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Advances in Biomarker-Driven Targeted Therapies in Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246194. [PMID: 34944814 PMCID: PMC8699087 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This article reviews current treatment practices for thyroid cancer with a focus on novel targeted molecular therapy. Rapidly expanding knowledge of the molecular biology of these cancers coupled with the increased availability of genetic testing has led to exciting paradigm shifts in treatment strategies for these tumor types. We aim to provide up-to-date information on these state-of-the-art therapies as a guide for clinicians who specialize in the treatments of thyroid cancer. Abstract Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine malignancy comprising 2–3% of all cancers, with a constant rise in the incidence rate. The standard first-line treatments for thyroid cancer include surgery and radioactive iodine ablation, and a majority of patients show a good response to these therapies. Despite a better response and outcome, approximately twenty percent of patients develop disease recurrence and distant metastasis. With improved knowledge of molecular dysregulation and biological characteristics of thyroid cancer, the development of new treatment strategies comprising novel targets has accelerated. Biomarker-driven targeted therapies have now emerged as a trend for personalized treatments in patients with advanced cancers, and several multiple receptor kinase inhibitors have entered clinical trials (phase I/II/III) to evaluate their safety and efficacy. Most extensively investigated and clinically approved targeted therapies in thyroid cancer include the tyrosine receptor kinase inhibitors that target antiangiogenic markers, BRAF mutation, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK pathway components. In this review, we focus on the current advances in targeted mono- and combination therapies for various types of thyroid cancer.
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Di Desidero T, Orlandi P, Gentile D, Banchi M, Alì G, Kusmic C, Armanetti P, Cayme GJ, Menichetti L, Fontanini G, Francia G, Bocci G. Pharmacological effects of vinorelbine in combination with lenvatinib in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104920. [PMID: 32461187 PMCID: PMC8011355 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare neoplasia with a poor prognosis. Proliferation and apoptosis assays were performed on ATC cell lines (8305C, 8505C) exposed to vinorelbine, lenvatinib, as well as to concomitant combinations. ABCB1, ABCG2 and CSF-1 mRNA expression was evaluated by real time PCR. The relative levels of pospho Akt were investigated as part of a human phospho-kinase array analysis, and CSF-1 and VEGFR-2 protein levels were measured by ELISA. The intracellular concentration of lenvatinib in ATC cells was measured by combined reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. An ATC subcutaneous xenograft tumor model in nude mice was treated with vinorelbine, lenvatinib, or vinorelbine plus lenvatinib. After treatment with vinorelbine, lenvatinib, a significant antiproliferative effect in ATC cell lines was observed. The concomitant treatment of vinorelbine and lenvatinib revealed synergism for all the fractions of affected cells. A decrease in ABCB1 expression was reported in both ATC cell lines treated with the lenvatinib plus vinorelbine combination, as was an increase in the intracellular concentration of lenvatinib. The combination caused a decrease in Akt, GSK3α/β, PRAS40 and Src phosphorylation, and in both CSF-1 mRNA and protein levels. In the subcutaneous tumor model, the combination reduced the tumor volume during the treatment period. Our results establish the synergistic ATC antitumor activity of a vinorelbine and lenvatinib combination.
