1
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Mohammadzadeh R, Soleimanpour S, Pishdadian A, Farsiani H. Designing and development of epitope-based vaccines against Helicobacter pylori. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:489-512. [PMID: 34559599 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1979934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the principal cause of serious diseases (e.g. gastric cancer and peptic ulcers). Antibiotic therapy is an inadequate strategy in H. pylori eradication because of which vaccination is an inevitable approach. Despite the presence of countless vaccine candidates, current vaccines in clinical trials have performed with poor efficacy which makes vaccination extremely challenging. Remarkable advancements in immunology and pathogenic biology have provided an appropriate opportunity to develop various epitope-based vaccines. The fusion of proper antigens involved in different aspects of H. pylori colonization and pathogenesis as well as peptide linkers and built-in adjuvants results in producing epitope-based vaccines with excellent therapeutic efficacy and negligible adverse effects. Difficulties of the in vitro culture of H. pylori, high genetic variation, and unfavourable immune responses against feeble epitopes in the complete antigen are major drawbacks of current vaccine strategies that epitope-based vaccines may overcome. Besides decreasing the biohazard risk, designing precise formulations, saving time and cost, and induction of maximum immunity with minimum adverse effects are the advantages of epitope-based vaccines. The present article is a comprehensive review of strategies for designing and developing epitope-based vaccines to provide insights into the innovative vaccination against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Mohammadzadeh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Reference Tuberculosis Laboratory, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Pishdadian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Yasukawa Y, Hattori N, Iida N, Takeshima H, Maeda M, Kiyono T, Sekine S, Seto Y, Ushijima T. SAA1 is upregulated in gastric cancer-associated fibroblasts possibly by its enhancer activation. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:180-189. [PMID: 33284950 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) tend to have tumor-promoting capacity, and can provide therapeutic targets. Even without cancer cells, CAF phenotypes are stably maintained, and DNA methylation and H3K27me3 changes have been shown to be involved. Here, we searched for a potential therapeutic target in primary CAFs from gastric cancer and a mechanism for its dysregulation. Expression microarray using eight CAFs and seven non-CAFs (NCAFs) revealed that serum amyloid A1 (SAA1), which encodes an acute phase secreted protein, was second most upregulated in CAFs, following IGF2. Conditioned medium (CM) derived from SAA1-overexpressing NCAFs was shown to increase migration of gastric cancer cells compared with that from control NCAFs, and its tumor-promoting effect was comparable to that of CM from CAFs. In addition, increased migration of cancer cells by CM from CAFs was mostly canceled with CM from CAFs with SAA1 knockdown. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-quantitative PCR showed that CAFs had higher levels of H3K27ac, an active enhancer mark, in the promoter and the two far upstream regions of SAA1 than NCAFs. Also, BET bromodomain inhibitors, JQ1 and mivebresib, decreased SAA1 expression and tumor-promoting effects in CAFs, suggesting SAA1 upregulation by enhancer activation in CAFs. Our present data showed that SAA1 is a candidate therapeutic target from gastric CAFs and indicated that increased enhancer acetylation is important for its overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Yasukawa
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Hattori
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Iida
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeshima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Maeda
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Cell Culture Technology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Sekine
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Seto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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El-Sayed A, Aleya L, Kamel M. The link among microbiota, epigenetics, and disease development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28926-28964. [PMID: 33860421 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome is a community of various microorganisms that inhabit or live on the skin of humans/animals, sharing the body space with their hosts. It is a sort of complex ecosystem of trillions of commensals, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms, including trillions of bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. The microbiota plays a role in the health and disease status of the host. Their number, species dominance, and viability are dynamic. Their long-term disturbance is usually accompanied by serious diseases such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, or even cancer. While epigenetics is a term that refers to different stimuli that induce modifications in gene expression patterns without structural changes in the inherited DNA sequence, these changes can be reversible or even persist for several generations. Epigenetics can be described as cell memory that stores experience against internal and external factors. Results from multiple institutions have contributed to the role and close interaction of both microbiota and epigenetics in disease induction. Understanding the mechanisms of both players enables a better understanding of disease induction and development and also opens the horizon to revolutionary therapeutic approaches. The present review illustrates the roles of diet, microbiome, and epigenetics in the induction of several chronic diseases. In addition, it discusses the application of epigenetic data to develop diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutics and evaluate their safety for patients. Understanding the interaction among all these elements enables the development of innovative preventive/therapeutic approaches for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Sayed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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4
