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Borodianskiy-Shteinberg T, Bisht P, Das B, Kinchington PR, Goldstein RS. Commercial human 3D corneal epithelial equivalents for modeling epithelial infection in herpes keratitis. Virology 2024; 595:110096. [PMID: 38710129 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Herpes stromal keratitis is the leading cause of infectious blindness in the western world. Infection by HSV1 is most common, but VZV and hCMV also infect the cornea. Multiple models of HSV1 corneal infection exist, but none for VZV and hCMV because of their host specificity. Here, we used commercially available 3D human corneal epithelial equivalents (HCEE) to study infection by these herpesviruses. HCEE was infected by HSV-1 and hCMV without requiring scarification and resulted in spreading infections. Spread of HSV-1 infection was rapid, while that of hCMV was slow. In contrast, infections with VZV required damage to the HCEE and did not spread. Acyclovir dramatically reduced replication of HSV-1 in this model. We conclude that highly quality-controlled, readily available HCEE is a useful model to study human-restricted herpesvirus infection of the human corneal epithelium and for screening of antiviral drugs for treating HSK in an 3D model system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Punam Bisht
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Biswajit Das
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Departments of Ophthalmology and of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ronald S Goldstein
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel.
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To EE. Cell and Tissue Specific Metabolism of Nucleoside and Nucleotide Drugs: Case Studies and Implications for Precision Medicine. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:360-368. [PMID: 36446610 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clinically used antiviral drugs are nucleoside or nucleotide analog drugs, which have a unique mechanism of action that requires intracellular phosphorylation. This dependence on intracellular activation presents novel challenges for the discovery and development of nucleoside/nucleotide analog drugs. Contrary to many small molecule drug development programs that rely on plasma pharmacokinetics and systemic exposures, the precise mechanisms that result in efficacious intracellular nucleoside triphosphate concentrations must be understood in the process of nucleoside/nucleotide drug development. The importance is highlighted here, using the following as case studies: the herpes treatment acyclovir, the cytomegalovirus therapy ganciclovir, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatments based on tenofovir, which are also in use for HIV prophylaxis. For each drug, the specificity of metabolism that results in its activation in different cells or tissues is discussed, and the implications explored. Acyclovir's dependence on a viral enzyme for activation provides selective pressure for resistance mutations. Ganciclovir is also dependent on a viral enzyme for activation, and suicide gene therapy capitalizes on that for a novel oncology treatment. The tissue of most relevance for tenofovir activation depends on its use as treatment or as prophylaxis, and the pharmacogenomics and drug-drug interactions in those tissues must be considered. Finally, differential metabolism of different tenofovir prodrugs and its effects on toxicity risk are explored. Taken together, these examples highlight the importance of understanding tissue specific metabolism for optimal use of nucleoside/nucleotide drugs in the clinic. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Nucleoside and nucleotide analogue drugs are cornerstones in current antiviral therapy and prevention efforts that require intracellular phosphorylation for activity. Understanding their cell and tissue specific metabolism enables their rational, precision use for maximum efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine E To
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
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Li X, Li X, Gong W, Wang G, Lu Z, Wu N, Lian C, Huang L, Inoue N. Titration of cell-associated varicella-zoster virus with the MV9G reporter cell line for antiviral studies. J Virol Methods 2018; 260:14-20. [PMID: 29966597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Titration of the cell-associated virus (CAV) of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is essential for antiviral studies. A VZV reporter cell line, MV9G, generated in our previous study expresses firefly luciferase upon CAV infection in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that use of the cell line for titration is feasible. In this study, MeWo cells infected with VZV vaccine Oka (vOka) strain or with clinical isolates obtained from patients with varicella or zoster were used as CAV. A co-culture of MV9G cells with the virus-infected MeWo cells were set up and optimized for titration of CAV. Luciferase activities of MV9G cells measured as relative light units (RLUs) of chemiluminescence correlated well (r > 0.9, p < 0.05) both with quantities of viral DNAs measured by TaqMan PCR and with numbers of viral foci detected by immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody against VZV IE62. In addition, the usefulness of MV9G for antiviral studies was exemplified by treatment of the VZV-infected cells with various concentrations of acyclovir. Thus, the reporter cell-based titration of CAV by measuring the induced RLUs may be a reliable way to estimate viral foci and viral DNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Guanqing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, China; Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China.
| | - Zhenling Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China.
| | - Ningjun Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China.
| | - Chengxiang Lian
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China.
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China.
| | - Naoki Inoue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan.