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Key Words
- Anaplastic thyroid cancer
- Lenvatinib
- Lenvatinib - IUPAC name: 4-[3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylcarbamoylamino)phenoxy]-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxamide - PubChem CID: 9823820
- Sorafenib
- Synergism
- Vinorelbine
- Vinorelbine - IUPAC namemethyl (1R, 9R, 10S, 11R, 12R, 19R)-11-acetyloxy-12-ethyl-4-[(12S, 14R,)-16-ethyl-12-methoxycarbonyl-1, 10-diazatetracyclo[12.3.1.0, (3), (11).0, (4), (9),]octadeca-3(11), 4, 6, 8, 15-pentaen-12-yl]-10-hydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8, 16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.0, (1), (9).0, (2), (7).0, (16), (19),]nonadeca-2, 4, 6, 13-tetraene-10-carboxylate- PubChem CID 5311497
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Di Desidero
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università Di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Orlandi
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università Di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Gentile
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università Di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Banchi
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università Di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Greta Alì
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e Dell'Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Kusmic
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Armanetti
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Ginelle J Cayme
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Luca Menichetti
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fontanini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e Dell'Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Francia
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Guido Bocci
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università Di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Hegedűs L, Rittler D, Garay T, Stockhammer P, Kovács I, Döme B, Theurer S, Hager T, Herold T, Kalbourtzis S, Bankfalvi A, Schmid KW, Führer D, Aigner C, Hegedűs B. HDAC Inhibition Induces PD-L1 Expression in a Novel Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cell Line. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2523-2535. [PMID: 32591993 PMCID: PMC7471186 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has largely favorable prognosis, anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but extremely aggressive malignancy with grim clinical outcome. Even though new therapeutic options are emerging for ATC, additional preclinical models and novel combinations are needed for specific subsets of patients. We established a novel cell line (PF49) from the malignant pleural effusion of a 68-year-old male patient with ATC that rapidly transformed from a BRAF and TERT promoter mutant PTC. PF49 cells demonstrated a robust migratory activity in vitro and strong invasive capacity in vivo in a pleural carcinosis model. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition decreased the proliferation and migration of PF49 cells, however could not induce cell death. Importantly, HDAC inhibitor treatment with SAHA or valproic acid induced cell cycle arrest and strongly increased PD-L1 expression of the tumor cells. Induction of PD-L1 expression was also present when paclitaxel-cisplatin chemotherapeutic treatment was combined with HDAC inhibitor treatment. Increased PD-L1 expression after HDAC inhibition was recapitulated in an international ATC cell model. Our data suggest that HDAC inhibition alone or in combination with standard chemotherapy may potentiate anaplastic thyroid cancer cells for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Hegedűs
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dominika Rittler
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Garay
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paul Stockhammer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ildikó Kovács
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Döme
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University-National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sarah Theurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hager
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Herold
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stavros Kalbourtzis
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kurt W Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Clemens Aigner
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Balázs Hegedűs
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. .,2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Gentile D, Orlandi P, Banchi M, Bocci G. Preclinical and clinical combination therapies in the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer. Med Oncol 2020; 37:19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-020-1345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Molinaro E, Romei C, Biagini A, Sabini E, Agate L, Mazzeo S, Materazzi G, Sellari-Franceschini S, Ribechini A, Torregrossa L, Basolo F, Vitti P, Elisei R. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: from clinicopathology to genetics and advanced therapies. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:644-660. [PMID: 28707679 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare malignancy, accounting for 1-2% of all thyroid cancers. Although rare, ATC accounts for the majority of deaths from thyroid carcinoma. ATC often originates in a pre-existing thyroid cancer lesion, as suggested by the simultaneous presence of areas of differentiated or poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. ATC is characterized by the accumulation of several oncogenic alterations, and studies have shown that an increased number of oncogenic alterations equates to an increased level of dedifferentiation and aggressiveness. The clinical management of ATC requires a multidisciplinary approach; according to recent American Thyroid Association guidelines, surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy should be considered. In addition to conventional therapies, novel molecular targeted therapies are the most promising emerging treatment modalities. These drugs are often multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, several of which have been tested in clinical trials with encouraging results so far. Accordingly, clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the safety, efficacy and effectiveness of these new agents. This Review describes the updated clinical and pathological features of ATC and provides insight into the molecular biology of this disease. The most recent literature regarding conventional, newly available and future therapies for ATC is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Molinaro
