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Li S, Li F, Wan D, Chen Z, Pan J, Liang XJ. A micelle-based stage-by-stage impelled system for efficient doxorubicin delivery. Bioact Mater 2022; 25:783-795. [PMID: 37056277 PMCID: PMC10086681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of cancer treatment, benefiting millions of patients each year, but the side effects of chemotherapy drugs severely limit their clinical use. Doxorubicin (DOX) can cause various side effects such as heart damage and treatment-related tumors. The effective use of active and passive targeting will improve the clinical application of DOX. Here, TPGS3350 and bioactive peptides were utilized to construct a micelle-based stage-by-stage impelled efficient system (missiles) for DOX delivery (DOX missiles). By taking advantage of the EPR effect, DOX missiles are efficiently enriched at the tumor site. After being cleaved by matrix metalloproteinase2 (MMP2), the peptide (VRGD) targets tumor cells to facilitate uptake of the missiles by the tumor cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. The intracellular activated caspase-3-catalyzed explosion of DOX missiles further enables efficient tumor killing. This study provides an efficient approach for DOX delivery and toxicity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunfan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Dong Wan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Zuqin Chen
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, PR China
- Department of Radiology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PAP Guangxi Corps Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Jie Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
- Corresponding author. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
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Y-Box Binding Protein-1: A Neglected Target in Pediatric Brain Tumors? Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:375-387. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kaczorowska A, Miękus N, Stefanowicz J, Adamkiewicz-Drożyńska E. Selected Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-7) and Their Inhibitor (TIMP-2) in Adult and Pediatric Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10080547. [PMID: 32751899 PMCID: PMC7460349 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of numerous biologically relevant elements. One of the most important components of the TME is the extracellular matrix (ECM). The compounds of the ECM create a network that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells. The most important substances involved in the regulation of the ECM degradation process are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, TIMPs). The disruption of the physiological balance between MMP activation and deactivation could lead to progression of various diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, fibrosis arthritis, chronic tissue ulcers, pathologies of the nervous system (such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease), periodontitis, and atheroma. MMP-TIMP imbalance results in matrix proteolysis associated with various pathological processes such as tumor invasion. The present review discusses the involvement of two MMPs, MMP-2 and MMP-7, in cancer pathogenesis. These two MMPs have been proven in several studies, conducted mostly on adults, to make an important contribution to cancer development and progression. In the current review, several studies that indicate the importance of MMP-TIMP balance determination for the pediatric population are also highlighted. The authors of this review believe that carrying out biochemical and clinical studies focused on metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in tumors in children will be of great relevance for future patient diagnosis, determination of a prognosis, and monitoring of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kaczorowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (E.A.-D.)
- University Clinical Centre, 7 Debinki Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Natalia Miękus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Joanna Stefanowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (E.A.-D.)
- University Clinical Centre, 7 Debinki Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Street 3a, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-28-08
| | - Elżbieta Adamkiewicz-Drożyńska
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (E.A.-D.)
- University Clinical Centre, 7 Debinki Street, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
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Proximity ligation assays for precise quantification of femtomolar proteins in single cells using self-priming microfluidic dPCR chip. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1076:118-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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The clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of EMMPRIN overexpression in cancers: evidence from 39 cohort studies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82643-82660. [PMID: 29137291 PMCID: PMC5669917 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) has been reported to be associated with tumor formation and invasion in many studies. However, the clinicopathological significance and prognosis of EMMPRIN in cancer patients remains inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the predictive potential of EMMPRIN in various cancers. By searching Pubmed, Cochrane library database and web of science comprehensively, 39studies with 5739 cases were included in our meta-analysis. The results indicated that EMMPRIN overexpression was significantly associated with poor outcome of cancers (HR=2.46, 95% CI: 2.21-2.75, P<0.0001). In addition, a significant relation was found between EMMPRIN overexpression and clinicopathological features, such as tumor stage (T3+T4/ T1+T2, OR=1.87, 95% CI:1.64-2.12, P<0.0001), tumor differentiation (poor/ well+ moderate, OR=1.09, 95% CI:1.60-2.23, P<0.0001), clinical stage (III+IV /I +II, OR=1.96, 95% CI:1.69-2.27, P<0.0001) and nodal metastasis (positive/negative, OR=2.37, 95% CI:1.93-2.90, P<0.0001). However, the expression of EMMRIN was not significantly associated with tumor stage in cervical cancer (OR=1.35, 95%CI: 0.73-2.48, P=0.33). In conclusion, EMMPRIN overxepression is significantly associated with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of cancers. Thus, EMMPRIN may be regarded as a promising bio-marker in predicting the clinical outcome of patients in cancers and could be used as the therapeutic target during clinical practices.