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Khani D, Hedayati MA, Nasseri S, Sheikhesmaeili F, Ghadiany R. ZAK Gene Expression in Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 53:326-332. [PMID: 33620708 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ZAK protein is a member of the MLK family proteins defined as mediators in the cell cycle. A survey of ZAK gene expression in gastric antral epithelial cells (GAECs) of gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma patients with Helicobacter pylori genotypes infection can elucidate carcinogenesis of H. pylori genotypes. METHODS In a case-control study, ZAK gene expression was evaluated in GAECs biopsy samples of gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma patients with (n 23, 21) and without H. pylori infection (n 27, 32), respectively. Total RNA was extracted from each gastric antral biopsy samples and cDNA synthesized by using Takara kits. H. pylori virulence genes֝ cDNA were detected by traditional PCR and specific primers. The ZAK gene expression was measured using the relative Real-Time RT PCR. RESULTS The prevalence of gastric adenocarcinoma was the highest in man and 61-85 aged groups (p < .05). There was no significant correlation between the prevalence of H. pylori infection and patients' demographic groups. This study showed that ZAK gene overexpression gradually increases with increasing age and tumor grade among gastric adenocarcinoma patients. The gastric antral biopsy samples with H. pylori vacA s1m2 genotype infection showed a weak correlation with ZAK gene overexpression (p < .1). CONCLUSION ZAK gene expression was higher in GAECs of gastritis cancer than in gastric adenocarcinoma, indicating the protective effect of ZAK against gastric cancer (p < .005). Reducing ZAK gene expression shows the negative correlations with H. pylori infection and gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delniya Khani
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Ahmadi Hedayati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. .,Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Sherko Nasseri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Farshad Sheikhesmaeili
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Roghaie Ghadiany
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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5
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Birkett N, Al-Zoughool M, Bird M, Baan RA, Zielinski J, Krewski D. Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:288-359. [PMID: 31631808 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1643539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the carcinogenic mechanisms for 109 Group 1 human carcinogens identified as causes of human cancer through Volume 106 of the IARC Monographs. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluates human, experimental and mechanistic evidence on agents suspected of inducing cancer in humans, using a well-established weight of evidence approach. The monographs provide detailed mechanistic information about all carcinogens. Carcinogens with closely similar mechanisms of action (e.g. agents emitting alpha particles) were combined into groups for the review. A narrative synopsis of the mechanistic profiles for the 86 carcinogens or carcinogen groups is presented, based primarily on information in the IARC monographs, supplemented with a non-systematic review. Most carcinogens included a genotoxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Birkett
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mustafa Al-Zoughool
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Bird
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert A Baan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jan Zielinski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada
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6
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Pero R, Angrisano T, Brancaccio M, Falanga A, Lombardi L, Natale F, Laneri S, Lombardo B, Galdiero S, Scudiero O. Beta-defensins and analogs in Helicobacter pylori infections: mRNA expression levels, DNA methylation, and antibacterial activity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222295. [PMID: 31537016 PMCID: PMC6752957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides can protect the gastric mucosa from bacteria, but Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can equally colonize the gastric apparatus. To understand beta-defensin function in H. pylori-associated chronic gastritis, we investigated susceptibility, human beta-defensin mRNA expression, and DNA methylation changes to promoters in the gastric mucosa with or without H. pylori infection. We studied the expression of HBD2 (gene name DEFB4A), HBD3 (DEFB103A), and HBD4 (DEFB104) using real-time PCR in 15 control and 10 H. pylori infection patient gastric specimens. This study demonstrates that H. pylori infection is related to gastric enhancement of inducible HBD2, but inducible HBD3 and HBD4 expression levels remained unchanged. HBD2 gene methylation levels were overall higher in H. pylori-negative samples than in H. pylori-positive samples. We also assessed antimicrobial susceptibility using growth on blood agar. The H. pylori strain Tox+ was susceptible to all defensins tested and their analogs (3N, 3NI). These results show that HBD2 is involved in gastritis development driven by H. pylori, which facilitates the creation of an epigenetic field during H. pylori-associated gastric tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaela Pero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
- Task Force sugli Studi del Microbioma, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
- * E-mail: (RP); (OS)
| | - Tiziana Angrisano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mariarita Brancaccio
- Dipartimento di Biologia ed Evoluzione degli Organismi Marini, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | - Annarita Falanga
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucia Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Natale
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Barbara Lombardo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Olga Scudiero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
- Task Force sugli Studi del Microbioma, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Napoli, Italy
- * E-mail: (RP); (OS)
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7