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Cristina Romei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Agnese Biagini
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Elena Sabini
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Laura Agate
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Salvatore Mazzeo
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Gabriele Materazzi
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa
| | | | | | - Liborio Torregrossa
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vitti
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
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Wang L, Tian Z, Yang Q, Li H, Guan H, Shi B, Hou P, Ji M. Sulforaphane inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth and invasiveness through the reactive oxygen species-dependent pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25917-31. [PMID: 26312762 PMCID: PMC4694875 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN), a natural compound derived from broccoli/broccoli sprouts, has been demonstrated to be used as an antitumor agent in different types of cancers. However, its antitumor effect in thyroid cancer remains largely unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of SFN for thyroid cancer and explore the mechanisms underlying antitumor effects of SFN by in vitro and in vivo studies. Our data demonstrated that SFN significantly inhibited thyroid cancer cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibited thyroid cancer cell migration and invasion by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and expression of Slug, Twist, MMP-2 and -9. Mechanically, SFN inhibited thyroid cancer cell growth and invasiveness through repressing phosphorylation of Akt, enhancing p21 expression by the activation of Erk and p38 signaling cascades, and promoting mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent pathway. Growth of xenograft tumors derived from thyroid cancer cell line FTC133 in nude mice was also significantly inhibited by SFN. Importantly, we did not find significant effect of SFN on body weight and liver function of mice. Collectively, we for the first time demonstrate that SFN is a potentially effective antitumor agent for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China.,Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an 710003, P.R. China
| | - Zhufang Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an 710003, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an 710003, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Bingyin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Peng Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Meiju Ji
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
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7
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Koussis H, Giorgi CA, Di Liso E, Carlucci MC, Fassina A, Marioni G, Conte PF. Complete response to weekly carboplatin-docetaxel chemotherapy in a 91-year-old woman with anaplastic thyroid cancer. Am J Otolaryngol 2015; 36:268-72. [PMID: 25681954 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is an unusual tumor with the worst prognosis among thyroid malignancies. Treatment of the patients diagnosed with ATC is not standardized and the feasible options include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. ATC cannot be regarded as a very chemo-sensitive tumor. Herein, we reported a case of a 91-year-old woman with complete response after induction chemotherapy (weekly carboplatin and docetaxel) that underwent subsequent radiotherapy.
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8
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He X, Li D, Hu C, Wang Z, Ying H, Wu Y. Outcome after intensity modulated radiotherapy for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:235. [PMID: 24690325 PMCID: PMC3976675 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a malignancy with one of the highest fatality rates. We reviewed our recent clinical experience with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) combined with surgery and chemotherapy for the management of ATC. Methods 13 patients with ATC who were treated by IMRT in our institution between October 2008 and February 2011, have been analyzed. The target volume for IMRT was planned to include Gross tumor volume (GTV): primary tumor plus any N + disease (66 Gy/33 F/6.6 W), with elective irradiation of thyroid bed, bilateral level II through VI and mediastinal lymph nodes to the level of the carina (54-60 Gy). Seven patients received surgical intervention and eleven patients had chemotherapy. Results The median radiotherapy dose to GTV was 60 Gy/30 fractions/6 weeks. The median survival time of the 13 patients was 9 months. The direct causes of death were distant metastases (75%) and progression of the locoregional disease (25%). Ten patients were spared dyspnea and tracheostomy because their primary neck lesion did not progress. Conclusion The results showed that IMRT combined by surgery and chemotherapy for ATC might be beneficial to improve locoregional control. Further new therapies are needed to control metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yi Wu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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9
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Current and emerging options for taxol production. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 148:405-25. [PMID: 25528175 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (trademark "Taxol") is a plant-derived isoprenoid natural product that exhibits potent anticancer activity. Taxol was originally isolated from the Pacific yew tree in 1967 and triggered an intense scientific and engineering venture to provide the compound reliably to cancer patients. The choices available for production include synthetic and biosynthetic routes (and combinations thereof). This chapter focuses on the currently utilized and emerging biosynthetic options for Taxol production. A particular emphasis is placed on the biosynthetic production hosts including macroscopic and unicellular plant species and more recent attempts to elucidate, transfer, and reconstitute the Taxol pathway within technically advanced microbial hosts. In so doing, we provide the reader with relevant background related to Taxol and more general information related to producing valuable, but structurally complex, natural products through biosynthetic strategies.
