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Guo Z, Yuan M, Chai J. Mini review advantages and limitations of lytic phages compared with chemical antibiotics to combat bacterial infections. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34849. [PMID: 39148970 PMCID: PMC11324966 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The overuse of antibiotics has caused the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, such as multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and pandrug-resistant bacteria. The treatment of infections caused by such strains has become a formidable challenge. In the post-antibiotic era, phage therapy is an attractive solution for this problem and some successful phase 1 and 2 studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of phage therapy over the last decade. It is a form of evolutionary medicine, phages exhibit immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. However, phage therapy is limited by factors, such as the narrow spectrum of host strains, the special pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in vivo, immune responses, and the development of phage resistance. The aim of this minireview was to compare the potencies of lytic phages and chemical antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. The advantages of phage therapy has fewer side effects, self-replication, evolution, bacterial biofilms eradication, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties compared with chemical antibiotics. Meanwhile, the disadvantages of phage therapy include the narrow spectrum of available host strains, the special pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in vivo, immune responses, and phage resistance hurdles. Recently, some researchers continue to make efforts to overcome these limitations of phage therapy. Phage therapy will be a welcome addition to the gamut of options available for treating antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. We focus on the advantages and limitations of phage therapy with the intention of exploiting the advantages and overcoming the limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Mengyao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jiannan Chai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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2
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Wang H, Xu S, Li S, Su B, Sherrill-Mix S, Liang G. Virome in immunodeficiency: what we know currently. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:2647-2657. [PMID: 37914672 PMCID: PMC10684123 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Over the past few years, the human virome and its complex interactions with microbial communities and the immune system have gained recognition as a crucial factor in human health. Individuals with compromised immune function encounter distinctive challenges due to their heightened vulnerability to a diverse range of infectious diseases. This review aims to comprehensively explore and analyze the growing evidence regarding the role of the virome in immunocompromised disease status. By surveying the latest literature, we present a detailed overview of virome alterations observed in various immunodeficiency conditions. We then delve into the influence and mechanisms of these virome changes on the pathogenesis of specific diseases in immunocompromised individuals. Furthermore, this review explores the clinical relevance of virome studies in the context of immunodeficiency, highlighting the potential diagnostic and therapeutic gains from a better understanding of virome contributions to disease manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Siqi Xu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Scott Sherrill-Mix
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Guanxiang Liang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Jeyaraman M, Jeyaraman N, Konkathi VK, Nallakumarasamy A, Muthu S, Khanna M. Bacteriophage Therapy in Implant-Related Orthopedic Infections. Indian J Orthop 2022; 56:1685-1693. [PMID: 36187582 PMCID: PMC9485506 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-022-00728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm producers pose a major challenge in treating implant-related orthopedic infections (IROIs). The incidence of IROIs for the closed fracture amounts to 1% to 2% whereas for open fracture it is up to 30%. Due to inappropriate and irrational use of antibiotics in the management of infections, there is an emergence of a global "antimicrobial resistance crisis". To combat these antimicrobial resistance crises, a few innovative and targeted therapies like nanomedicine, phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, and sonic therapies have been introduced. In this review, we have detailed the basic mechanisms involved in the employment of bacteriophage therapy for IROIs, along with the preclinical and clinical data on its utility. We also present the guidelines on its regulation, processing, and limitations of bacteriophage therpay to combat the upcoming era of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
- Indian Orthopaedic Rheumatology Association (IORA), Lucknow, India
- Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Indian Orthopaedic Rheumatology Association (IORA), Lucknow, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Atlas Hospitals, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu India
- Dr. RML National Law University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Konkathi
- Indian Orthopaedic Rheumatology Association (IORA), Lucknow, India
- Dr. RML National Law University, Lucknow, India
| | - Arulkumar Nallakumarasamy
- Indian Orthopaedic Rheumatology Association (IORA), Lucknow, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Indian Orthopaedic Rheumatology Association (IORA), Lucknow, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu India
- Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Manish Khanna
- Indian Orthopaedic Rheumatology Association (IORA), Lucknow, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Autonomous State Medical College, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh India