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Natale F, Vivo M, Falco G, Angrisano T. Deciphering DNA methylation signatures of pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:132. [PMID: 31492175 PMCID: PMC6729090 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pancreatitis presents a high risk of inflammation-related progression to pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The high mortality rate is directly related to the difficulty in promptly diagnosing the disease, which often presents as overt and advanced. Hence, early diagnosis for pancreatic cancer becomes crucial, propelling research into the molecular and epigenetic landscape of the disease. MAIN BODY Recent studies have shown that cell-free DNA methylation profiles from inflammatory diseases or cancer can vary, thus opening a new venue for the development of biomarkers for early diagnosis. In particular, cell-free DNA methylation could be employed in the identification of pre-neoplastic signatures in individuals with suspected pancreatic conditions, representing a specific and non-invasive method of early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. In this review, we describe the molecular determinants of pancreatic cancer and how these are related to chronic pancreatitis. We will then present an overview of differential methylated genes in the two conditions, highlighting their diagnostic or prognostic potential. CONCLUSION Exploiting the relation between abnormally methylated cell-free DNA and pre-neoplastic lesions or chronic pancreatitis may become a game-changing approach for the development of tools for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Natale
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Vivo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Geppino Falco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.,Biogem Scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", 83031, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Tiziana Angrisano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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8
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Pero R, Brancaccio M, Laneri S, Biasi MGD, Lombardo B, Scudiero O. A Novel View of Human Helicobacter pylori Infections: Interplay between Microbiota and Beta-Defensins. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060237. [PMID: 31216758 PMCID: PMC6627275 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is significantly involved in the preservation of the immune system of the host, protecting it against the pathogenic bacteria of the stomach. The correlation between gut microbiota and the host response supports human gastric homeostasis. Gut microbes may be shifted in Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-infected individuals to advance gastric inflammation and distinguished diseases. Particularly interesting is the establishment of cooperation between gut microbiota and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the host in the gastrointestinal tract. AMPs have great importance in the innate immune reactions to Hp and participate in conservative co-evolution with an intricate microbiome. β-Defensins, a class of short, cationic, arginine-rich proteins belonging to the AMP group, are produced by epithelial and immunological cells. Their expression is enhanced during Hp infection. In this review, we discuss the impact of the gut microbiome on the host response, with particular regard to β-defensins in Hp-associated infections. In microbial infections, mostly in precancerous lesions induced by Hp infection, these modifications could lead to different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaela Pero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- Task Force sugli Studi del Microbioma, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | | | - Barbara Lombardo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Olga Scudiero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- Task Force sugli Studi del Microbioma, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
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9
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Bravo J, Díaz P, Corvalán AH, Quest AFG. A Novel Role for Helicobacter pylori Gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase in Regulating Autophagy and Bacterial Internalization in Human Gastric Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060801. [PMID: 31185677 PMCID: PMC6627848 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of developing gastric cancer is strongly linked to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Alternatively, autophagy is a conserved response that is important in cellular homeostasis and provides protection against bacterial infections. Although H. pylori is typically considered an extracellular bacterium, several reports indicate that it internalizes, possibly to avoid exposure to antibiotics. Mechanisms by which H. pylori manipulates host cell autophagic processes remain unclear and, importantly, none of the available studies consider a role for the secreted H. pylori virulence factor gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (HpGGT) in this context. Here, we identify HpGGT as a novel autophagy inhibitor in gastric cells. Our experiments revealed that deletion of HpGGT increased autophagic flux following H. pylori infection of AGS and GES-1 gastric cells. In AGS cells, HpGGT disrupted the late stages of autophagy by preventing degradation in lysosomes without affecting lysosomal acidification. Specifically, HpGGT impaired autophagic flux by disrupting lysosomal membrane integrity, which leads to a decrease in lysosomal cathepsin B activity. Moreover, HpGGT was necessary for efficient internalization of the bacteria into gastric cells. This important role of HpGGT in internalization together with the ability to inhibit autophagy posits HpGGT as a key virulence factor in the development of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Bravo
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for the Study of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380492, Chile.
| | - Paula Díaz
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for the Study of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380492, Chile.
| | - Alejandro H Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380492, Chile.
- Laboratory of Oncology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for the Study of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380492, Chile.
