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Halmos G, Szabo Z, Juhasz E, Schally AV. Signaling mechanism of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:1-26. [PMID: 37717982 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic peptide growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary through binding and activation of the pituitary type of GHRH receptor (GHRH-R), which belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors with seven potential membrane-spanning domains. Splice variants of GHRH-Rs (SV) in human tumors and other extra pituitary tissues were identified and their cDNA was sequenced. Among the SVs, splice variant 1 (SV1) possesses the greatest similarity to the full-length GHRH-R and remains functional by eliciting cAMP signaling and mitogenic activity upon GHRH stimulation. A large body of work have evaluated potential clinical applications of agonists and antagonists of GHRH in diverse fields, including endocrinology, oncology, cardiology, diabetes, obesity, metabolic dysfunctions, Alzheimer's disease, ophthalmology, wound healing and other applications. In this chapter, we briefly review the expression and potential function of GHRH-Rs and their SVs in various tissues and also elucidate and summarize the activation, molecular mechanism and signalization pathways of these receptors. Therapeutic applications of GHRH analogs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Halmos
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States.
| | - Zsuzsanna Szabo
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eva Juhasz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Medicine, Divisions of Hematology-Oncology and Endocrinology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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2
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Fodor D, Pozsgai É, Schally AV, László Z, Gömöri É, Szabó É, Rumi L, Lőcsei D, Boronkai Á, Bellyei S. Expression Levels of GHRH-Receptor, pAkt and Hsp90 Predict 10-Year Overall Survival in Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030719. [PMID: 36979698 PMCID: PMC10045547 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Rectal cancer constitutes nearly one-third of all colorectal cancer diagnoses, and certain clinical and molecular markers have been studied as potential prognosticators of patient survival. The main objective of our study was to investigate the relationship between the expression intensities of certain proteins, including growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R), Hsp90, Hsp16.2, p-Akt and SOUL, in specimens of locally advanced rectal cancer patients, as well as the time to metastasis and 10-year overall survival (OS) rates. We also investigated whether these outcome measures were associated with the presence of other clinical parameters. Methods: In total, 109 patients were investigated retrospectively. Samples of pretreatment tumors were stained for the proteins GHRH-R, Hsp90, Hsp16.2, p-Akt and SOUL using immunhistochemistry methods. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to show the relationships between the intensity of expression of biomarkers, clinical parameters, the time to metastasis and the 10-year OS rate. Results: High levels of p-Akt, GHRH-R and Hsp90 were associated with a significantly decreased 10-year OS rate (p = 0.001, p = 0.000, p = 0.004, respectively) and high expression levels of p-Akt and GHRH-R were correlated with a significantly shorter time to metastasis. Tumors localized in the lower third of the rectum were linked to both a significantly longer time to metastasis and an improved 10-year OS rate. Conclusions: Hsp 90, pAkt and GHRH-R as well as the lower-third localization of the tumor were predictive of the 10-year OS rate in locally advanced rectal cancer patients. The GHRH-R and Hsp90 expression levels were independent prognosticators of OS. Our results imply that GHRH-R could play a particularly important role both as a molecular biomarker and as a target for the anticancer treatment of advanced rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Fodor
- Department of Oncotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Édesanyák Street 10, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Pozsgai
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Primary Health Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, Rákóczi Street 2, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Zoltán László
- Diagnostic, Radiation Oncology, Research and Teaching Center, Kaposi Somogy County Teaching Hospital Dr. József Baka, Guba Sándor Street 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Éva Gömöri
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Munkácsy Mihaly Street 2, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Rumi
- Urology Clinic, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Munkácsy Mihaly Street 2, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Lőcsei
- Department of Oncotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Édesanyák Street 10, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Árpád Boronkai
- Department of Oncotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Édesanyák Street 10, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Bellyei
- Department of Oncotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Édesanyák Street 10, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-30-396-0464