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4
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El Haddad L, Angelidakis G, Clark JR, Mendoza JF, Terwilliger AL, Chaftari CP, Duna M, Yusuf ST, Harb CP, Stibich M, Maresso A, Chemaly RF. Genomic and Functional Characterization of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci-Specific Bacteriophages in the Galleria mellonella Wax Moth Larvae Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1591. [PMID: 36015218 PMCID: PMC9414631 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phages are naturally occurring viruses that selectively kill bacterial species without disturbing the individual's normal flora, averting the collateral damage of antimicrobial usage. The safety and the effectiveness of phages have been mainly confirmed in the food industry as well as in animal models. In this study, we report on the successful isolation of phages specific to Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, including Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) and Enterococcus faecalis from sewage samples, and demonstrate their efficacy and safety for VREfm infection in the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella model. No virulence-associated genes, antibiotic resistance genes or integrases were detected in the phages' genomes, rendering them safe to be used in an in vivo model. Phages may be considered as potential agents for therapy for bacterial infections secondary to multidrug-resistant organisms such as VREfm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn El Haddad
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (L.E.H.); (J.F.M.)
| | - Georgios Angelidakis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (G.A.); (C.P.C.); (M.D.); (S.T.Y.); (C.P.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Justin R. Clark
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.R.C.); (A.L.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Jesus F. Mendoza
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (L.E.H.); (J.F.M.)
| | - Austen L. Terwilliger
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.R.C.); (A.L.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Christopher P. Chaftari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (G.A.); (C.P.C.); (M.D.); (S.T.Y.); (C.P.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Mark Duna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (G.A.); (C.P.C.); (M.D.); (S.T.Y.); (C.P.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Serena T. Yusuf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (G.A.); (C.P.C.); (M.D.); (S.T.Y.); (C.P.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Cynthia P. Harb
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (G.A.); (C.P.C.); (M.D.); (S.T.Y.); (C.P.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Mark Stibich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (G.A.); (C.P.C.); (M.D.); (S.T.Y.); (C.P.H.); (M.S.)
- Xenex Disinfection Services, San Antonio, TX 78216, USA
| | - Anthony Maresso
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.R.C.); (A.L.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Roy F. Chemaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (G.A.); (C.P.C.); (M.D.); (S.T.Y.); (C.P.H.); (M.S.)
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5
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Zhou X, Moore BB. Experimental Models of Infectious Pulmonary Complications Following Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718603. [PMID: 34484223 PMCID: PMC8415416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients. The prevalence and type of infection changes over time and is influenced by the course of immune reconstitution post-transplant. The interaction between pathogens and host immune responses is complex in HCT settings, since the conditioning regimens create periods of neutropenia and immunosuppressive drugs are often needed to prevent graft rejection and limit graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Experimental murine models of transplantation are valuable tools for dissecting the procedure-related alterations to innate and adaptive immunity. Here we review mouse models of post-HCT infectious pulmonary complications, primarily focused on three groups of pathogens that frequently infect HCT recipients: bacteria (often P. aeruginosa), fungus (primarily Aspergillus fumigatus), and viruses (primarily herpesviruses). These mouse models have advanced our knowledge regarding how the conditioning and HCT process negatively impacts innate immunity and have provided new potential strategies of managing the infections. Studies using mouse models have also validated clinical observations suggesting that prior or occult infections are a potential etiology of noninfectious pulmonary complications post-HCT as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhou
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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6
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance represents a threat to human health. It has been suggested that by 2050, antibiotic-resistant infections could cause ten million deaths each year. In orthopaedics, many patients undergoing surgery suffer from complications resulting from implant-associated infection. In these circumstances secondary surgery is usually required and chronic and/or relapsing disease may ensue. The development of effective treatments for antibiotic-resistant infections is needed. Recent evidence shows that bacteriophage (phages; viruses that infect bacteria) therapy may represent a viable and successful solution. In this review, a brief description of bone and joint infection and the nature of bacteriophages is presented, as well as a summary of our current knowledge on the use of bacteriophages in the treatment of bacterial infections. We present contemporary published in vitro and in vivo data as well as data from clinical trials, as they relate to bone and joint infections. We discuss the potential use of bacteriophage therapy in orthopaedic infections. This area of research is beginning to reveal successful results, but mostly in nonorthopaedic fields. We believe that bacteriophage therapy has potential therapeutic value for implant-associated infections in orthopaedics. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):234-244.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Gibb
