F5 subfields at different anterior-posterior levels, F5a and F5p. Anterior to F5a, area 44 has been described as a dysgranular zone occupying the deepest part of the fundus of the inferior arcuate. Finally, area GrFO occupies the most rostral portion of the fundus and posterior bank of inferior arcuate and extends ventrally onto the frontal operculum. Recently, data-driven exploratory approaches using resting-state fMRI data have been suggested as a promising non-invasive method for examining the functional organization of the primate brain. Here, we examined to what extent partitioning schemes derived from data-driven clustering analysis of resting-state fMRI data correspond with the proposed organization of the fundus and posterior bank of the macaque arcuate sulcus, as suggested by invasive architectonical, connectional and functional investigations. Using a hierarchical clustering analysis, we could retrieve clusters corresponding to the dorsal and ventral portions of F5c on the postarcuate convexity, F5a and F5p at different antero-posterior locations on the posterior bank of the lower arcuate, area 44 in the fundus, as well as part of area GrFO in the most anterior portion of the fundus. Additionally, each of these clusters displayed distinct whole-brain functional connectivity, in line with previous anatomical tracer and seed-based functional connectivity investigations of F5/44 subdivisions. Overall, our data suggests that hierarchical clustering analysis of resting-state fMRI data can retrieve a fine-grained level of cortical organization that resembles detailed parcellation schemes derived from invasive functional and anatomical investigations.
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11
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Korponay C, Choi EY, Haber SN. Corticostriatal Projections of Macaque Area 44. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa079. [PMID: 33283184 PMCID: PMC7699020 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventrolateral frontal area 44 is implicated in inhibitory motor functions and facilitating prefrontal control over vocalization. The contribution of corticostriatal circuits to area 44 functions is unclear, as prior investigation of area 44 projections to the striatum—a central structure in motor circuits—is limited. Here, we used anterograde and retrograde tracing in macaques to map the innervation zone of area 44 corticostriatal projections, quantify their strengths, and evaluate their convergence with corticostriatal projections from other frontal cortical regions. First, whereas terminal fields from a rostral area 44 injection site were found primarily in the central caudate nucleus, those from a caudal area 44 injection site were found primarily in the ventrolateral putamen. Second, amongst sampled injection sites, area 44 input as a percentage of total frontal cortical input was highest in the ventral putamen at the level of the anterior commissure. Third, area 44 projections converged with orofacial premotor area 6VR and other motor-related projections (in the putamen), and with nonmotor prefrontal projections (in the caudate nucleus). Findings support the role of area 44 as an interface between motor and nonmotor functional domains, possibly facilitated by rostral and caudal area 44 subregions with distinct corticostriatal connectivity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Korponay
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Suzanne N Haber
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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12
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Gerbella M, Pinardi C, Di Cesare G, Rizzolatti G, Caruana F. Two Neural Networks for Laughter: A Tractography Study. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:899-916. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Laughter is a complex motor behavior occurring in both emotional and nonemotional contexts. Here, we investigated whether the different functions of laughter are mediated by distinct networks and, if this is the case, which are the white matter tracts sustaining them. We performed a multifiber tractography investigation placing seeds in regions involved in laughter production, as identified by previous intracerebral electrical stimulation studies in humans: the pregenual anterior cingulate (pACC), ventral temporal pole (TPv), frontal operculum (FO), presupplementary motor cortex, and ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens (VS/NAcc). The primary motor cortex (M1) and two subcortical territories were also studied to trace the descending projections. Results provided evidence for the existence of two relatively distinct networks. A first network, including pACC, TPv, and VS/NAcc, is interconnected through the anterior cingulate bundle, the accumbofrontal tract, and the uncinate fasciculus, reaching the brainstem throughout the mamillo-tegmental tract. This network is likely involved in the production of emotional laughter. A second network, anchored to FO and M1, projects to the brainstem motor nuclei through the internal capsule. It is most likely the neural basis of nonemotional and conversational laughter. The two networks interact throughout the pre-SMA that is connected to both pACC and FO.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy
| | - C Pinardi
- Neuroradiology Department, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - G Di Cesare
- Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies Unit, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - G Rizzolatti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Parma 43125, Italy
| | - F Caruana
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Parma 43125, Italy
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Albertini D, Gerbella M, Lanzilotto M, Livi A, Maranesi M, Ferroni CG, Bonini L. Connectional gradients underlie functional transitions in monkey pre-supplementary motor area. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 184:101699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Weston CSE. Four Social Brain Regions, Their Dysfunctions, and Sequelae, Extensively Explain Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptomatology. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E130. [PMID: 31167459 PMCID: PMC6627615 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9060130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a challenging neurodevelopmental disorder with symptoms in social, language, sensory, motor, cognitive, emotional, repetitive behavior, and self-sufficient living domains. The important research question examined is the elucidation of the pathogenic neurocircuitry that underlies ASD symptomatology in all its richness and heterogeneity. The presented model builds on earlier social brain research, and hypothesizes that four social brain regions largely drive ASD symptomatology: amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), temporoparietal cortex (TPC), and insula. The amygdala's contributions to ASD largely derive from its major involvement in fine-grained intangible knowledge representations and high-level guidance of gaze. In addition, disrupted brain regions can drive disturbance of strongly interconnected brain regions to produce further symptoms. These and related effects are proposed to underlie abnormalities of the visual cortex, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), caudate nucleus, and hippocampus as well as associated symptoms. The model is supported by neuroimaging, neuropsychological, neuroanatomical, cellular, physiological, and behavioral evidence. Collectively, the model proposes a novel, parsimonious, and empirically testable account of the pathogenic neurocircuitry of ASD, an extensive account of its symptomatology, a novel physiological biomarker with potential for earlier diagnosis, and novel experiments to further elucidate the mechanisms of brain abnormalities and symptomatology in ASD.
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15
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Sharma S, Mantini D, Vanduffel W, Nelissen K. Functional specialization of macaque premotor F5 subfields with respect to hand and mouth movements: A comparison of task and resting-state fMRI. Neuroimage 2019; 191:441-456. [PMID: 30802514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on architectonic, tract-tracing or functional criteria, the rostral portion of ventral premotor cortex in the macaque monkey, also termed area F5, has been divided into several subfields. Cytoarchitectonical investigations suggest the existence of three subfields, F5c (convexity), F5p (posterior) and F5a (anterior). Electrophysiological investigations have suggested a gradual dorso-ventral transition from hand- to mouth-dominated motor fields, with F5p and ventral F5c strictly related to hand movements and mouth movements, respectively. The involvement of F5a in this respect, however, has received much less attention. Recently, data-driven resting-state fMRI approaches have also been used to examine the presence of distinct functional fields in macaque ventral premotor cortex. Although these studies have suggested several functional clusters in/near macaque F5, so far the parcellation schemes derived from these clustering methods do not completely retrieve the same level of F5 specialization as suggested by aforementioned invasive techniques. Here, using seed-based resting-state fMRI analyses, we examined the functional connectivity of different F5 seeds with key regions of the hand and face/mouth parieto-frontal-insular motor networks. In addition, we trained monkeys to perform either hand grasping or ingestive mouth movements in the scanner in order to compare resting-state with task-derived functional hand and mouth motor networks. In line with previous single-cell investigations, task-fMRI suggests involvement of F5p, dorsal F5c and F5a in the execution of hand grasping movements, while non-communicative mouth movements yielded particularly pronounced responses in ventral F5c. Corroborating with anatomical tracing data of macaque F5 subfields, seed-based resting-state fMRI suggests a transition from predominant functional correlations with the hand-motor network in F5p to mostly mouth-motor network functional correlations in ventral F5c. Dorsal F5c yielded robust functional correlations with both hand- and mouth-motor networks. In addition, the deepest part of the fundus of the inferior arcuate, corresponding to area 44, displayed a strikingly different functional connectivity profile compared to neighboring F5a, suggesting a different functional specialization for these two neighboring regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharma
- Laboratory for Neuro- & Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Mantini
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo - IRCCS, Venezia, Italy
| | - W Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro- & Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - K Nelissen