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Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically evaluate the relationship between CD147 expression in tissues and the clinicopathological features of patients with glioma. We searched PubMed (1966-2016), EMBASE (1980-2016), Cochrane Library (1996-2016), Web of Science (1945-2016), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1982-2016), and Wan Fang databases (1988-2016). Quality assessment of the literature was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, with Revman 5.3 and Stata 14.0 for analysis. In total, 1806 glioma patients from 19 studies were included, and patients with CD147 overexpression had poorer overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.211, P < 0.0001], a higher risk of recurrence (HR = 2.20, P = 0.0025), and a lower 5-year survival rate [odds ratio (OR) 0.12; 95% CI 0.08-0.19; P < 0.00001]. We observed significant differences in CD147 expression when comparing glioma tissues versus non-cancerous brain tissues (OR 20.42; 95% CI 13.94-29.91; P < 0.00001), tumor grades III-IV versus grades I-II (OR 5.88, 95% CI 4.15-8.34; P < 0.00001), and large versus small tumors (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.04-2.40; P = 0.03). We also observed a significant correlation with matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 (OR 39.11, 95% CI 11.47-133.34; P < 0.00001) and MMP9 (OR 13.35, 95% CI 4.67-38.18; P < 0.00001). CD147 expression did not differ based on patient's age (young vs. old, P = 0.89) or gender (female vs. male, P = 0.57). CD147 expression may be a potential prognostic biomarker for poorer overall and relapse-free survival, and may affect the 5-year survival rate in glioma patients. CD147 expression is also closely correlated with poor clinical characteristics in glioma patients.
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Ramachandran RK, Sørensen MD, Aaberg-Jessen C, Hermansen SK, Kristensen BW. Expression and prognostic impact of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in astrocytomas. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172234. [PMID: 28234925 PMCID: PMC5325257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytomas are the most frequent primary brain tumors in adults, and despite aggressive treatment patients often experience recurrence. Survival decreases with increasing tumor grade, and especially patients with grade IV glioblastoma have poor prognosis due to the aggressive character of this tumor. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is an extracellular matrix degrading enzyme which has been shown to play important roles in different cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and prognostic potential of MMP-2 in astrocytomas. Tissue samples from 89 patients diagnosed with diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma were stained immunohistochemically using a monoclonal MMP-2 antibody. The MMP-2 intensity in cytoplasm/membrane was quantified by a trained software-based classifier using systematic random sampling in 10% of the tumor area. We found MMP-2 expression in tumor cells and blood vessels. Measurements of MMP-2 intensity increased with tumor grade, and MMP-2 expression was found to be significantly higher in glioblastomas compared to normal brain tissue (p<0.001), diffuse astrocytomas (p<0.001) and anaplastic astrocytomas (p<0.05). MMP-2 expression was associated with shorter overall survival in patients with grade II-IV astrocytic tumors (HR 1.60; 95% CI 1.03–2.48; p = 0.036). In glioblastoma, high MMP-2 was associated with poorer prognosis in patients who survived longer than 8.5 months independent of age and gender (HR 2.27; 95% CI 1.07–4.81; p = 0.033). We found a positive correlation between MMP-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), and combined MMP-2 and TIMP-1 had stronger prognostic value than MMP-2 alone also when adjusting for age and gender (HR 2.78; 95% CI 1.30–5.92; p = 0.008). These findings were validated in bioinformatics databases. In conclusion, this study indicates that MMP-2 is associated with aggressiveness in astrocytomas and may hold an unfavorable prognostic value in patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahimsan K. Ramachandran
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mia D. Sørensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Charlotte Aaberg-Jessen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Simon K. Hermansen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bjarne W. Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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8
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Fu ZG, Wang L, Cui HY, Peng JL, Wang SJ, Geng JJ, Liu JD, Feng F, Song F, Li L, Zhu P, Jiang JL, Chen ZN. A novel small-molecule compound targeting CD147 inhibits the motility and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:9429-47. [PMID: 26882566 PMCID: PMC4891050 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD147, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, is highly expressed in various cancer types and plays important roles in tumor progression, especially by promoting the motility and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. These crucial roles make CD147 an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in HCC, but no small-molecule inhibitors of CD147 have been developed to date. To identify a candidate inhibitor, we used