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
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7
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Caflisch KM, Suh GA, Patel R. Biological challenges of phage therapy and proposed solutions: a literature review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:1011-1041. [PMID: 31735090 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1694905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In light of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, phage (bacteriophage) therapy has been recognized as a potential alternative or addition to antibiotics in Western medicine for use in humans.Areas covered: This review assessed the scientific literature on phage therapy published between 1 January 2007 and 21 October 2019, with a focus on the successes and challenges of this prospective therapeutic.Expert opinion: Efficacy has been shown in animal models and experimental findings suggest promise for the safety of human phagotherapy. Significant challenges remain to be addressed prior to the standardization of phage therapy in the West, including the development of phage-resistant bacteria; the pharmacokinetic complexities of phage; and any potential human immune response incited by phagotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Caflisch
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gina A Suh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robin Patel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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8
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Chang RYK, Wallin M, Lin Y, Leung SSY, Wang H, Morales S, Chan HK. Phage therapy for respiratory infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 133:76-86. [PMID: 30096336 PMCID: PMC6226339 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A respiratory infection caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be life-threatening. In recent years, there has been tremendous effort put towards therapeutic application of bacteriophages (phages) as an alternative or supplementary treatment option over conventional antibiotics. Phages are natural parasitic viruses of bacteria that can kill the bacterial host, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Inhaled phage therapy involves the development of stable phage formulations suitable for inhalation delivery followed by preclinical and clinical studies for assessment of efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety. We presented an overview of recent advances in phage formulation for inhalation delivery and their efficacy in acute and chronic rodent respiratory infection models. We have reviewed and presented on the prospects of inhaled phage therapy as a complementary treatment option with current antibiotics and as a preventative means. Inhaled phage therapy has the potential to transform the prevention and treatment of bacterial respiratory infections, including those caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Wallin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yu Lin
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sharon Sui Yee Leung
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sandra Morales
- AmpliPhi Biosciences AU, Brookvale, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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9
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Marek A, Pyzik E, Stępień-Pyśniak D, Urban-Chmiel R, Nowaczek A. Characterization of bacteriophages and their carriage in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from broilers in Poland. Br Poult Sci 2018; 60:373-380. [PMID: 29320875 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1426831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was the isolation and morphological characterization of temperate bacteriophages induced from Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical samples from broiler chickens and turkeys. 2. Eighty-five S. aureus strains were tested for susceptibility to oxacillin in order to determine which were methicillin resistant (MRSA). A total of 24 strains showed resistance to methicillin. 3. Thirty-one bacteriophages that were lytic against S. aureus strains were isolated and the host range of the bacteriophages was evaluated. Based on the presence of a specific nucleotide sequence, molecular identification of bacteriophages was performed and the presence of genes responsible for the production of classical enterotoxins (A-E) was also analysed. 4. All the isolated bacteriophages had an icosahedral head and a long, thin, non-contractile flexible tail, characteristic of the family Siphoviridae of the order Caudovirales. Based on multiplex PCR results, the phages were found to belong to serogroups A, B and F (Fa, Fb subgroup), which include mostly temperate phages infecting S. aureus. 5. The titre of the phages ranged from 10-4 to 10-9 PFU/ml. The bacteriophages exhibited strong lytic properties against some of the strains of Staphylococcus. The broadest spectrum of activity against the strains was observed in the case of phages sa2, sa3, sa6, sa12, sa15 and sa21. 6. The PCR results showed that of the 31 bacteriophage DNA samples, 4 (12.9%) appeared to have enterotoxigenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marek
- a Sub-Department of Preventive Veterinary and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Life Sciences in Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - E Pyzik
- a Sub-Department of Preventive Veterinary and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Life Sciences in Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - D Stępień-Pyśniak