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Poynter L, Galea D, Veselkov K, Mirnezami A, Kinross J, Nicholson J, Takáts Z, Darzi A, Mirnezami R. Network Mapping of Molecular Biomarkers Influencing Radiation Response in Rectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2019; 18:e210-e222. [PMID: 30928329 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Preoperative radiotherapy (RT) plays an important role in the management of locally advanced rectal cancer (RC). Tumor regression after RT shows marked variability, and robust molecular methods are needed to help predict likely response. The aim of this study was to review the current published literature and use Gene Ontology (GO) analysis to define key molecular biomarkers governing radiation response in RC. A systematic review of electronic bibliographic databases (Medline, Embase) was performed for original articles published between 2000 and 2015. Biomarkers were then classified according to biological function and incorporated into a hierarchical GO tree. Both significant and nonsignificant results were included in the analysis. Significance was binarized on the basis of univariate and multivariate statistics. Significance scores were calculated for each biological domain (or node), and a direct acyclic graph was generated for intuitive mapping of biological pathways and markers involved in RC radiation response. Seventy-two individual biomarkers across 74 studies were identified. On highest-order classification, molecular biomarkers falling within the domains of response to stress, cellular metabolism, and pathways inhibiting apoptosis were found to be the most influential in predicting radiosensitivity. Homogenizing biomarker data from original articles using controlled GO terminology demonstrated that cellular mechanisms of response to RT in RC-in particular the metabolic response to RT-may hold promise in developing radiotherapeutic biomarkers to help predict, and in the future modulate, radiation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Poynter
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dieter Galea
- Computational & Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kirill Veselkov
- Computational & Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - James Kinross
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Nicholson
- Computational & Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zoltán Takáts
- Computational & Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ara Darzi
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Reza Mirnezami
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK; St Mark's Hospital and Academic Institute, Harrow, London, UK.
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4
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Bognár L, Hegedűs I, Bellyei S, Pozsgai É, Zoltán L, Gombos K, Horváth ÖP, Vereczkei A, Papp A. Prognostic role of HPV infection in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Infect Agent Cancer 2018; 13:38. [PMID: 30519280 PMCID: PMC6264038 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-018-0210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aims of this study were to evaluate whether HPV infection has a prognostic role in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent oncological treatment and also to compare the heat shock proteins (Hsp) 90, 27 and 16.2 and growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) expression patterns of the pre-treatment tumor biopsies with the HPV status and with the oncological response. Methods Pre-treatment tumor biopsies of 74 patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were processed retrospectively. The presence of HPV was detected by chromogenic in situ hybridization. Hsp and GHRH-R expressions were determined using immunohistochemistry. Following neoadjuvant or definitive radiochemotherapy, the patients were restaged according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. The correlation between the HPV status, response to treatment and Hsp and GHRH-R expressions were evaluated. Results Fourteen (19%) patients were HPV-positive. These patients were more likely to respond poorly to multimodal therapy (71.4% were non-responders vs. 28.6% responders) and had shorter survival compared to HPV-negative patients (mean survival of 8 months vs. 11 months), although the difference was not significant. A significantly higher number of HPV-positive patients expressed Hsp 90 and 16.2 at high levels (93 and 79%, respectively) than at low levels (Chi-Square p = 0.019 and p = 0.031). Higher levels of Hsp expressions were associated with poorer response to therapy and worse overall survival. No correlation was found between GHRH-R expression and the HPV status, nor between GHRH-R expression and the treatment response of the examined samples. Conclusions We found that HPV infection was associated with poor response to oncological treatment and decreased overall survival, and therefore proved to be a negative prognostic factor in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. There was a linear correlation between levels of Hsp 90 and 16.2 expression and HPV positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bognár
- 1Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary, Ifjuság Street 13, Pécs, 7624 Hungary
| | - Ivett Hegedűs
- 2Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary, Szigeti Street 12, Pécs, 7624 Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Bellyei
- 3Department of Oncotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary, Édesanyák Street 17, Pécs, 7624 Hungary
| | - Éva Pozsgai
- 4Department of Primary Health Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary, Rákóczi Street 2, Pécs, 7623 Hungary
| | - László Zoltán
- 3Department of Oncotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary, Édesanyák Street 17, Pécs, 7624 Hungary
| | - Katalin Gombos
- 5Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary, Szigeti Street 12, Pécs, 7624 Hungary