a pharmacophore model derived from the structure of CD147 to virtually screen over 300,000 compounds. The 100 highest-ranked compounds were subjected to biological assays, and the most potent one, dubbed AC-73 (ID number: AN-465/42834501), was studied further. We confirmed that AC-73 targeted CD147 and further demonstrated it can specifically disrupt CD147 dimerization. Moreover, molecular docking and mutagenesis experiments showed that the possible binding sites of AC-73 on CD147 included Glu64 and Glu73 in the N-terminal IgC2 domain, which two residues are located in the dimer interface of CD147. Functional assays revealed that AC-73 inhibited the motility and invasion of typical HCC cells, but not HCC cells that lacked the CD147 gene, demonstrating on-target action. Further, AC-73 reduced HCC metastasis by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 via down-regulation of the CD147/ERK1/2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Finally, AC-73 attenuated progression in an orthotopic nude mouse model of liver metastasis, suggesting that AC-73 or its derivatives have potential for use in HCC intervention. We conclude that the novel small-molecule inhibitor AC-73 inhibits HCC mobility and invasion, probably by disrupting CD147 dimerization and thereby mainly suppressing the CD147/ERK1/2/STAT3/MMP-2 pathways, which are crucial for cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-guang Fu
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Hong-yong Cui
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jian-long Peng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shi-jie Wang
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jie-jie Geng
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Ji-de Liu
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Fei Feng
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Fei Song
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, PLA Specialized Research Institute of Rheumatology & Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jian-li Jiang
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-nan Chen
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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The effects of CD147 on the cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis in glioma. Neurol Sci 2016; 38:129-136. [PMID: 27761842 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-016-2727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the effects of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (CD147) on glioma proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis. Tissue samples were obtained from 101 glioma cases while normal brain tissues were obtained from 30 brain injury cases. Immunohistochemical assay was performed to detect the expressions of CD147, CD34, and VEGF in tissue samples. QRT-PCR was performed to detect the relative expression of CD147 mRNA in human glioma cell lines. CD147 siRNA was transfected into glioma cell line U251. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis were tested by MTT, flow cytometry, Transwell assay, and vasculogenic mimicry assay, respectively. Expressions of relative proteins were analyzed with western blot. CD147 was positively expressed with the percentage of 0, 37.5, 44.8, 67.9, and 85.7 % in normal tissues and glioma tissues with WHO grades I-IV, respectively, and the scores of MVDand VEGF were associated with the expression of CD147. CD147 was significantly upregulated in the human glioma cell lines (P < 0.05). Downregulated the expression of CD147 suppressed cell proliferation, blocked cell cycle, induced apoptosis, inhibited cell invasion and angiogenesis in glioma cells in vitro. The expression of CD147 was significantly associated with WHO tumor grade and angiogenesis; silencing of CD147 contributed to inhibition of glioma proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. Our study provided firm evidence that CD 147 is a potential glioma target for anti-angiogenic therapies.
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CD147/EMMPRIN overexpression and prognosis in cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32804. [PMID: 27608940 PMCID: PMC5016850 DOI: 10.1038/srep32804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD147/EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer) plays an important role in tumor progression and a number of studies have suggested that it is an indicator of tumor prognosis. This current meta-analysis systematically reevaluated the predictive potential of CD147/EMMPRIN in various cancers. We searched PubMed and Embase databases to screen the literature. Fixed-effect and random-effect meta-analytical techniques were used to correlate CD147 expression with outcome measures. A total of 53 studies that included 68 datasets were eligible for inclusion in the final analysis. We found a significant association between CD147/EMMPRIN overexpression and adverse tumor outcomes, such as overall survival, disease-specific survival, progression-free survival, metastasis-free survival or recurrence-free survival, irrespective of the model analysis. In addition, CD147/EMMPRIN overexpression predicted a high risk for chemotherapy drugs resistance. CD147/EMMPRIN is a central player in tumor progression and predicts a poor prognosis, including in patients who have received chemo-radiotherapy. Our results provide the evidence that CD147/EMMPRIN could be a potential therapeutic target for cancers.