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Denaro N, Nigro CL, Russi EG, Merlano MC. The role of chemotherapy and latest emerging target therapies in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 9:1231-41. [PMID: 24092989 PMCID: PMC3787923 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s46545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer represents 1%–2% of thyroid cancers. For its aggressiveness, it
is considered a systemic disease at the time of diagnosis. Surgery remains the cornerstone of
therapy in resectable tumor. Traditional chemotherapy has little effect on metastatic disease. A
multimodality approach, incorporating cytoreductive surgical resection, chemoradiation, either
concurrently or sequentially, and new promising target therapies is advisable. Doxorubicin is the
most commonly used agent, with a response rate of 22%. Recently, other chemotherapy agents have been
used, such as paclitaxel and gemcitabine, with superimposable activity and response rates of
10%–20%. However, survival of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer has changed little in
the past 50 years, despite more aggressive systemic and radiotherapies. Several new agents are
currently under investigation. Some of them, such as sorafenib, imatinib, and axitinib have been
tested in small clinical trials, showing promising disease control rates ranging from
35%–75%. Referral of patients for participation in clinical trials is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerina Denaro
- Oncology Department, AO S Croce e Carle, Messina, Italy ; Human Pathology Department, Messina University, Messina, Italy
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Abstract
Analysis of the interactive effects of combinations of hormones or other manipulations with qualitatively similar individual effects is an important topic in basic and clinical endocrinology as well as other branches of basic and clinical research related to integrative physiology. Functional, as opposed to mechanistic, analyses of interactions rely on the concept of synergy, which can be defined qualitatively as a cooperative action or quantitatively as a supra-additive effect according to some metric for the addition of different dose-effect curves. Unfortunately, dose-effect curve addition is far from straightforward; rather, it requires the development of an axiomatic mathematical theory. I review the mathematical soundness, face validity, and utility of the most frequently used approaches to supra-additive synergy. These criteria highlight serious problems in the two most common synergy approaches, response additivity and Loewe additivity, which is the basis of the isobole and related response surface approaches. I conclude that there is no adequate, generally applicable, supra-additive synergy metric appropriate for endocrinology or any other field of basic and clinical integrative physiology. I recommend that these metrics be abandoned in favor of the simpler definition of synergy as a cooperative, i.e., nonantagonistic, effect. This simple definition avoids mathematical difficulties, is easily applicable, meets regulatory requirements for combination therapy development, and suffices to advance phenomenological basic research to mechanistic studies of interactions and clinical combination therapy research.
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12
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Terenzi A, Tomasello L, Spinello A, Bruno G, Giordano C, Barone G. (Dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine)(glycinato)copper(II) perchlorate: A novel DNA-intercalator with anti-proliferative activity against thyroid cancer cell lines. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 117:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sandulache VC, Skinner HD, Wang Y, Chen Y, Dodge CT, Ow TJ, Bankson JA, Myers JN, Lai SY. Glycolytic inhibition alters anaplastic thyroid carcinoma tumor metabolism and improves response to conventional chemotherapy and radiation. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1373-80. [PMID: 22572813 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) accounts for more than 50% of thyroid cancer mortality and is generally refractory to conventional treatment. On the basis of recent studies, we hypothesized that ATC metabolism can be targeted to improve response to chemoradiotherapy. Eight established and authenticated ATC cell lines were sequenced at 140 sites contained within 26 commonly mutated genes to identify novel potential therapeutic targets. Cellular proliferation, energy, and reducing potential stores were measured under conditions of specific nutrient deprivation. Tumor metabolism was evaluated using hyperpolarized (13)C MRI in a murine orthotopic xenograft model of