| | - Örs Péter Horváth
- 1Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary, Ifjuság Street 13, Pécs, 7624 Hungary
| | - András Vereczkei
- 1Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary, Ifjuság Street 13, Pécs, 7624 Hungary
| | - András Papp
- 1Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary, Ifjuság Street 13, Pécs, 7624 Hungary
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5
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Santos MD, Silva C, Rocha A, Nogueira C, Castro-Poças F, Araujo A, Matos E, Pereira C, Medeiros R, Lopes C. Predictive clinical model of tumor response after chemoradiation in rectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58133-58151. [PMID: 28938543 PMCID: PMC5601639 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival improvement in rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) is achieved only if pathological response occurs. Mandard tumor regression grade (TRG) proved to be a valid system to measure nCRT response. The ability to predict tumor response before treatment may significantly have impact the selection of patients for nCRT in rectal cancer. The aim is to identify potential predictive pretreatment factors for Mandard response and build a clinical predictive model design. 167 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer were treated with nCRT and curative surgery. Blood cell counts in peripheral blood were analyzed. Pretreatment biopsies expression of cyclin D1, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and protein 21 were assessed. A total of 61 single nucleotide polymorphisms were characterized using the Sequenom platform through multiplex amplification followed by mass-spectometric product separation. Surgical specimens were classified according to Mandard TRG. The patients were divided as: "good responders" (Mandard TRG1-2) and "poor responders" (Mandard TGR3-5). We examined predictive factors for Mandard response and performed statistical analysis. In univariate analysis, distance from anal verge, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), cyclin D1, VEGF, EGFR, protein 21 and rs1810871 interleukin 10 (IL10) gene polymorphism are the pretreatment variables with predictive value for Mandard response. In multivariable analysis, NLR, cyclin D1, protein 21 and rs1800871 in IL10 gene maintain predictive value, allowing a clinical model design. CONCLUSION It seems possible to use pretreatment expression of blood and tissue biomarkers, and build a model of tumor response prediction to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa D Santos
- Department of Surgery, Digestive Surgery Service, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Silva
- Department of Surgery, Digestive Surgery Service, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela Rocha
- Department of Surgery, Digestive Surgery Service, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Nogueira
- Department of Surgery, Digestive Surgery Service, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Castro-Poças
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Gastroenterology Service, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Araujo
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Service of Medical Oncology, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Matos
- Department of Health Community, Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Pereira
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Research Center, Portuguese Oncologic Institute, Porto, Portugal.,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Research Center, Portuguese Oncologic Institute, Porto, Portugal.,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer, Porto, Portugal.,CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Pathological Anatomy Service, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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6
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Del Puerto-Nevado L, Marin-Arango JP, Fernandez-Aceñero MJ, Arroyo-Manzano D, Martinez-Useros J, Borrero-Palacios A, Rodriguez-Remirez M, Cebrian A, Gomez Del Pulgar T, Cruz-Ramos M, Carames C, Lopez-Botet B, Garcia-Foncillas J. Predictive value of vrk 1 and 2 for rectal adenocarcinoma response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy: a retrospective observational cohort study. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:519. [PMID: 27456229 PMCID: PMC4960836 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) followed by surgical resection is the standard therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. However, tumor response following NACRT varies, ranging from pathologic complete response to disease progression. We evaluated the kinases VRK1 and VRK2, which are known to play multiple roles in cellular proliferation, cell cycle regulation, and carcinogenesis, and as such are potential predictors of tumor response and may aid in identifying patients who could benefit from NACRT. Methods Sixty-seven pretreatment biopsies were examined for VRK1 and VRK2 expression using tissue microarrays. VRK1 and VRK2 Histoscores were combined by linear addition, resulting in a new variable designated as “composite score”, and the statistical significance of this variable was assessed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and area under the ROC curve (AUC) analysis were carried out to evaluate calibration and discrimination, respectively. A nomogram was also developed. Results Univariate logistic regression showed that tumor size as well as composite score were statistically significant. Both variables remained significant in the multivariate analysis, obtaining an OR for tumor size of 0.65 (95 % CI, 0.45–0.94; p = 0.021) and composite score of 1.24 (95 % CI, 1.07–1.48; p = 0.005). Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed an adequate model calibration (p = 0.630) and good discrimination was also achieved, AUC 0.79 (95 % CI, 0.68–0.90). Conclusions This study provides novel data on the role of VRK1 and VRK2 in predicting tumor response to NACRT, and we propose a model with high predictive ability which could have a substantial impact on clinical management of locally advanced rectal cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2574-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Del Puerto-Nevado