- a Sub-Department of Preventive Veterinary and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Life Sciences in Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - R Urban-Chmiel
- a Sub-Department of Preventive Veterinary and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Life Sciences in Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - A Nowaczek
- a Sub-Department of Preventive Veterinary and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Life Sciences in Lublin , Lublin , Poland
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10
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Shafique M, Alvi IA, Abbas Z, Ur Rehman S. Assessment of biofilm removal capacity of a broad host range bacteriophage JHP against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. APMIS 2017; 125:579-584. [PMID: 28418081 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an efficient biofilm-dwelling microbial pathogen, associated with nosocomial infections. These biofilm-associated infections are resistant to antibiotics and immune defenses, therefore pose major problem against their treatment. This scenario demands alternative therapeutic regimens, and bacteriophage therapy is one among potential strategies for clinical management of multiple drug resistance. In this investigation, the efficacy of a bacteriophage, JHP, is evaluated to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilms. Growth kinetics of P. aeruginosa biofilm revealed that the highest cell density biofilm (1.5 × 1016 CFU/mL) was established within the polystyrene microtiter plate at 72 h post inoculation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms of different ages, treated with JHP (0.6 MOI) for different post-infection durations, reduced biomass from 2 to 4.5 logs (60-90%). JHP treatment before biofilm development reduced the bacterial load up to 9 logs (>95% bacterial load reduction) as compared with untreated control, which highlights its potential to prevent biofilm formation in indwelling medical devices. Combinations of JHP with other phages or antibiotics could be an efficient alternative for P. aeruginosa biofilm removal in clinical and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muafia Shafique
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad Alvi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zaigham Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Górski A, Międzybrodzki R, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Fortuna W, Letkiewicz S, Rogóż P, Jończyk-Matysiak E, Dąbrowska K, Majewska J, Borysowski J. Phage Therapy: Combating Infections with Potential for Evolving from Merely a Treatment for Complications to Targeting Diseases. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1515. [PMID: 27725811 PMCID: PMC5035766 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is considered to be one of the greatest challenges of medicine and our civilization. Lack of progress in developing new anti-bacterial agents has greatly revived interest in using phage therapy to combat antibiotic-resistant infections. Although a number of clinical trials are underway and more are planned, the realistic perspective of registration of phage preparations and their entering the health market and significantly contributing to the current antimicrobial crisis is rather remote. Therefore, in addition to planning further clinical trials, our present approach of phage treatment carried out as experimental therapy (compassionate use) should be expanded to address the growing and urgent needs of increasing cohorts of patients for whom no alternative treatment is currently available. During the past 11 years of our phage therapy center’s operation, we have obtained relevant clinical and laboratory data which not only confirm the safety of the therapy but also provide important information shedding more light on many aspects of the therapy, contributing to its optimization and allowing for construction of the most appropriate clinical trials. New data on phage biology and interactions with the immune system suggest that in the future phage therapy may evolve from dealing with complications to targeting diseases. However, further studies are necessary to confirm this promising trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Górski
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, WroclawPoland; Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, WroclawPoland; Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, The Medical University of Warsaw, WarsawPoland
| | - Ryszard Międzybrodzki
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, WroclawPoland; Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, WroclawPoland; Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, The Medical University of Warsaw, WarsawPoland
| | - Beata Weber-Dąbrowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, WroclawPoland; Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, WroclawPoland
| | - Wojciech Fortuna
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, WroclawPoland; Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, WroclawPoland
| | - Sławomir Letkiewicz
- Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, WroclawPoland; Katowice School of Economics, KatowicePoland
| | - Paweł Rogóż
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, WroclawPoland; Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, WroclawPoland
| | - Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw Poland
| | - Krystyna Dąbrowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw Poland
| | - Joanna Majewska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw Poland
| | - Jan Borysowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw Poland
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12