ATC. Sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents and radiation (XRT) was assayed using cytotoxicity assays. We identified mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and KIT but failed to identify generalized novel targets for therapeutic intervention. ATC cell lines exhibited a mesenchymal phenotype and generalized dependence on glucose for energy, reducing potential and survival. Glycolytic inhibition using 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) sensitized ATC cells to conventional chemotherapy and external beam radiation. In vivo, 2-DG induced a transient, but significant reduction in ATC metabolic activity. Generalized dependence of ATC cells on glucose catabolism makes them susceptible to the sensitizing effects of 2-DG for radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Under in vivo conditions, 2-DG can inhibit ATC metabolism. However, the modest magnitude and transient nature of this effect suggest the need for antimetabolic agents with more favorable pharmacodynamics to achieve therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad C Sandulache
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Kim KS, Min JK, Liang ZL, Lee K, Lee JU, Bae KH, Lee MH, Lee SE, Ryu MJ, Kim SJ, Kim YK, Choi MJ, Jo YS, Kim JM, Shong M. Aberrant l1 cell adhesion molecule affects tumor behavior and chemosensitivity in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3071-8. [PMID: 22472175 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most invasive human cancers and has a poor prognosis. Molecular targets of ATC that determine its highly aggressive nature remain unidentified. This study investigated L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) expression and its role in tumorigenesis of ATCs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of L1CAM in thyroid cancer was evaluated by immunohistochemical analyses of tumor samples from patients with thyroid cancer. We investigated the role of L1CAM in proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown experiments in human ATC cell lines. Finally, we evaluated the role of L1CAM on tumorigenesis with ATC xenograft assay in a nude mouse model. RESULTS L1CAM expression was not detectable in normal follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid or in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. In contrast, analysis of ATC samples showed specifically higher expression of L1CAM in the invasive area of the tumor. Specific knockdown of L1CAM in the ATC cell lines, FRO and 8505C, caused a significant decrease in the proliferative, migratory, and invasive capabilities of the cells. Suppression of L1CAM expression in ATC cell lines increased chemosensitivity to gemcitabine or paclitaxel. Finally, in an ATC xenograft model, depletion of L1CAM markedly reduced tumor growth and increased the survival of tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS We report that L1CAM is highly expressed in the samples taken from patients with ATCs. L1CAM plays an important role in determining tumor behavior and chemosensitivity in cell lines derived from ATCs. Therefore, we suggest that L1CAM may be an important therapeutic target in patients with ATCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koon Soon Kim
- Research Center for Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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Anaplastic thyroid cancer: a review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:542358. [PMID: 21772843 PMCID: PMC3136148 DOI: 10.1155/2011/542358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is an uncommon malignancy of the thyroid. Only 1-2% of thyroid cancers are anaplastic, but the disease contributes to 14–50% of the mortality with a median survival of 3 to 5 months. Most patients diagnosed with this disease are 65 years of age or older. The incidence of anaplastic thyroid cancer is decreasing worldwide. Most patients present with a rapidly growing neck mass, dysphagia, or voice change. We performed a comprehensive literature search using PubMed focusing on the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer including historical review of treatment and outcomes and investigations of new agents and approaches. A total of sixteen chart review and retrospective studies and eleven prospective studies and/or clinical trials were reviewed. The current standard therapeutic approach is to consider the disease as systemic at time of diagnosis and pursue combined modality therapy incorporating cytoreductive surgical resection where feasible and/or chemoradiation either concurrently or sequentially. Doxorubicin is the most commonly used agent, with a response rate of 22%. Several new agents are currently under investigation. Referral of patients for participation in clinical trials is needed.