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Kong X, Wang Y, Dai C, Ma W, Wang R. Is CD147 a New Biomarker Reflecting Histological Malignancy of Gliomas? Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1568-1576. [PMID: 27206428 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CD147 belongs to immunoglobulin superfamily and can stimulate the surrounding fibroblasts to secret matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Studies showed that when compared with their normal counterparts, CD47 expression level increased in lung carcinoma tissue, breast cancer tissue, and bladder cancer tissue. They increase in line with a tumor's malignant progression, invasiveness, and metastasis. However, the precise implications and utility of the presence of CD147 in the WHO grading system for gliomas have rarely been reported; in addition, the signal transduction pathways regarding CD147 remain unclear and controversial. Thus, in performing a meta-analysis, it is essential to reach a reliable conclusion. The related literatures were incorporated into the present meta-analysis after careful assessment, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) were calculated. Heterogeneity evaluation was estimated. Ten studies involving 615 patients were found to be eligible, nine of which were conducted in China and the remaining one in Japan. Analysis of eight studies involving dichotomous data revealed that CD147 overexpression in glioma tissue was related to higher WHO grading (III + IV; OR, 9.900; 95 % CI, 5.943, 16.491; P = 0.000) closely, whereas analysis of three studies of continuous data type indicated that there were no statistical associations (standard mean difference, -1.894; 95 % CI, -4.081, 0.293; P = 0.090). In accordance with funnel plot, Egger test, and Begg test, there was no publication bias. Considering that the continuous data make up only a small proportion of the overall analysis, we believe that our study indicates that CD147 overexpression is potentially related to higher WHO grade. Certainly, more data compiled based on evidence-based medicine are required to further support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Hutong of Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Hutong of Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Congxin Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Hutong of Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wenbin Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Hutong of Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Hutong of Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Abstract
Gliomas are characterized by their invasiveness, angiogenesis, glycolysis and poor prognosis. Determining how to inhibit angiogenesis and glycolysis and induce cell death in gliomas is essential to the development of an effective therapy. CD147, a highly glycosylated transmembrane glycoprotein with two Ig-like extracellular domains that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays an important role in the regulation of tumor invasiveness, angiogenesis and glycolysis by inducing the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases and vascular endothelial growth factor and by interacting with monocarboxylate transporters. In this review, we first summarize the roles played by CD147 in gliomas and then propose that CD147 may be a complementary prognostic biomarker and a possible therapeutic target for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fei
- a 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 71032, P.R. China.,b 2 Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
| | - Sanzhong Li
- c 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Fei
- c 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhinan Chen
- b 2 Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
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Kaushik DK, Hahn JN, Yong VW. EMMPRIN, an upstream regulator of MMPs, in CNS biology. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:138-46. [PMID: 25644103 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are engaged in pathologies associated with infections, tumors, autoimmune disorders and neurological dysfunctions. With the identification of an upstream regulator of MMPs, EMMPRIN (Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, CD147), it is relevant to address if EMMPRIN plays a role in the pathology of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. This would enable the possibility of a more upstream and effective therapeutic target. Indeed, conditions including gliomas, Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and other insults such as hypoxia/ischemia show elevated levels of EMMPRIN which correlate with MMP production. In contrast, given EMMPRIN's role in CNS homeostasis with respect to regulation of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and interactions with adhesion molecules including integrins, we need to consider that EMMPRIN may also serve important regulatory or protective functions. This review summarizes the current understanding of EMMPRIN's involvement in CNS homeostasis, its possible roles in escalating or reducing neural injury, and the mechanisms of EMMPRIN including and apart from MMP induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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14
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Chen H, Lam Fok K, Jiang X, Chan HC. New insights into germ cell migration and survival/apoptosis in spermatogenesis: Lessons from CD147. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 2:264-272. [PMID: 23248767 PMCID: PMC3521748 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CD147, also named basigin (Bsg) or extracellular matrix (ECM) metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), is a highly glycosylated protein first identified as a tumor cell surface molecule. In cancer, it is well established that CD147 promotes metastasis by stimulating the production of MMPs. Recent studies have also suggested that it may be associated with tumor growth and angiogenesis. Interestingly, CD147 is expressed in germ cells of different development stages in the testis and its knockout mice are infertile, indicating an essential role of CD147 in spermatogenesis. While the detailed involvement of CD147 in spermatogenesis remains elusive, our recent findings have revealed a dual role of CD147 in germ cell development. On the one hand, it regulates the migration of spermatogonia and spermatocytes via the induction of MMP-2 production; on the other hand, it specifically regulates the survival/apoptosis of spermatocytes but not spermatogonia through a p53-independent pathway. In this review, we aim to provide an overview on the functions of CD147, comparing its roles in cancer and the testis, thereby providing new insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying the process of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen; The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University; Shenzhen, P.R. China ; Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center; School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, Hong Kong