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Burrowes B, Harper DR, Anderson J, McConville M, Enright MC. Bacteriophage therapy: potential uses in the control of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 9:775-85. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Manepalli S, Gandhi JA, Ekhar VV, Asplund MB, Coelho C, Martinez LR. Characterization of a cyclophosphamide-induced murine model of immunosuppression to study Acinetobacter baumannii pathogenesis. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1747-1754. [PMID: 24000227 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.060004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative bacterium that opportunistically infects critically ill hospitalized patients with breaches in skin integrity and airway protection, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Considering the paucity of well-established animal models of immunosuppression to study A. baumannii pathogenesis, we set out to characterize a murine model of immunosuppression using the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (CYP). We hypothesized that CYP-induced immunosuppression would increase the susceptibility of C57BL/6 mice to developing A. baumannii-mediated pneumonia followed by systemic disease. We demonstrated that CYP intensified A. baumannii-mediated pulmonary disease, abrogated normal immune cell function and led to altered pro-inflammatory cytokine release. The development of an animal model that mimics A. baumannii infection onset in immunosuppressed individuals is crucial for generating novel approaches to patient care and improving public health strategies to decrease exposure to infection for individuals at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Manepalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Jay A Gandhi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Vaibhav V Ekhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Melissa B Asplund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Carolina Coelho
- PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra and Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Luis R Martinez
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post, Brookville, NY, USA
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14
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Łobocka M, Hejnowicz MS, Dąbrowski K, Gozdek A, Kosakowski J, Witkowska M, Ulatowska MI, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Kwiatek M, Parasion S, Gawor J, Kosowska H, Głowacka A. Genomics of staphylococcal Twort-like phages--potential therapeutics of the post-antibiotic era. Adv Virus Res 2012; 83:143-216. [PMID: 22748811 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394438-2.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyvalent bacteriophages of the genus Twort-like that infect clinically relevant Staphylococcus strains may be among the most promising phages with potential therapeutic applications. They are obligatorily lytic, infect the majority of Staphylococcus strains in clinical strain collections, propagate efficiently and do not transfer foreign DNA by transduction. Comparative genomic analysis of 11 S. aureus/S. epidermidis Twort-like phages, as presented in this chapter, emphasizes their strikingly high similarity and clear divergence from phage Twort of the same genus, which might have evolved in hosts of a different species group. Genetically, these phages form a relatively isolated group, which minimizes the risk of acquiring potentially harmful genes. The order of genes in core parts of their 127 to 140-kb genomes is conserved and resembles that found in related representatives of the Spounavirinae subfamily of myoviruses. Functions of certain conserved genes can be predicted based on their homology to prototypical genes of model spounavirus SPO1. Deletions in the genomes of certain phages mark genes that are dispensable for phage development. Nearly half of the genes of these phages have no known homologues. Unique genes are mostly located near termini of the virion DNA molecule and are expressed early in phage development as implied by analysis of their potential transcriptional signals. Thus, many of them are likely to play a role in host takeover. Single genes encode homologues of bacterial virulence-associated proteins. They were apparently acquired by a common ancestor of these phages by horizontal gene transfer but presumably evolved towards gaining functions that increase phage infectivity for bacteria or facilitate mature phage release. Major differences between the genomes of S. aureus/S. epidermidis Twort-like phages consist of single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions of short stretches of nucleotides, single genes, or introns of group I. Although the number and location of introns may vary between particular phages, intron shuffling is unlikely to be a major factor responsible for specificity differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Łobocka
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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15
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Borysowski J, Lobocka M, Międzybrodzki R, Weber-Dabrowska B, Górski A. Potential of bacteriophages and their lysins in the treatment of MRSA: current status and future perspectives. BioDrugs 2012; 25:347-55. [PMID: 22050337 DOI: 10.2165/11595610-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that specifically infect and kill bacteria. Lysins are enzymes of bacteriophage origin that cleave covalent bonds in peptidoglycan, thereby inducing rapid lysis of a bacterial cell. As potential antibacterial agents, phages and lysins have some important features in common, especially the capacity to kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a narrow antibacterial range, and lack of toxic effects on mammalian cells. In this article we present the staphylococcal phages and their lysins that can be used to combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), one of today's most dangerous pathogens. We also discuss the use of phages as vectors specifically delivering different antibacterial agents to bacterial cells. Experimental data show that both phages and lysins could be effective in the treatment of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borysowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Warsaw Medical University, Poland.