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Perri F, Lorenzo GD, Scarpati GDV, Buonerba C. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: A comprehensive review of current and future therapeutic options. World J Clin Oncol 2011; 2:150-7. [PMID: 21611089 PMCID: PMC3100480 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v2.i3.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the rarest, but deadliest histologic type among thyroid malignancies, with a dismal median survival of 3-9 mo. Even though ATC accounts for less than 2% of all thyroid tumors, it is responsible for 14%-39% of thyroid carcinoma-related deaths. ATC clinically presents as a rapidly growing mass in the neck, associated with dyspnoea, dysphagia and vocal cord paralysis. It is usually locally advanced and often metastatic at initial presentation. For operable diseases, the combination of radical surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy, using agents such as doxorubicin and cisplatin, is the best treatment strategy. Cytotoxic drugs for advanced/metastatic ATC are poorly effective. On the other hand, targeted agents might represent a viable therapeutic option. Axitinib, combretastatin A4, sorafenib and imatinib have been tested in small clinical trials of ATC, with a promising disease control rate ranging from 33% to 75%. Other clinical trials of targeted therapy for thyroid carcinoma are currently ongoing. Biological agents that are under investigation include pazopanib, gefitinib and everolimus. With the very limited therapeutic armamentarium available at the present time, targeted therapy constitutes an exciting new horizon for ATC. In future, biological agents will probably represent the standard of care for this aggressive malignancy, in the same fashion as it has recently occurred for other chemo-refractory tumors, such as kidney and hepatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Perri
- Francesco Perri, Department of Skin, Musculoskeletal System and Head-neck, INT Foundation G. Pascale, Napoli 80131, Italy
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Pignatello R, Vicari L, Pistarà V, Musumeci T, Gulisano M, Puglisi G. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic activity on human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells of lipoamino acid conjugates of gemcitabine. Drug Dev Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Seliger G, Mueller LP, Kegel T, Kantelhardt EJ, Grothey A, Groe R, Strauss HG, Koelbl H, Thomssen C, Schmoll HJ. Phase 2 trial of docetaxel, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin combination chemotherapy in platinum- and paclitaxel-pretreated epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 19:1446-53. [PMID: 20009905 DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181b62f38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This phase 2 trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a combination of docetaxel, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin for platinum- and paclitaxel-pretreated epithelial ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Heavily pretreated patients (N = 30; median age, 61 years) received docetaxel, 55 mg/m2; gemcitabine, 500 mg/m2 (day 1); and oxaliplatin, 70 mg/m2 (day 2) biweekly. Twelve patients had platinum-sensitive disease, and 18 patients had platinum-resistant disease. RESULTS Median follow-up was 18.6 months. No differences in patient characteristics were observed between patients with carboplatinum-sensitive and carboplatinum-resistant disease. In patients with carboplatin-sensitive disease, an overall response (OR) of 83.3%, a progression-free survival of 10.6 months, and an overall survival of 18.9 months were observed. In patients with carboplatinum-resistant disease, an OR was seen in 38.9% with a progression-free survival of 5.3 months and an overall survival of 16.3 months. Patients with platinum-refractory disease (progression under previous carboplatinum therapy, n = 13) had an OR of 23%, whereas patients with objective response but relapse less than 6 months after carboplatinum therapy had an OR of 80.0%. Grade 3 and 4 toxicities were only observed for anemia (6.7%), neutropenia (20.0%), thrombopenia, peripheral neuropathy, and diarrhea (16.7%). No neutropenic fever or treatment-related death occurred. CONCLUSIONS In comparison with current standard protocols, a combination of docetaxel, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin showed considerably higher efficacy without remarkable increased toxicity; particularly for patients with early relapse after a platinum-containing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Seliger
- Department of Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P B Dackiw
- Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Anaplastic thyroid cancer, tumorigenesis and therapy. Ir J Med Sci 2009; 179:9-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-009-0364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Smallridge RC, Marlow LA, Copland JA. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: molecular pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009; 16:17-44. [PMID: 18987168 PMCID: PMC2829440 DOI: 10.1677/erc-08-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare malignancy. While external beam radiation therapy has improved locoregional control, the median survival of approximately 4 months has not changed in more than half a century due to uncontrolled systemic metastases. The objective of this study was to review the literature in order to identify potential new strategies for treating this highly lethal cancer. PubMed searches were the principal source of articles reviewed. The molecular pathogenesis of ATC includes mutations in BRAF, RAS, catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, PIK3CA, TP53, AXIN1, PTEN, and APC genes, and chromosomal abnormalities are common. Several microarray studies have identified genes and pathways preferentially affected, and dysregulated microRNA profiles differ from differentiated thyroid cancers. Numerous proteins involving transcription factors, signaling pathways, mitosis, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, adhesion, migration, epigenetics, and protein degradation are affected. A variety of agents have been successful in controlling ATC cell growth both in vitro and in nude mice xenografts. While many of these new compounds are in cancer clinical trials, there are few studies being conducted in ATC. With the recent increased knowledge of the many critical genes and proteins affected in ATC, and the extensive array of targeted therapies being developed for cancer patients, there are new opportunities to design clinical trials based upon tumor molecular profiling and preclinical studies of potentially synergistic combinatorial novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Smallridge
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA.