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, Health Research Institute FJD-UAM, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Avenida Reyes Catolicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Marin-Arango
- Radiotherapy Department, Oncohealth Institute, Health Research Institute FJD-UAM, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Avda Reyes Catolicos, 2, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Fernandez-Aceñero
- Pathology Department, Oncohealth Institute, Health Research Institute FJD-UAM, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Avenida Reyes Catolicos, 2, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Present address at University Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Profesor Martin Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - David Arroyo-Manzano
- Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Carretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100, 28034 Madrid, Spain and CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Useros
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, Health Research Institute FJD-UAM, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Avenida Reyes Catolicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurea Borrero-Palacios
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, Health Research Institute FJD-UAM, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Avenida Reyes Catolicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Rodriguez-Remirez
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, Health Research Institute FJD-UAM, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Avenida Reyes Catolicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha Cebrian
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, Health Research Institute FJD-UAM, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Avenida Reyes Catolicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Gomez Del Pulgar
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, Health Research Institute FJD-UAM, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Avenida Reyes Catolicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marlid Cruz-Ramos
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, Health Research Institute FJD-UAM, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Avenida Reyes Catolicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Carames
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, Health Research Institute FJD-UAM, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Avenida Reyes Catolicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Lopez-Botet
- Radiotherapy Department, Oncohealth Institute, Health Research Institute FJD-UAM, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Avda Reyes Catolicos, 2, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Jesús Garcia-Foncillas
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, Health Research Institute FJD-UAM, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Avenida Reyes Catolicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Schally AV, Perez R, Block NL, Rick FG. Potentiating effects of GHRH analogs on the response to chemotherapy. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:699-704. [PMID: 25648497 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1010893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) from hypothalamus nominatively stimulates growth hormone release from adenohypophysis. GHRH is also produced by cancers, acting as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor. This growth factor function is seen in lymphoma, melanoma, colorectal, liver, lung, breast, prostate, kidney, bladder cancers. Pituitary type GHRH receptors and their splice variants are also expressed in these malignancies. Synthetic antagonists of the GHRH receptor inhibit proliferation of cancers. Besides direct inhibitory effects on tumors, GHRH antagonists also enhance cytotoxic chemotherapy. GHRH antagonists potentiate docetaxel effects on growth of H460 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and MX-1 breast cancer plus suppressive action of doxorubicin on MX-1 and HCC1806 breast cancer. We investigated mechanisms of antagonists on tumor growth, inflammatory signaling, doxorubicin response, expression of drug resistance genes, and efflux pump function. Triple negative breast cancer cell xenografted into nude mice were treated with GHRH antagonist, doxorubicin, or their combination. The combination reduced tumor growth, inflammatory gene expression, drug-resistance gene expression, cancer stem-cell marker expression, and efflux-pump function. Thus, antagonists increased the efficacy of doxorubicin in HCC1806 and MX-1 tumors. Growth inhibition of H460 NSCLC by GHRH antagonists induced marked downregulation in expression of prosurvival proteins K-Ras, COX-2, and pAKT. In HT-29, HCT-116 and HCT-15 colorectal cancer lines, GHRH antagonist treatment caused cellular arrest in S-phase of cell cycle, potentiated inhibition of in vitro proliferation and in vivo growth produced by S-phase specific cytotoxic agents, 5-FU, irinotecan and cisplatin. This enhancement of cytotoxic therapy by GHRH antagonists should have clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Schally