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15
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Activation of NMDA receptor of glutamate influences MMP-2 activity and proliferation of glioma cells. Neurol Sci 2013; 35:823-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Hoelscher M, Richter N, Melle C, von Eggeling F, Schaenzer A, Nestler U. SELDI-TOF analysis of glioblastoma cyst fluid is an approach for assessing cellular protein expression. Neurol Res 2013; 35:993-1001. [PMID: 24225180 PMCID: PMC3823932 DOI: 10.1179/016164113x13756993777580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In about 10% of glioblastoma patients, preoperative MRI discloses the presence of tumor cysts. Whereas the impact of cystic appearance on prognosis has been discussed extensively, only little is known about the tumor cyst fluid. In this study, we tested the feasibility of the surface enhanced laser desorption ionization time of flight (SELDI-TOF) technique to detect cyst fluid proteins. METHODS Cyst fluid was collected from 21 glioblastoma patients for SELDI-TOF analysis and compared to control cerebrospinal fluids from 15 patients with spinal stenosis. Resulting protein peaks with significant differences between groups were further described, using the molecular weight in an internet search of protein databases and publications. Two potential cyst fluid proteins, basigin and ferritin light chain, were selected for immunohistological detection in the histologic slides of the patients, metallothionein (MT) served as negative control. RESULTS As supposed from the results of the SELDI-TOF analysis, basigin and ferritin were detected immunohistochemically in the cyst wall, whereas MT was more equally distributed between the cyst wall and the surrounding tumor tissue. Median survival time of the patients was 20 months (range 2 to 102 months) and correlated with age, but not with expression of the three proteins. DISCUSSION The SELDI-TOF approach reveals a number of proteins, potentially present in glioblastoma cyst fluid. Identification of these proteins in tumor cells may help understand the pathogenetic pathways and the prognostic value of cystic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hoelscher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Richter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Melle
- Institute of Human Genetics, CUCA, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Anne Schaenzer
- Institute for Neuropathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulf Nestler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Sayegh ET, Kaur G, Bloch O, Parsa AT. Systematic review of protein biomarkers of invasive behavior in glioblastoma. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:1212-44. [PMID: 24271659 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and incurable brain tumor with a grave prognosis. Recurrence is inevitable even with maximal surgical resection, in large part because GBM is a highly invasive tumor. Invasiveness also contributes to the failure of multiple cornerstones of GBM therapy, including radiotherapy, temozolomide chemotherapy, and vascular endothelial growth factor blockade. In recent years there has been significant progress in the identification of protein biomarkers of invasive phenotype in GBM. In this article, we comprehensively review the literature and survey a broad spectrum of biomarkers, including proteolytic enzymes, extracellular matrix proteins, cell adhesion molecules, neurodevelopmental factors, cell signaling and transcription factors, angiogenic effectors, metabolic proteins, membrane channels, and cytokines and chemokines. In light of the marked variation seen in outcomes in GBM patients, the systematic use of these biomarkers could be used to form a framework for better prediction, prognostication, and treatment selection, as well as the identification of molecular targets for further laboratory investigation and development of nascent, directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli T Sayegh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611-2911, USA
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18
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EMMPRIN expression positively correlates with WHO grades of astrocytomas and meningiomas. J Neurooncol 2013; 114:281-90. [PMID: 23817808 PMCID: PMC3744650 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High-grade primary brain tumors possessed poor outcome due to invasiveness. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) stimulates peri-tumoral fibroblasts to secrete matrix metalloproteinase and promote invasiveness. This study hypothesized that high-grade brain tumors overexpress EMMPRIN. Analyzing the public delinked database from the Gene Expression Omnibus profile, the results showed that the EMMPRIN mRNA level was higher in WHO grade IV (n = 81) than in grade III (n = 19, p < 0.0005) astrocytomas and non-tumor brain tissue controls (n = 23, p < 0.00001). The results of tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical (IHC) staining revealed that EMMPRIN levels positively correlated with WHO grades for astrocytomas (p = 0.008) and meningiomas (p = 0.048). EMMPRIN mRNA levels in conventional glioma cell lines (n = 36) was not less than those in glioma primary culture cells (n = 27) and glioblastoma stem-like cells (n = 12). The GBM8401, U87MG, and LN229 human glioma cell lines also overexpressed EMMPRIN. Hematoxylin and eosin, IHC, and immunofluorescence staining of xenografts confirmed that high-grade brain tumors overexpressed EMMPRIN. Lastly, Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed poorer survival in WHO grade IV (n = 56) than in grade III astrocytomas (n = 21, by log-rank test; p = 0.0001, 95 % CI: 1.842–3.053). However, in high-grade astrocytomas, there was no difference in survival between high and low EMMPRIN mRNA levels. Thus, this study identified that high-grade brain tumors overexpress EMMPRIN, which positively correlates with WHO grades in human astrocytomas and meningiomas, and suggests that EMMPRIN may be a therapeutic target of brain tumor.
