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Zhang B, Xu J, Song X, Wang T, Quan Z, Qian M, Liu W, Song N. Characterization and Comparison of Genetic Variation in Clinical Varicella-Zoster Virus Isolates Collected from Shanghai and Urumqi, China. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 73:226-230. [PMID: 32009054 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and zoster. Considering that VZV is a relatively and genetically stable virus, its global surveillance clades provide essential information for VZV evolution, immigration, and importation of different viral strains and recombination events. Eighty-eight VZV isolates from China (Shanghai and Urumqi) were genotyped using a scattered single-nucleotide polymorphism method in this prospective study. Our results were based on sequencing the open reading frames 1, 6, 12, 16, 17, 21, 22, 35, 37, 38, 50, 54, 55, 56, 60, and 66. We found that the majority of these 88 strains (81.8%) belonged to Clade 2 with significantly high homogeneity from Shanghai. However, in the Urumqi area, some strains were grouped to Clade 5, and some could not be attributed to any of the established VZV clades, although the majority of Urumqi strains belonged to Clade 2. Our results illustrated that due to geographical location, VZV could undergo genetic recombination, suggesting that VZV diversity is more complicated in certain areas and geographical separation contributes to VZV complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Xu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Karamay People's Hospital
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Zhe Quan
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Miao Qian
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Ningjing Song
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
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González I, Molina-Ortega A, Pérez-Romero P, Echevarría JE, He L, Tarragó D. Varicella-zoster virus clades circulating in Spain over two decades. J Clin Virol 2018; 110:17-21. [PMID: 30517902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite childhood universal VZV immunization was introduced in 2015, there are no data on VZV clade distribution in Spain. OBJECTIVES To characterize the varicella-zoster virus strains circulating in Spain between 1997 and 2016. STUDY DESIGN In this retrospective study, we determined the VZV clades in 294 patients with different pathologies (mainly encephalitis, zoster and varicella) by sequencing three fragments within ORF 22, ORF 21 and ORF 50 and, subsequently analyzing 7 relevant SNPs. RESULTS Among these 294 patients, 132(44.9%) patients were infected by clade 1, 42(14.3%) patients by clade 3, 19(6.5%) by clade 5, 29(9.9%) by clade VI and 3(1%) by clade 4. Four patients (1.4%) were infected by clade 2 vOKA strains, who received one dose of live-attenuated varicella vaccine. Putative recombinant clade 1/3 was identified in 6 cases (2.0%). Results obtained from partial sequences were assigned to clade 1 or 3 in 56(19%) patients and clade 5 or VI in 3(1.0%) patients. In the multivariate analysis, encephalitis was independently associated with clades 1 and 3 and age >14y.o. (P = 0.035 and P = 0.021, respectively). Additionally, Madrid had significant fewer cases of encephalitis compared with the rest of regions analyzed (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher prevalence of clades 1 and 3 and their relation with encephalitis and age >14y.o. suggest earlier introduction of this clades in Spain. Putative interclade 1 and 3 recombinants are circulating in patients with encephalitis, herpes zoster and varicella. Several cases were related to vOKA vaccination but vaccine strains do not seem to circulate in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene González
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Alejandro Molina-Ortega
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/University of Sevilla, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío. Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez-Romero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Juan E Echevarría
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lante He
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - David Tarragó
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain.
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Boštíková V, Sleha R, Boštík P. Genotyping of Varicella Zoster Virus Clinical Isolates from the Czech Republic. Cent Eur J Public Health 2017; 24:331-332. [PMID: 28095291 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Boštíková
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Sleha
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Boštík
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Choi UY, Huh DH, Kim JH, Kang JH. Seropositivity of Varicella zoster virus in vaccinated Korean children and MAV vaccine group. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2560-2564. [PMID: 27484734 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1190056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2005, a single-dose varicella vaccination was incorporated into the national immunization program in Korea. Although the Oka strain is the most commonly circulating Varicella zoster virus (VZV) genotype in Korea, a domestically manufactured vaccine based on the MAV strain is widely distributed in Korea. High vaccination coverage was achieved, but breakthrough infections were frequently reported. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to analyze the maintenance of immunity after single-dose vaccination and to compare the immunity provided by the MAV and Oka vaccines. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of samples from 715 vaccinated Korean children were used to assess seropositivity rates against VZV. Additionally, fluorescent-antibody-to-membrane-antigen (FAMA) tests were performed in 35 individuals in the MAV vaccine group, and seropositivity rates against the Oka strain were determined. The progressive decrease of the seropositivity rate was demonstrated from ages 1 to 4 as follows: 65% in age 1, 59% in age 2, 53% in age 3, 49% in age 4. It then increased to 62% in age 5 and 70% in age 6. Both the MAV and Oka vaccine groups showed a progressive decrease of the seropositivity rate from the age of 1 to 4 years, but the MAV vaccine group had higher seropositivity rates. In FAMA test, the MAV group demonstrated 71% seropositivity against the Oka strain. This study indicates that immunity wanes after single-dose varicella vaccination and that the MAV vaccine is not inferior to the Oka vaccine in providing immunity against VZV. The MAV vaccine also induced cross-immunity against circulating Oka strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui Yoon Choi
- a Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea , Dongdaemungu, Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Huh