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10
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Inagaki-Ohara K. Gastric Leptin and Tumorigenesis: Beyond Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112622. [PMID: 31141984 PMCID: PMC6600422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone and its receptor (ObR) expressed in the hypothalamus are well known as an essential regulator of appetite and energy expenditure. Obesity induces abundant leptin production, however, reduced sensitivity to leptin leads to the development of metabolic disorders, so called leptin resistance. The stomach has been identified as an organ that simultaneously expresses leptin and ObR. Accumulating evidence has shown gastric leptin to perform diverse functions, such as those in nutrient absorption and carcinogenesis in the gastrointestinal system, independent of its well-known role in appetite regulation and obesity. Overexpression of leptin and phosphorylated ObR is implicated in gastric cancer in humans and in murine model, and diet-induced obesity causes precancerous lesions in the stomach in mice. While the underlying pathomechanisms remain unclear, leptin signaling can affect gastric mucosal milieu. In this review, we focus on the significant role of the gastric leptin signaling in neoplasia and tumorigenesis in stomach in the context of hereditary and diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Inagaki-Ohara
- Division of Host Defense, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan.
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11
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Hu PJ, Chen MY, Wu MS, Lin YC, Shih PH, Lai CH, Lin HJ. Clinical Evaluation of CA72-4 for Screening Gastric Cancer in A Healthy Population: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050733. [PMID: 31137895 PMCID: PMC6562516 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection is important for improving the survival rate of patients with gastric cancer (GC). Serum tumor markers have been widely used for detecting GC. However, their clinical values remain controversial. This study aims to investigate the role of serum cancer antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) in the diagnosis of GC in a healthy population. A total of 7757 adults who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and serum CA72-4 level measurement in multicenters in Taiwan from January 2006 to August 2016 were recruited in this retrospective study. Risk factors for GC, serum tumor markers, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) findings were evaluated. High serum levels of CA72-4 were found in 7.2% of healthy adults. CA72-4 level showed lower sensitivity (33.3%) but higher specificity (92.8%); however, the positive predictive value was quite low (0.18%). After adjustment of clinical risk factors for GC using EGD findings, gastric ulcer (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.11), gastric polyps (aOR = 1.42), and atrophic gastritis (aOR = 1.27) were significantly associated with high serum CA72-4 levels. Furthermore, both age (OR = 1.01) and Helicobacter pylori infection (OR = 1.44) exhibited a significant association with high serum CA72-4 levels. These results indicate that routine screening of CA72-4 levels for diagnosing GC in asymptomatic patients may be ineffective due to low sensitivity and low positive predictive value. The clinical utility of EGD findings along with serum CA72-4 level for screening healthy individuals with GC is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Jen Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackey Memorial Hospital, Taitung 95054, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Yao Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei 23562, Taiwan.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shun Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan-Fang Hospital, 11696 Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chin Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Hsiao Shih
- Center for Cell Therapy, Department of Medical Research, School of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Center for Cell Therapy, Department of Medical Research, School of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Hwai-Jeng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei 23562, Taiwan.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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12
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Angrisano T, Pero R, Brancaccio M, Coretti L, Florio E, Pezone A, Calabrò V, Falco G, Keller S, Lembo F, Avvedimento VE, Chiariotti L. Cyclical DNA Methylation and Histone Changes Are Induced by LPS to Activate COX-2 in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156671. [PMID: 27253528 PMCID: PMC4890762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces release of inflammatory mediators both in immune and epithelial cells. We investigated whether changes of epigenetic marks, including selected histone modification and DNA methylation, may drive or accompany the activation of COX-2 gene in HT-29 human intestinal epithelial cells upon exposure to LPS. Here we describe cyclical histone acetylation (H3), methylation (H3K4, H3K9, H3K27) and DNA methylation changes occurring at COX-2 gene promoter overtime after LPS stimulation. Histone K27 methylation changes are carried out by the H3 demethylase JMJD3 and are essential for COX-2 induction by LPS. The changes of the histone code are associated with cyclical methylation signatures at the promoter and gene body of COX-2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Angrisano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Monte Sant'Angelo via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (TA); (LC)
| | - Raffaela Pero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale C.N.R., via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarita Brancaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorena Coretti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale C.N.R., via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ermanno Florio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale C.N.R., via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pezone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale C.N.R., via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Viola Calabrò
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Monte Sant'Angelo via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Geppino Falco
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Monte Sant'Angelo via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Keller
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale C.N.R., via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Lembo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 47, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Chiariotti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale C.N.R., via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (TA); (LC)
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13
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Niller HH, Minarovits J. Patho-epigenetics of Infectious Diseases Caused by Intracellular Bacteria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 879:107-130. [PMID: 26659266 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24738-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular eukaryotes including plants, animals and humans, epigenetic reprogramming may play a role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases. Recent studies revealed that in addition to viruses, pathogenic bacteria are also capable to dysregulate the epigenetic machinery of their target cells. In this chapter we focus on epigenetic alterations induced by bacteria infecting humans. Most of them are obligate or facultative intracellular bacteria that produce either bacterial toxins and surface proteins targeting the host cell membrane, or synthesise effector proteins entering the host cell nucleus. These bacterial products typically elicit histone modifications, i.e. alter the "histone code". Bacterial pathogens are capable to induce alterations of host cell DNA methylation patterns, too. Such changes in the host cell epigenotype and gene expression pattern may hinder the antibacterial immune response and create favourable conditions for bacterial colonization, growth, or spread. Epigenetic dysregulation mediated by bacterial products may also facilitate the production of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators affecting the epigenotype of their target cells. Such indirect epigenetic changes as well as direct interference with the epigenetic machinery of the host cells may contribute to the initiation and progression of malignant tumors associated with distinct bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Janos Minarovits
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.