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Paclitaxel loading in PLGA nanospheres affected the in vitro drug cell accumulation and antiproliferative activity. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:212. [PMID: 18657273 PMCID: PMC2519087 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PTX is one of the most widely used drug in oncology due to its high efficacy against solid tumors and several hematological cancers. PTX is administered in a formulation containing 1:1 Cremophor EL (polyethoxylated castor oil) and ethanol, often responsible for toxic effects. Its encapsulation in colloidal delivery systems would gain an improved targeting to cancer cells, reducing the dose and frequency of administration. METHODS In this paper PTX was loaded in PLGA NS. The activity of PTX-NS was assessed in vitro against thyroid, breast and bladder cancer cell lines in cultures. Cell growth was evaluated by MTS assay, intracellular NS uptake was performed using coumarin-6 labelled NS and the amount of intracellular PTX was measured by HPLC. RESULTS NS loaded with 3% PTX (w/w) had a mean size < 250 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.4 after freeze-drying with 0.5% HP-Cyd as cryoprotector. PTX encapsulation efficiency was 30% and NS showed a prolonged drug release in vitro. An increase of the cytotoxic effect of PTX-NS was observed with respect to free PTX in all cell lines tested. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the greater biological effect of PTX-NS could be due to higher uptake of the drug inside the cells as shown by intracellular NS uptake and cell accumulation studies.
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Bekaii-Saab TS, Liu J, Chan KK, Balcerzak SP, Ivy PS, Grever MR, Kraut EH. A Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of Weekly Oxaliplatin Followed by Paclitaxel in Patients with Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:3434-40. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Manzone TA, Dam HQ, Intenzo CM, Sagar VV, Schneider CJ, Seshadri P. Postoperative management of thyroid carcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2008; 17:197-218, x. [PMID: 18177807 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Survival from differentiated thyroid carcinoma is generally good, but postoperative management plays an important role in minimizing the likelihood of disease recurrence. Postoperative management is generally performed by endocrinologists and nuclear medicine physicians, who exploit thyroid cells' inherent iodineavidity and sensitivity to hormonal manipulation in a unique cancer management paradigm. Endocrinologists manage thyroid hormone replacement/thyroid stimulating hormone suppression and coordinate surveillance. Nuclear physicians administer targeted therapy with radioactive iodine and perform imaging studies to assess disease status. This article provides an overview of the postoperative assessment, treatment, and follow-up of patients who have thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Manzone
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medicine, Christiana Care Health System/Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, 4755 Ogletown-Stanton Road, Newark, DE 19718, USA.