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19
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Tian L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Cai M, Dong H, Xiong L. EMMPRIN is an independent negative prognostic factor for patients with astrocytic glioma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58069. [PMID: 23516431 PMCID: PMC3596336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), also known as CD147, is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is present on the surface of tumor cells and stimulates adjacent fibroblasts to produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). It has been proved to be associated with tumor invasion and metastasis in various human malignancies. In our study, the protein expression level of EMMPRIN in 306 cases of astrocytic glioma is investigated by immunohistochemistry assay. Statistical analysis was utilized to evaluate the association of EMMPRIN with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients. It was proved that EMMPRIN protein expression was increased in glioma compared with that in normal brain tissue. Moreover, EMMPRIN immunohistochemical staining was correlated with WHO grade and Karnofsky performance score for strong positive EMMPRIN staining is more frequently detected in glioma of advanced grade or low KPS score. It is also demonstrated that EMMPRIN could be an independent negative prognostic factor in glioma for patients with glioma of strong EMMPRIN staining tend to have high risk of death. These results proved that EMMPRIN is associated with prognosis of glioma, which may also suggest the potential role of EMMPRIN in glioma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (HD); (LX)
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (HD); (LX)
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20
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Zhu S, Chu D, Zhang Y, Wang X, Gong L, Han X, Yao L, Lan M, Li Y, Zhang W. EMMPRIN/CD147 expression is associated with disease-free survival of patients with colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 30:369. [PMID: 23389916 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
EMMPRIN/CD147 has been proved to be associated with tumor invasion and metastasis in various human malignancies. In the present study, we investigated the expression of CD147 and its association with disease-free survival of colorectal cancer patients. CD147 expression was investigated in 328 cases of colorectal cancer by immunohistochemistry assay. Statistical analysis was utilized to evaluate the association of CD147 expression with disease-free survival of colorectal cancer patients. CD147 expression was proved to be increased in colorectal cancer (P < 0.001) and related to tumor invasion (P < 0.001), metastasis (P < 0.001), and TNM stage (P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier showed CD147 was associated with disease-free survival of patients with colorectal cancer for patients with higher CD147 expression tend to have shorter disease-free survival (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis also proved CD147 to be an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival of colorectal cancer patients (P < 0.05). These results suggested the potential role of CD147 in relapse of human colorectal cancer. It might be a novel molecular marker to predict relapse of patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Zhu
- The Helmholtz Sino-German Research Laboratory for Cancer, Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, People's Republic of China
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Li H, Wei M, Li S, Zhou Z, Xu D. Increased CD147 and MMP-9 expression in the normal rat brain after gamma irradiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2013; 54:27-35. [PMID: 22915787 PMCID: PMC3534274 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrs072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced vascular injury is a major complication of Gamma knife surgery (GKS). Previous studies have shown that CD147 and MMP-9 are closely associated with vascular remodeling and pathological angiogenesis. Thus, we analysed changes in CD147 and MMP-9 expression in the cerebral cortex to investigate the correlation between CD147 and MMP-9 in the rat following GKS. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to GKS at a maximum dose of 75 Gy and then euthanized 1 to 12 weeks later. Using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis, we found that CD147 and MMP-9 expression were markedly upregulated in the target area 8-12 weeks after GKS when compared with the control group. Immunofluorescent double staining demonstrated that CD147 signals colocalized with CD31, GFAP and MMP-9-positive cells. Importantly, CD147 levels correlated with increased MMP-9 expression in irradiated brain tissue. For the first time, these data demonstrate a potential relationship between CD147 and MMP-9 following GKS. In addition, our study also suggests that CD147 and MMP-9 may play a role in vascular injury after GKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, 23 Pingjiang Road, Tianjin - 300211, China
| | - Ming Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, 23 Pingjiang Road, Tianjin - 300211, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, 23 Pingjiang Road, Tianjin - 300211, China