- Laboratory for Neuro- & Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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From ideas to action: The prefrontal–premotor connections that shape motor behavior. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 163:237-255. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Caruana F, Gerbella M, Avanzini P, Gozzo F, Pelliccia V, Mai R, Abdollahi RO, Cardinale F, Sartori I, Lo Russo G, Rizzolatti G. Motor and emotional behaviours elicited by electrical stimulation of the human cingulate cortex. Brain 2018; 141:3035-3051. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Caruana
- University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Gozzo
- Claudio Munari Center for Epilepsy Surgery, Ospedale Niguarda-Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Pelliccia
- University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Parma, Italy
- Claudio Munari Center for Epilepsy Surgery, Ospedale Niguarda-Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mai
- Claudio Munari Center for Epilepsy Surgery, Ospedale Niguarda-Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Cardinale
- Claudio Munari Center for Epilepsy Surgery, Ospedale Niguarda-Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Sartori
- Claudio Munari Center for Epilepsy Surgery, Ospedale Niguarda-Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Lo Russo
- Claudio Munari Center for Epilepsy Surgery, Ospedale Niguarda-Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rizzolatti
- University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Parma, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Parma, Italy
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18
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Ishida H, Inoue KI, Takada M. Multisynaptic Projections from the Amygdala to the Ventral Premotor Cortex in Macaque Monkeys: Anatomical Substrate for Feeding Behavior. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:3. [PMID: 29403364 PMCID: PMC5780351 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The amygdala codes the visual-gustatory/somatosensory valence for feeding behavior. On the other hand, the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) plays a central role in reaching and grasping movements prerequisite for feeding behavior. This implies that object valence signals derived from the amygdala may be crucial for feeding-related motor actions exerted by PMv. However, since no direct connectivity between the amygdala and PMv has been reported, the structural basis of their functional interactions still remains elusive. In the present study, we employed retrograde transneuronal labeling with rabies virus to identify the amygdalar origin and possible route of multisynaptic projections to PMv in macaque monkeys. Histological analysis of the distribution pattern of labeled neurons has found that PMv receives disynaptic input primarily from the basal nucleus, especially from its intermediate subdivision. It has also been revealed that the medial (e.g., the cingulate motor areas, CMA) and lateral (e.g., the insular cortices) cortical areas, and the cholinergic cell group 4 in the basal forebrain probably mediate the projections from the amygdala to PMv. Such multisynaptic pathways might represent amygdalar influences on PMv functions for feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ishida
- Frontal Lobe Function Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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19
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Cortical and subcortical connections of parietal and premotor nodes of the monkey hand mirror neuron network. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1713-1729. [PMID: 29196811 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mirror neurons (MNs) are a class of cells originally discovered in the monkey ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL). They discharge during both action execution and action observation and appear to play a crucial role in understanding others' actions. It has been proposed that the mirror mechanism is based on a match between the visual description of actions, encoded in temporal cortical regions, and their motor representation, provided by PMv and IPL. However, neurons responding to action observation have been recently found in other cortical regions, suggesting that the mirror mechanism relies on a wider network. Here we provide the first description of this network by injecting neural tracers into physiologically identified IPL and PMv sectors containing hand MNs. Our results show that these sectors are reciprocally connected, in line with the current view, but IPL MN sectors showed virtually no direct connection with temporal visual areas. In addition, we found that PMv and IPL MN sectors share connections with several cortical regions, including the dorsal and mesial premotor cortex, the primary motor cortex, the secondary somatosensory cortex, the mid-dorsal insula and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, as well as subcortical structures, such as motor and polysensory thalamic nuclei and the mid-dorsal claustrum. We propose that each of these regions constitutes a node of an "extended network", through which information relative to ongoing movements, social context, environmental contingencies, abstract rules, and internal states can influence MN activity and contribute to several socio-cognitive functions.