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Pudney D, Lau H, Ruether JD, Falck V. Clinical experience of the multimodality management of anaplastic thyroid cancer and literature review. Thyroid 2007; 17:1243-50. [PMID: 18177257 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2007.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (ATC) is a rare thyroid tumor with a very aggressive clinical course. The following is a report of five patients with inoperable locally advanced disease treated at our institution using multimodality management consisting of chemotherapy and hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy. A flow diagram with management recommendations for inoperable ATC is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Pudney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Canada
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Yeung SCJ, She M, Yang H, Pan J, Sun L, Chaplin D. Combination chemotherapy including combretastatin A4 phosphate and paclitaxel is effective against anaplastic thyroid cancer in a nude mouse xenograft model. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:2902-9. [PMID: 17550961 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is extremely aggressive, and no effective treatment is available. Combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P), a vascular disrupting agent, has limited activity against ATC in a clinical trial, and so does paclitaxel. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that a triple-drug combination including CA4P and paclitaxel would improve efficacy against ATC. Therefore, we evaluated two such combinations in vivo. SETTING We used a nude mouse xenograft model with ARO and KAT-4 cells. INTERVENTIONS The first combination consisted of CA4P, paclitaxel, and manumycin A (a farnesyltransferase inhibitor), and the second, CA4P, paclitaxel, and carboplatin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcome measures included tumor growth curves and tumor weights. RESULTS Tumor growth curve analysis (linear mixed models, P < 0.05) and xenograft weight analysis (Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA on ranks, post hoc pairwise comparison, Dunn's test, P < 0.05) demonstrated that both triple-drug combinations were significantly better than placebo for both cell lines. Anti-bromodeoxyuridine immunostaining of xenograft sections from animals injected with bromodeoxyuridine before being killed showed that CA4P alone did not inhibit DNA synthesis, but manumycin A and paclitaxel did. CA4P decreased the depth of the viable outer rim of tumor cells on xenograft sections. Using electron microscopy, we found blebbing/budding of endothelial cells into capillary lumens and autophagy of tumor cells in CA4P-treated xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Both triple-drug combinations demonstrated excellent antineoplastic activity against ATC. The correlative findings in xenografts were consistent with vascular disruption but not direct inhibition of cell proliferation as the primary antineoplastic mechanism contributed by CA4P. These regimens warrant further investigation in clinical trials for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Ching J Yeung
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 437, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Omodeo-Salè E, Iavicoli S. Micronucleus induction and FISH analysis in buccal cells and lymphocytes of nurses administering antineoplastic drugs. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2007; 628:11-8. [PMID: 17223378 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A genotoxic effect for antineoplastic drugs, in particular micronucleus induction, has been shown in several studies. The aim of our study was to assess genotoxic effects in nurses administering different mixtures of antineoplastic drugs in an oncology hospital by evaluating the frequency of micronuclei in exfoliated buccal cells and blood lymphocytes by use of the standard micronucleus (MN) test and by identifying, by means of FISH analysis with centromeric probes, the mechanism of micronucleus induction (clastogenic or aneugenic). The study group comprised 23 nurses, 10 of whom worked in the day-care hospital and 13 in the ward. Twenty healthy subjects were selected as controls. Pan-centromeric FISH analysis was performed on lymphocytes from a selected group of nurses (12/23 subjects) characterized by higher MN frequencies as observed by standard Giemsa staining. A significant increase of micronucleus frequency compared with controls was found in exfoliated buccal cells of both groups of nurses: day-care hospital nurses 0.92 versus 0.45 (p=0.034) and ward nurses 0.94 versus 0.45 (p=0.051). An increase, although not statistically significant, of mean MN frequency was also found by the MN standard test on lymphocytes of the day-care hospital nurses (10.9 versus 7.5; p=0.056), while no differences were found in ward nurses (8.15 versus 7.5; p=0.56). We found that the administration of antineoplastic drugs by nurses in ward units induced a higher frequency of FISH MN+ (43% of subjects) than in the day-care hospital (20%). This was associated with the micronucleus size percentage. This finding could be correlated with the different compositions of administered mixtures of antineoplastic drugs: in ward units the mixtures contained drugs, such as vinorelbine, that were absent in the mixtures administered in the day-care hospital. Our results show genetic damage induced by administration of antineoplastic drugs, particularly in exfoliated buccal cells. This result suggests the useful application of this non-invasive sampling to evaluate genotoxic effects of occupational exposure to mixtures of inhalable chemicals at low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational Medicine, ISPESL-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Prevention, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
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