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14
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De Falco M, Lucariello A, Iaquinto S, Esposito V, Guerra G, De Luca A. Molecular Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori Pathogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1702-7. [PMID: 25639461 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects 50% of mankind. The vast majority of H. pylori infection occurs in the developing countries where up to 80% of the middle-aged adults may be infected. Bacterial infection causes an inflammatory response that proceeds through a series of intermediated stages of precancerous lesions (gastritis, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia). Among infected individuals, approximately 10% develops severe gastric lesions such as peptic ulcer disease, 1-3% progresses to gastric cancer (GC) with a low 5-year survival rate, and 0.1% develops mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). GC is one of the most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In this review, we have summarized the most recent papers about molecular mechanisms of H. pylori pathogenesis. The main important steps of H. pylori infection such as adhesion, entry in epithelial gastric cells, activation of intracellular pathways until epigenetic modifications have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Falco
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
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15
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Immune Homeostasis of Human Gastric Mucosa in Helicobacter pylori Infection. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:157-63. [PMID: 26033608 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of electron microscopic, microbiological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic studies of gastric biopsy specimens taken for diagnostic purposes according by clinical indications during examination of patients with gastrointestinal pathology. Immune homeostasis of the gastric mucosa against the background of infection with various pathogen strains of Helicobacter pylori was studied in patients of different age groups with peptic ulcer, gastritis, metaplasia, and cancer. Some peculiarities of Helicobacter pylori contamination in the gastric mucosa were demonstrated. Immune homeostasis of the gastric mucosa in different pathologies was analyzed depending on the Helicobacter pylori genotype.
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16
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Shapiro JA. Epigenetic control of mobile DNA as an interface between experience and genome change. Front Genet 2014; 5:87. [PMID: 24795749 PMCID: PMC4007016 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile DNA in the genome is subject to RNA-targeted epigenetic control. This control regulates the activity of transposons, retrotransposons and genomic proviruses. Many different life history experiences alter the activities of mobile DNA and the expression of genetic loci regulated by nearby insertions. The same experiences induce alterations in epigenetic formatting and lead to trans-generational modifications of genome expression and stability. These observations lead to the hypothesis that epigenetic formatting directed by non-coding RNA provides a molecular interface between life history events and genome alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
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17
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Niller HH, Banati F, Nagy K, Buzas K, Minarovits J. Update on microbe-induced epigenetic changes: bacterial effectors and viral oncoproteins as epigenetic dysregulators. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pathoepigenetics is a new discipline describing how disturbances in epigenetic regulation alter the epigenotype and gene-expression pattern of human, animal or plant cells. Such ‘epigenetic reprogramming’ may play an important role in the initiation and progression of a wide variety of diseases. Infectious diseases also belong to this category: recent data demonstrated that microbial pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, are capable of dysregulating the epigenetic machinery of their host cell. The resulting heritable changes in host cell gene expression may favor the colonization, growth or spread of infectious pathogens. It may also facilitate the establishment of latency and malignant cell transformation. In this article, we review how bacterial epigenetic effectors and inflammatory processes elicited by bacteria alter the host cell epigenotype, and describe how oncoproteins encoded by human tumor viruses act as epigenetic dysregulators to alter the phenotype and behavior of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, Regensburg D93053, Germany
| | - Ferenc Banati
- RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Center, H-9200 Mosonmagyarovar, Pozsonyi út 88, Hungary
| | - Katalin Nagy
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery, H-6720 Szeged, Tisza Lajos Krt. 64, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Buzas
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology & Experimental Dental Research, H-6720 Szeged, Tisza Lajos Krt. 64, Hungary
| | - Janos Minarovits
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology & Experimental Dental Research, H-6720 Szeged, Tisza Lajos Krt. 64, Hungary
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