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20
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Fausto C. The Integration of Emotional Expression and Experience: A Pragmatist Review of Recent Evidence From Brain Stimulation. EMOTION REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073917723461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A common view in affective neuroscience considers emotions as a multifaceted phenomenon constituted by independent affective and motor components. Such dualistic connotation, obtained by rephrasing the classic Darwin and James’s theories of emotion, leads to the assumption that emotional expression is controlled by motor centers in the anterior cingulate, frontal operculum, and supplementary motor area, whereas emotional experience depends on interoceptive centers in the insula. Recent stimulation studies provide a different perspective. I will outline two sets of findings. First, affective experiences can be elicited also following the stimulation of motor centers. Second, emotional expressions can be elicited by stimulating interoceptive regions. Echoing the original pragmatist theories of emotion, I will make a case for the notion that emotional experience emerges from the integration of sensory and motor signals, encoded in the same functional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caruana Fausto
- Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Italy
- Unit of Philosophy, University of Parma, Italy
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21
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Ferrari PF, Gerbella M, Coudé G, Rozzi S. Two different mirror neuron networks: The sensorimotor (hand) and limbic (face) pathways. Neuroscience 2017; 358:300-315. [PMID: 28687313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of functional studies investigating mirror neurons (MNs) explored their properties in relation to hand actions, and very few investigated how MNs respond to mouth actions or communicative gestures. Since hand and mouth MNs were recorded in two partially overlapping sectors of the ventral precentral cortex of the macaque monkey, there is a general assumption that they share a same neuroanatomical network, with the parietal cortex as a main source of visual information. In the current review, we challenge this perspective and describe the connectivity pattern of mouth MN sector. The mouth MNs F5/opercular region is connected with premotor, parietal areas mostly related to the somatosensory and motor representation of the face/mouth, and with area PrCO, involved in processing gustatory and somatosensory intraoral input. Unlike hand MNs, mouth MNs do not receive their visual input from parietal regions. Such information related to face/communicative behaviors could come from the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Further strong connections derive from limbic structures involved in encoding emotional facial expressions and motivational/reward processing. These brain structures include the anterior cingulate cortex, the anterior and mid-dorsal insula, orbitofrontal cortex and the basolateral amygdala. The mirror mechanism is therefore composed and supported by at least two different anatomical pathways: one is concerned with sensorimotor transformation in relation to reaching and hand grasping within the traditional parietal-premotor circuits; the second one is linked to the mouth/face motor control and is connected with limbic structures, involved in communication/emotions and reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Ferrari
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives - Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon, 67 Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Unità di Neuroscienze, 39 Volturno, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - M Gerbella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Unità di Neuroscienze, 39 Volturno, 43125 Parma, Italy; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Lecce, Italy
| | - G Coudé
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives - Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon, 67 Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - S Rozzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Unità di Neuroscienze, 39 Volturno, 43125 Parma, Italy
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22
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Borra E, Gerbella M, Rozzi S, Luppino G. The macaque lateral grasping network: A neural substrate for generating purposeful hand actions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:65-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Computational Architecture of the Parieto-Frontal Network Underlying Cognitive-Motor Control in Monkeys. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0306-16. [PMID: 28275714 PMCID: PMC5329620 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0306-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The statistical structure of intrinsic parietal and parieto-frontal connectivity in monkeys was studied through hierarchical cluster analysis. Based on their inputs, parietal and frontal areas were grouped into different clusters, including a variable number of areas that in most instances occupied contiguous architectonic fields. Connectivity tended to be stronger locally: that is, within areas of the same cluster. Distant frontal and parietal areas were targeted through connections that in most instances were reciprocal and often of different strength. These connections linked parietal and frontal clusters formed by areas sharing basic functional properties. This led to five different medio-laterally oriented pillar domains spanning the entire extent of the parieto-frontal system, in the posterior parietal, anterior parietal, cingulate, frontal, and prefrontal cortex. Different information processing streams could be identified thanks to inter-domain connectivity. These streams encode fast hand reaching and its control, complex visuomotor action spaces, hand grasping, action/intention recognition, oculomotor intention and visual attention, behavioral goals and strategies, and reward and decision value outcome. Most of these streams converge on the cingulate domain, the main hub of the system. All of them are embedded within a larger eye–hand coordination network, from which they can be selectively set in motion by task demands.