| | - Shenghui Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, 23 Pingjiang Road, Tianjin - 300211, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, 23 Pingjiang Road, Tianjin - 300211, China
| | - Desheng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, 23 Pingjiang Road, Tianjin - 300211, China
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22
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Dong W, Li H, Zhang Y, Yang H, Guo M, Li L, Liu T. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 promotes cell growth and invasion in colorectal cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011; 43:840-8. [PMID: 21968416 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the western world. In this study, we evaluated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 gene (MMP2) in CRC and analyzed its correlation with clinicopathological features. We found that the expression of MMP2 was significantly higher in CRC tissues than in the colorectal tissues. In addition, high levels of MMP2 protein were positively correlated with the status of tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, Dukes' stage, and tumor invasion. Moreover, patients with higher MMP2 levels had markedly shorter overall survivals than those with low MMP2 levels. Multivariate analysis results suggested that the level of MMP2 expression is an independent prognostic indicator for the survival of patients with CRC. Silencing MMP2 expression in CRC cell lines with lentiviral-mediated shRNA markedly suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion. Furthermore, we observed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and membrane type 1 (MT1)-MMP protein levels were decreased in MMP2-down-regulated colorectal cells. Therefore, our study demonstrated that MMP2 is an important factor related to carcinogenesis and metastasis of CRC, and MMP2 promotes CRC cell growth and invasion by up-regulating VEGF and MT1-MMP expression, which makes this pathway a potential target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China
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23
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MacDonald TJ, Aguilera D, Kramm CM. Treatment of high-grade glioma in children and adolescents. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:1049-58. [PMID: 21784756 PMCID: PMC3177659 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (HGGs)--including glioblastoma multiforme, anaplastic astrocytoma, and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma--are difficult to treat and are associated with an extremely poor prognosis. There are no effective chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of pediatric HGG, but many new treatment options are in active investigation. There are crucial molecular differences between adult and pediatric HGG such that results from adult clinical trials cannot simply be extrapolated to children. Molecular markers overexpressed in pediatric HGG include PDGFRα and P53. Amplification of EGFR is observed, but to a lesser degree than in adult HGG. Potential molecular targets and new therapies in development for pediatric HGG are described in this review. Research into bevacizumab in pediatric HGG indicates that its activity is less than that observed in adult HGG. Similarly, tipifarnib was found to have minimal activity in pediatric HGG, whereas gefitinib has shown greater effects. After promising phase I findings in children with primary CNS tumors, the integrin inhibitor cilengitide is being investigated in a phase II trial in pediatric HGG. Studies are also ongoing in pediatric HGG with 2 EGFR inhibitors: cetuximab and nimotuzumab. Other novel treatment modalities under investigation include dendritic cell-based vaccinations, boron neutron capture therapy, and telomerase inhibition. While the results of these trials are keenly awaited, the current belief is that multimodal therapy holds the greatest promise. Research efforts should be directed toward building multitherapeutic regimens that are well tolerated and that offer the greatest antitumor activity in the setting of pediatric HGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J MacDonald
- Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Children's Center, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Suite 442, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
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Haque A, Banik NL, Ray SK. Molecular alterations in glioblastoma: potential targets for immunotherapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 98:187-234. [PMID: 21199773 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385506-0.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and deadly brain tumor, possibly arising from genetic and epigenetic alterations in normal astroglial cells. Multiple cytogenetic, chromosomal, and genetic alterations have been identified in glioblastoma, with distinct expression of antigens (Ags) and biomarkers that may alter therapeutic potential of this aggressive cancer. Current therapy consists of surgical resection, followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In spite of these treatments, the prognosis for glioblastoma patients is poor. Although recent studies have focused on the development of novel immunotherapeutics against glioblastoma, little is known about glioblastoma-specific immune responses. A better understanding of the molecular interactions among glioblastoma tumors, host immune cells, and the tumor microenvironment may give rise to novel integrated approaches for the simultaneous control of tumor escape pathways and the activation of antitumor immune responses. This review provides a detailed overview concerning genetic alterations in glioblastoma, their effects on Ag and biomarker expression, and the future design of chemoimmunotherapeutics against glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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25