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16
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Doerr HW, Cinatl J. Recent publications in medical microbiology and immunology: a retrospective. Med Microbiol Immunol 2011; 201:1-5. [PMID: 22033658 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-011-0219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A look back is done to some clinical and basic research activities recently published in medical microbiology and immunology. The review covers clinical experiences and in vitro experiments to understand the emergency, pathogenicity, epidemic spread, and vaccine-based prevention of avian and swine-origin flu. Some new developments and concepts in diagnosis, (molecular) epidemiology, and therapy of AIDS, viral hepatitis C, and herpesvirus-associated diseases are outlined. Regulation of immune system has been discussed in a special issue 2010 including some aspects of CNS affections (measles). Mycobacterial infection and its prevention by modern recombinant vaccines have reached new interest, as well as new concepts of vaccination and prophylaxis against several other bacteria. Adaptation to host niches enables immune escape (example brucella) and determines virulence (example N. meningitidis). Chlamydia pneumoniae, previously considered to trigger atherosclerosis, is hypothetically associated to Alzheimer disease, while CMV, another putative trigger of atherosclerosis, gains evidence of oncomodulation in CNS tumor diseases. In terms of globalization, exotic virus infections are increasingly imported from southern countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Doerr
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital of Frankfurt/M., Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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17
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Fighting bacterial infections—Future treatment options. Drug Resist Updat 2011; 14:125-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Granslo HN, Klingenberg C, Fredheim EGA, Rønnestad A, Mollnes TE, Flaegstad T. Arginine catabolic mobile element is associated with low antibiotic resistance and low pathogenicity in Staphylococcus epidermidis from neonates. Pediatr Res 2010; 68:237-41. [PMID: 20703143 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181eb01e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) in Staphylococci encodes several putative virulence factors. ACME appears to have been transferred from Staphylococcus epidermidis into Staphylococcus aureus and is strongly associated with the epidemic and virulent S. aureus USA300. We sought to determine the distribution of ACME in 128 S. epidermidis blood culture isolates from neonates and to assess ACME's impact on antibiotic resistance, biofilm production, invasive capacity, and host inflammatory response. ACME was detected in 15/64 (23%) invasive blood culture isolates and 26/64 (40%) blood culture contaminants (p = 0.02). ACME-positive S. epidermidis isolates displayed less antibiotic resistance (p < 0.001) and were collected from more mature neonates (p = 0.001). Biofilm production was more prevalent among ACME-negative isolates (61/87) compared with ACME positive (18/41; p = 0.004). Among the 64 children considered having an invasive infection, ACME did not influence the maximum C-reactive protein level. In an in vitro whole-blood sepsis model, there were no differences in the inflammatory response between ACME-positive and ACME-negative isolates. We conclude that ACME in S. epidermidis from neonates was associated with less antibiotic resistance and also does not seem to be associated with increased pathogenicity.
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