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24
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Lanzilotto M, Livi A, Maranesi M, Gerbella M, Barz F, Ruther P, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G, Bonini L. Extending the Cortical Grasping Network: Pre-supplementary Motor Neuron Activity During Vision and Grasping of Objects. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:4435-4449. [PMID: 27733538 PMCID: PMC5193144 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Grasping relies on a network of parieto-frontal areas lying on the dorsolateral and dorsomedial parts of the hemispheres. However, the initiation and sequencing of voluntary actions also requires the contribution of mesial premotor regions, particularly the pre-supplementary motor area F6. We recorded 233 F6 neurons from 2 monkeys with chronic linear multishank neural probes during reaching–grasping visuomotor tasks. We showed that F6 neurons play a role in the control of forelimb movements and some of them (26%) exhibit visual and/or motor specificity for the target object. Interestingly, area F6 neurons form 2 functionally distinct populations, showing either visually-triggered or movement-related bursts of activity, in contrast to the sustained visual-to-motor activity displayed by ventral premotor area F5 neurons recorded in the same animals and with the same task during previous studies. These findings suggest that F6 plays a role in object grasping and extend existing models of the cortical grasping network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lanzilotto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Livi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Maranesi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Brain Center for Social and Motor Cognition (BCSMC), 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Brain Center for Social and Motor Cognition (BCSMC), 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Falk Barz
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Ruther
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leonardo Fogassi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rizzolatti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Brain Center for Social and Motor Cognition (BCSMC), 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Bonini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Brain Center for Social and Motor Cognition (BCSMC), 43125 Parma, Italy
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25
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Smile and laughter elicited by electrical stimulation of the frontal operculum. Neuropsychologia 2016; 89:364-370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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26
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Jezzini A, Rozzi S, Borra E, Gallese V, Caruana F, Gerbella M. A shared neural network for emotional expression and perception: an anatomical study in the macaque monkey. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:243. [PMID: 26441573 PMCID: PMC4585325 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the insula has been described as the sensory “interoceptive cortex”. As a consequence, human brain imaging studies have focused on its role in the sensory perception of emotions. However, evidence from neurophysiological studies in non-human primates have shown that the insula is also involved in generating emotional and communicative facial expressions. In particular, a recent study demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the mid-ventral sector of the insula evoked affiliative facial expressions. The present study aimed to describe the cortical connections of this “affiliative field”. To this aim, we identified the region with electrical stimulation and injected neural tracers to label incoming and outgoing projections. Our results show that the insular field underlying emotional expression is part of a network involving specific frontal, cingulate, temporal, and parietal areas, as well as the amygdala, the basal ganglia, and thalamus, indicating that this sector of the insula is a site of integration of motor, emotional, sensory and social information. Together with our previous functional studies, this result challenges the classic view of the insula as a multisensory area merely reflecting bodily and internal visceral states. In contrast, it supports an alternative perspective; that the emotional responses classically attributed to the insular cortex are endowed with an enactive component intrinsic to each social and emotional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jezzini
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stefano Rozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Borra
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | | | - Fausto Caruana
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma Parma, Italy ; Brain Center for Social and Motor Cognition, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma Parma, Italy
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