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Hoffmann A, Döring K, Seeger NT, Bühler M, Schacke M, Krumbholz A, Sauerbrei A. Genetic polymorphism of thymidine kinase (TK) and DNA polymerase (pol) of clinical varicella-zoster virus (VZV) isolates collected over three decades. J Clin Virol 2017; 95:61-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Drug resistance of clinical varicella-zoster virus strains confirmed by recombinant thymidine kinase expression and by targeted resistance mutagenesis of a cloned wild-type isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2726-34. [PMID: 25712361 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05115-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, approaches were developed to examine the phenotypes of nonviable clinical varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains with amino acid substitutions in the thymidine kinase (TK) (open reading frame 36 [ORF36]) and/or DNA polymerase (Pol) (ORF28) suspected to cause resistance to antivirals. Initially, recombinant TK proteins containing amino acid substitutions described as known or suspected causes of antiviral resistance were analyzed by measuring the TK activity by applying a modified commercial enzyme immunoassay. To examine the effects of these TK and Pol substitutions on the replication of recombinant virus strains, the method of en passant mutagenesis was used. Targeted mutations within ORF36 and/or ORF28 and an autonomously expressed gene of the monomeric red fluorescent protein for plaque identification were introduced into the European wild-type VZV strain HJO. Plaque reduction assays revealed that the amino acid substitutions with unknown functions in TK, Q303stop, N334stop, A163stop, and the deletion of amino acids 7 to 74 aa (Δaa 7 to 74), were associated with resistance against acyclovir (ACV), penciclovir, or brivudine, whereas the L73I substitution and the Pol substitutions T237K and A955T revealed sensitive viral phenotypes. The results were confirmed by quantitative PCR by measuring the viral load under increasing ACV concentrations. In conclusion, analyzing the enzymatic activities of recombinant TK proteins represent a useful tool for evaluating the significance of amino acid substitutions in the antiviral resistance of clinical VZV strains. However, direct testing of replication-competent viruses by the introduction of nonsynonymous mutations in a VZV bacterial artificial chromosome using en passant mutagenesis led to reliable phenotypic characterization results.
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Jiang H, Wang J, Zhou A, Xie G, Yan L, Jiang Y, Chen J, Shen Y, Chen J. Purification, characterization and antiviral activity of two heteropolysaccharides from Duchesneae Indicae. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 58:287-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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van der Beek MT, Vermont CL, Bredius RGM, Marijt EWA, van der Blij-de Brouwer CS, Kroes ACM, Claas ECJ, Vossen ACTM. Persistence and antiviral resistance of varicella zoster virus in hematological patients. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 56:335-43. [PMID: 23074321 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections are a relevant cause of morbidity and mortality in hematological patients and especially in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of viral persistence and antiviral resistance by systematically analyzing all episodes of VZV diagnosed in our laboratory in pediatric and adult hematological patients between 2007 and 2010. METHODS Patient charts were reviewed to document patient and disease characteristics. VZV loads were determined in all available clinical samples from the day of diagnosis and thereafter. Persistent VZV infection was defined as a VZV infection that lasted at least 7 days. Analysis of resistance was performed in all patients with persistent VZV infection by sequence analysis of viral thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase genes. RESULTS In total, 89 episodes occurred in 87 patients, of whom 65 were recipients of an allogeneic HSCT. Follow-up samples were available in 54 episodes. Persistent VZV was demonstrated in 32 of these episodes (59%). Complications occurred in 16 of the persistent episodes (50%) vs 2 of 22 nonpersistent episodes (9%). Mutations possibly associated with resistance were found in 27% of patients with persistent VZV, including patients with treatment-unresponsive dermatomal zoster that progressed to severe retinal or cerebral infection. CONCLUSIONS In hematological patients, VZV-related complications occur frequently, especially in persistent infections. Antiviral resistance is a relevant factor in persistent infections and needs to be investigated in various affected body sites, especially when clinical suspicion of treatment failure arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha T van der Beek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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Doerr HW, Cinatl J. Recent publications in medical microbiology and immunology: a retrospective. Med Microbiol Immunol 2011; 201:1-5. [PMID: 22033658 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-011-0219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A look back is done to some clinical and basic research activities recently published in medical microbiology and immunology. The review covers clinical experiences and in vitro experiments to understand the emergency, pathogenicity, epidemic spread, and vaccine-based prevention of avian and swine-origin flu. Some new developments and concepts in diagnosis, (molecular) epidemiology, and therapy of AIDS, viral hepatitis C, and herpesvirus-associated diseases are outlined. Regulation of immune system has been discussed in a special issue 2010 including some aspects of CNS affections (measles). Mycobacterial infection and its prevention by modern recombinant vaccines have reached new interest, as well as new concepts of vaccination and prophylaxis against several other bacteria. Adaptation to host niches enables immune escape (example brucella) and determines virulence (example N. meningitidis). Chlamydia pneumoniae, previously considered to trigger atherosclerosis, is hypothetically associated to Alzheimer disease, while CMV, another putative trigger of atherosclerosis, gains evidence of oncomodulation in CNS tumor diseases. In terms of globalization, exotic virus infections are increasingly imported from southern countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Doerr
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital of Frankfurt/M., Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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