- b The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- c The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent's Hospital , Gyeonggi-do, Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han Kang
- d Department of Pediatrics , College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Karbalaie Niya MH, Bokharaei Salim F, Tavakoli A, Reza Monavari SH, Esghaei M, Tameshkel FS, Keyvani H. Varicella zoster virus genotyping in chickenpox patient's clinical isolates from Iran. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and zoster infections. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of VZV genotypes among Iranian patients. Materials & methods: From 2010 to 2015, 244 patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, 45 of whom were positive for VZV DNA. Both direct sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism assay were performed for 19 positive specimens. SPSS v.20 was used for statistics. Results: The predominant VZV genotype was M1 (84.2%) followed by genotype E (10.5%) and genotype J (5.3%). Restriction fragment length polymorphism demonstrated that 17 strains were PstI+ BglI+ (M1 and/or J genotypes) and 2 were PstI+ BglI- (E genotype). Conclusion: This research is a prelim study on VZV genotyping. Further investigations will help to confirm the VZV genotype prevalence reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmad Tavakoli
- Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Gastrointestinal & Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sauerbrei A. Varicella-zoster virus infections - antiviral therapy and diagnosis. GMS INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 4:Doc01. [PMID: 30671315 PMCID: PMC6301744 DOI: 10.3205/id000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus is an important human pathogen that causes varicella after primary infection and zoster after recurrence. Following primary infection, the virus remains latently for life in dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglia. Varicella and zoster are worldwide widespread diseases and may be associated with significant complications. This manuscript presents a short overview about the fundamental knowledge including the most important clinical signs, the capabilities for antiviral treatment and the spectrum of methods for laboratory diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sauerbrei
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, German Consulting Laboratory for HSV and VZV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Andreas Sauerbrei, Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany, Phone: +49-3641-9395700, Fax: +49-3641-9395702, E-mail:
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Sauerbrei A. Diagnosis, antiviral therapy, and prophylaxis of varicella-zoster virus infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:723-34. [PMID: 26873382 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), an important member of the Herpesviridae family, is the etiological agent of varicella as primary infection and zoster as recurrence. An outstanding feature is the lifelong viral latency in dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglia. Both varicella and zoster are worldwide widespread diseases that may be associated with significant complications. However, there is a broad spectrum of laboratory methods to diagnose VZV infections. In contrast to many other viral infections, antiviral treatment of VZV infections and their prevention by vaccination or passive immunoprophylaxis are well established in medical practice. The present manuscript provides an overview about the basic knowledge of VZV infections, their laboratory diagnosis, antiviral therapy, and the prevention procedures, especially in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sauerbrei
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, German Consulting Laboratory for HSV and VZV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, Jena, Germany.
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Weinert LA, Depledge DP, Kundu S, Gershon AA, Nichols RA, Balloux F, Welch JJ, Breuer J. Rates of vaccine evolution show strong effects of latency: implications for varicella zoster virus epidemiology. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:1020-8. [PMID: 25568346 PMCID: PMC4379407 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and shingles, and is found in human populations worldwide. The lack of temporal signal in the diversity of VZV makes substitution rate estimates unreliable, which is a barrier to understanding the context of its global spread. Here, we estimate rates of evolution by studying live attenuated vaccines, which evolved in 22 vaccinated patients for known periods of time, sometimes, but not always undergoing latency. We show that the attenuated virus evolves rapidly (∼ 10(-6) substitutions/site/day), but that rates decrease dramatically when the virus undergoes latency. These data are best explained by a model in which viral populations evolve for around 13 days before becoming latent, but then undergo no replication during latency. This implies that rates of viral evolution will depend strongly on transmission patterns. Nevertheless, we show that implausibly long latency periods are required to date the most recent common ancestor of extant VZV to an "out-of-Africa" migration with humans, as has been previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Weinert
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P Depledge
- Division of Infection and Immunity, MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samit Kundu
- Division of Infection and Immunity, MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne A Gershon
- Division of Infectious Disease, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, USA
| | - Richard A Nichols
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Balloux
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - John J Welch
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Quinlivan M, Sengupta N, Papaevangelou V, Sauerbrei A, Grillner L, Rousseva R, Hague R, Lutsar I, Jogi P, Leca A, Grytchol R, Alain S, Breuer J. Use of oral fluid to examine the molecular epidemiology of varicella zoster virus in the United Kingdom and continental Europe. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:588-93. [PMID: 23087434 PMCID: PMC3549596 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated oral fluid (OF) as an alternative to sampling of rashes for varicella zoster virus (VZV) genotyping and further characterized VZV clade prevalence in the United Kingdom and Europe. VZV was detected in up to 91% of OF specimens. Paired OF and vesicle fluid samples contained identical VZV clades. While clades 1 and 3 were the most prevalent across the United Kingdom and Europe, in Western Europe, clade 5 viruses were circulating. Viruses from the same outbreak belonged to different clades, but no clade was associated with a severe-disease phenotype. OF is suitable and convenient for large-scale molecular epidemiological studies of VZV.