- a Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education ; Miami , FL USA
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8
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García-Flórez LJ, Gómez-Álvarez G, Frunza AM, Barneo-Serra L, Martínez-Alonso C, Fresno-Forcelledo MF. Predictive markers of response to neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer. J Surg Res 2014; 194:120-6. [PMID: 25481527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant therapy followed by radical surgery is the standard treatment in locally advanced rectal cancer. It is important to predict the response because the treatment has side effects and is costly. The aim of this study was to establish the relationship among clinical, pathologic, and molecular biomarkers and the response to neoadjuvant therapy. METHOD A total of 130 patients with locally advanced mid and low rectal cancer who underwent long-course radiotherapy with 5-FU based chemotherapy followed by radical surgical resection were included in the study. Clinical and pathologic data were collected. Paraffin-embedded sections obtained in diagnostic biopsies were assessed by immunohistochemical staining for molecular markers and classified using a semiquantitative method. Results were related with T-downstaging and tumor regression grade using Mandard scoring system on surgical specimens. RESULTS Pathologic complete response was found in 19 patients (14.6%), while in another 18 (13.8%) only minor residual disease was seen in the rectal wall. T-downstaging was observed in 63 (48.5%). The average of lymph node retrieval in the surgical specimens was 9.4. Regarding predictive markers of response, there was significant correlation between the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (P = 0.005), β-catenin (P = 0.03), vascular endothelial growth factor (P = 0.048) and apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (P = 0.03), tumor differentiation grade (P < 0.001), and response in the univariate analysis. T-downstaging was associated with vascular endothelial growth factor expression (P = 0.03) and tumor differentiation grade (P < 0.001). Significant parameters found in the multivariate analysis were tumor differentiation grade and Bcl-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Pathologic and molecular biomarkers in the diagnostic biopsies may help us predict tumor response to chemoradiation in rectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Gómez-Álvarez
- Colorectal Section, Department of General Surgery, University Central Hospital of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Madalina Frunza
- Colorectal Section, Department of General Surgery, University Central Hospital of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis Barneo-Serra
- Department of Surgery, Biotechnological and Biomedical Assays Unit, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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9
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Mezey G, Treszl A, Schally AV, Block NL, Vízkeleti L, Juhász A, Klekner Á, Nagy J, Balázs M, Halmos G, Bognár L. Prognosis in human glioblastoma based on expression of ligand growth hormone-releasing hormone, pituitary-type growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor, its splicing variant receptors, EGF receptor and PTEN genes. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:1641-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Rick FG, Seitz S, Schally AV, Szalontay L, Krishan A, Datz C, Stadlmayr A, Buchholz S, Block NL, Hohla F. GHRH antagonist when combined with cytotoxic agents induces S-phase arrest and additive growth inhibition of human colon cancer. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:4203-10. [PMID: 23095641 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of colon cancer with an antagonist of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), JMR-132, results in a cell cycle arrest in S-phase of the tumor cells. Thus, we investigated the effect of JMR-132 in combination with S-phase-specific cytotoxic agents, 5-FU, irinotecan and cisplatin on the in vitro and in vivo growth of HT-29, HCT-116 and HCT-15 human colon cancer cell lines. In vitro, every compound inhibited proliferation of HCT-116 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with JMR-132 (5 μM) combined with 5-FU (1.25 μM), irinotecan (1.25 μM) or cisplatin (1.25 μM) resulted in an additive growth inhibition of HCT-116 cells in vitro as shown by MTS assay. Cell cycle analyses revealed that treatment of HCT-116 cells with JMR-132 was accompanied by a cell cycle arrest in S-phase. Combination treatment using JMR-132 plus a cytotoxic drug led to a significant increase of the sub-G 1 fraction, suggesting apoptosis. In vivo, daily treatment with GHRH antagonist JMR-132 decreased the tumor volume by 40-55% (p < 0.001) of HT-29, HCT-116 and HCT-15 tumors xenografted into athymic nude mice. Combined treatment with JMR-132 plus chemotherapeutic agents 5-FU, irinotecan or cisplatin resulted in an additive tumor growth suppression of HT-29, HCT-116 and HCT-15 xenografts to 56-85%. Our observations indicate that JMR-132 enhances the antiproliferative effect of S-phase-specific cytotoxic drugs by causing accumulation of tumor cells in S-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc G Rick
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, USA
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