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Colin C, Voutsinos-Porche B, Nanni I, Fina F, Metellus P, Intagliata D, Baeza N, Bouvier C, Delfino C, Loundou A, Chinot O, Lah T, Kos J, Martin PM, Ouafik L, Figarella-Branger D. High expression of cathepsin B and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 are strong predictors of survival in glioblastomas. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 118:745-54. [PMID: 19774387 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to pilocytic astrocytomas (WHO grade I gliomas) that are circumscribed and cured by surgical resection, invasion is a hallmark of grades II-IV gliomas. Proteases play a major role in the invasion process and correlations between glioma grading, survival and protease expression have been demonstrated. In this study, we have chosen to study using different technical approaches (Q-RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry) the expression of five molecules involved in extracellular matrix degradation (cathepsin B, MMP2, MMP9, uPA and PAI-1) in glioblastomas in order to determine their prognostic impact among grade IV gliomas. Pilocytic astrocytomas were used as controls. Q-RT-PCR showed that transcripts of uPA, PAI-1, cathepsin B and MMP9 were significantly more expressed in glioblastomas (n = 52), in comparison to pilocytic astrocytomas (n = 17) (P = 0.049, P < 0.0001, P = 0.03 and P < 0.0001, respectively). On both univariate and multivariate analyses, cathepsin B and PAI-1 were strong predictors of overall survival among the group of glioblastomas (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.01, respectively). Immunohistochemical expression of cathepsin B further confirmed its prognostic value in an independent cohort of patients with glioblastoma. In situ hybridization showed that uPA is detected at the invasive edge of glioblastomas, whereas PAI-1 is more abundant in microvascular proliferation and pseudo-palisading cells than at the infiltrative edges. These results suggest that cathepsin B and PAI-1 are important biomarkers for the stratification of glioblastoma patients with respect to survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Colin
- INSERM U911, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie et Oncopharmacologie (CRO2), Angiogenèse, Invasivité et Microenvironnement Tumoral, Faculté de Médecine Timone, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
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Chen T, Zhu J. Evaluation of EMMPRIN and MMP-2 in the prognosis of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. Med Oncol 2009; 27:1185-91. [PMID: 19921476 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-009-9357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate whether the presence of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and its inducer, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma (PCMM) might help to predict patient prognosis. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of PCMM from 150 patients. Association of clinical variables (gender, age, tumor location, thickness, Clark level and AJCC stage) with EMMPRIN and MMP-2 expression were analyzed by Fisher's exact test. Survival rates were subsequently estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. The expression of EMMPRIN and MMP-2 was detected in 117/150 (78.0%) and 115/150 (76.7%) of patients with PCMM, respectively. Higher positive rates of both EMMPRIN and MMP-2 expression were significantly correlated with increased tumor thickness (both P=0.004), higher Clark level (P=0.02 and 0.03) and higher AJCC stage (both P=0.006). A significant correlation was found between the expression of EMMPRIN and MMP-2 in PCMM (r=0.89, P=0.01). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that patients who had EMMPRIN+/MMP-2+ expression had a significantly decreased 3-year disease-free survival (P=0.005) and 5-year overall survival (P=0.006). In multivariate analyses, tumor thickness and EMMPRIN+/MMP-2+ co-expression were the significant predictors of clinical outcome. EMMPRIN and MMP-2 may be independent biomarkers for disease recurrence and overall survival in patients with PCMM. A combined detection of EMMPRIN/MMP-2 co-expression may benefit us in prediction of a poor survival of PCMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiefu Chen
- Department of Burns and Plastic, The 3rd Hospital of Central South University, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, China
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