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Varicella Outbreak in an Indian Couple Living in Germany Caused by VZV Clade VI Acquired during a Trip to The Netherlands. Case Rep Med 2012; 2012:838241. [PMID: 22481957 PMCID: PMC3312227 DOI: 10.1155/2012/838241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the cause of varicella and zoster, is divided into five major clades and four provisional clades, the latter of which have been rarely reported worldwide to date. We present a varicella outbreak by the provisional clade VI within an Indian couple in Germany returning from a trip to Amsterdam. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of varicella by the VZV clade VI described in Germany, but the disease was acquired in The Netherlands.
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Sequencing of 21 varicella-zoster virus genomes reveals two novel genotypes and evidence of recombination. J Virol 2011; 86:1608-22. [PMID: 22130537 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06233-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping of 21 varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains using a scattered single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) method revealed ambiguous SNPs and two nontypeable isolates. For a further genetic characterization, the genomes of all strains were sequenced using the 454 technology. Almost-complete genome sequences were assembled, and most remaining gaps were closed with Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of 42 genomes revealed five established and two novel VZV genotypes, provisionally termed VIII and IX. Genotypes VIII and IX are distinct from the previously reported provisional genotypes VI and VII as judged from the SNP pattern. The alignments showed evidence of ancient recombination events in the phylogeny of clade 4 and recent recombinations within single strains: 3/2005 (clade 1), 11 and 405/2007 (clade 3), 8 and DR (clade 4), CA123 and 413/2000 (clade 5), and strains of the novel genotypes VIII and IX. Bayesian tree inference of the thymidine kinase and the polymerase genes of the VZV clades and other varicelloviruses revealed that VZV radiation began some 110,000 years ago, which correlates with the out-of-Africa dispersal of modern humans. The split of ancestral clades 2/4 and 1/3/5/VIII/IX shows the greatest node height.
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Doerr HW, Cinatl J. Recent publications in medical microbiology and immunology: a retrospective. Med Microbiol Immunol 2011; 201:1-5. [PMID: 22033658 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-011-0219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A look back is done to some clinical and basic research activities recently published in medical microbiology and immunology. The review covers clinical experiences and in vitro experiments to understand the emergency, pathogenicity, epidemic spread, and vaccine-based prevention of avian and swine-origin flu. Some new developments and concepts in diagnosis, (molecular) epidemiology, and therapy of AIDS, viral hepatitis C, and herpesvirus-associated diseases are outlined. Regulation of immune system has been discussed in a special issue 2010 including some aspects of CNS affections (measles). Mycobacterial infection and its prevention by modern recombinant vaccines have reached new interest, as well as new concepts of vaccination and prophylaxis against several other bacteria. Adaptation to host niches enables immune escape (example brucella) and determines virulence (example N. meningitidis). Chlamydia pneumoniae, previously considered to trigger atherosclerosis, is hypothetically associated to Alzheimer disease, while CMV, another putative trigger of atherosclerosis, gains evidence of oncomodulation in CNS tumor diseases. In terms of globalization, exotic virus infections are increasingly imported from southern countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Doerr
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital of Frankfurt/M., Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Sauerbrei A, Stefanski J, Gruhn B, Wutzler P. Immune response of varicella vaccinees to different varicella-zoster virus genotypes. Vaccine 2011; 29:3873-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Sauerbrei A, Wiesener N, Zell R, Wutzler P. Sequence analysis of the glycoprotein E gene of varicella-zoster virus strains of clades 1, 3 and 5. Arch Virol 2010; 156:505-9. [PMID: 21116830 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-six varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains of clades 1, 3 and 5, isolated from varicella and zoster patients in Germany, were analyzed by sequencing the glycoprotein E gene. Four novel non-synonymous and 10 novel synonymous mutations were detected. Of these, two synonymous (C513T, C885T) and two non-synonymous mutations (T485G, C524T) were located within the coding regions of e1 and c1. The profile of single-nucleotide polymorphisms was found to be significantly associated with the VZV clades 1, 3 and 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sauerbrei
- Reference Laboratory for HSV and VZV, Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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