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Zemp LW, Rudzinski JK, Pettaway CA, Nicholson S, Spiess PE. Management of Bulky Inguinal and Pelvic Lymph Nodes. Urol Clin North Am 2024; 51:335-345. [PMID: 38925736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Penile cancer with bulky inguinal metastasis has a high probability of harboring pathologically involved lymph nodes best managed in a multidisciplinary care setting. Appropriate staging with cross-sectional imaging and fine-needle aspirate cytology of suspicious nodes guide decision-making for the use of platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by inguinal lymph node dissection. Surgical resection plays an important diagnostic, therapeutic, and guiding role in disease management. Patients with adverse pathologic features, especially those with extranodal disease extension, may derive additional benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan W Zemp
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Jan K Rudzinski
- Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Curtis A Pettaway
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1373, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Steve Nicholson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mid- & South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Court Road, Broomfield, Chelmsford CM1 7ET, UK
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive Office 12538, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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2
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Sachdeva A, McGuinness L, Zapala Ł, Greco I, Garcia-Perdomo HA, Kailavasan M, Antunes-Lopes T, Ayres B, Barreto L, Campi R, Crook J, Johnstone P, Kumar V, Manzie K, Marcus JD, Necchi A, Oliveira P, Osborne J, Pagliaro LC, Protzel C, Bryan Rumble R, Sánchez Martínez DF, Spiess PE, Tagawa ST, van der Heijden MS, Parnham AS, Pettaway CA, Albersen M, Sangar VK, Brouwer OR, Sakalis VI. Management of Lymph Node-positive Penile Cancer: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol 2024; 85:257-273. [PMID: 37208237 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lymph node (LN) involvement in penile cancer is associated with poor survival. Early diagnosis and management significantly impact survival, with multimodal treatment approaches often considered in advanced disease. OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical effectiveness of treatment options available for the management of inguinal and pelvic lymphadenopathy in men with penile cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION EMBASE, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and other databases were searched from 1990 to July 2022. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), nonrandomised comparative studies (NRCSs), and case series (CSs) were included. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS We identified 107 studies, involving 9582 patients from two RCTs, 28 NRCSs, and 77 CSs. The quality of evidence is considered poor. Surgery is the mainstay of LN disease management, with early inguinal LN dissection (ILND) associated with better outcomes. Videoendoscopic ILND may offer comparable survival outcomes to open ILND with lower wound-related morbidity. Ipsilateral pelvic LN dissection (PLND) in N2-3 cases improves overall survival in comparison to no pelvic surgery. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in N2-3 disease showed a pathological complete response rate of 13% and an objective response rate of 51%. Adjuvant radiotherapy may benefit pN2-3 but not pN1 disease. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy may provide a small survival benefit in N3 disease. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy improve outcomes after PLND for pelvic LN metastases. CONCLUSIONS Early LND improves survival in nodal disease in penile cancer. Multimodal treatments may provide additional benefit in pN2-3 cases; however, data are limited. Therefore, individualised management of patients with nodal disease should be discussed in a multidisciplinary team setting. PATIENT SUMMARY Spread of penile cancer to the lymph nodes is best managed with surgery, which improves survival and has curative potential. Supplementary treatment, including the use of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, may further improve survival in advanced disease. Patients with penile cancer with lymph node involvement should be treated by a multidisciplinary team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Sachdeva
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Urology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - Luke McGuinness
- Department of Urology, South Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, UK
| | - Łukasz Zapala
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Isabella Greco
- Department of Urological Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Herney Andres Garcia-Perdomo
- Division of Urology/Uro-oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad Del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | | | | | - Benjamin Ayres
- Department of Urology, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lenka Barreto
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Riccardo Campi
- Unit of Oncologic Minimally-Invasive Urology and Andrology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Juanita Crook
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Peter Johnstone
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Andrea Necchi
- Department of Urology and Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trásos-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trásos-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - R Bryan Rumble
- American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | | | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Scott T Tagawa
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Arie S Parnham
- Department of Urology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Maarten Albersen
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vijay K Sangar
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Urology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Oscar R Brouwer
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wei L, Huang K, Han H, Liu RY. Human Papillomavirus Infection in Penile Cancer: Multidimensional Mechanisms and Vaccine Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16808. [PMID: 38069131 PMCID: PMC10706305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Penile cancer (PC) is a rare male malignant tumor, with early lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. Human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a key role in the carcinogenesis of PC. This review aims to summarize the association between HPV infection and PC in terms of virus-host genome integration patterns (the disrupted regions in the HPV and PC genome), genetic alterations, and epigenetic regulation (methylation and microRNA modification) occurring in HPV and PC DNA, as well as tumor immune microenvironment reprogramming. In addition, the potential of HPV vaccination strategies for PC prevention and treatment is discussed. Understanding of the HPV-related multidimensional mechanisms and the application of HPV vaccines will promote rational and novel management of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (L.W.); (K.H.)
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Kangbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (L.W.); (K.H.)
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (L.W.); (K.H.)
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ran-yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (L.W.); (K.H.)
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European Association of Urology-American Society of Clinical Oncology Collaborative Guideline on Penile Cancer: 2023 Update. Eur Urol 2023; 83:548-560. [PMID: 36906413 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Penile cancer is a rare disease but has a significant impact on quality of life. Its incidence is increasing, so it is important to include new and relevant evidence in clinical practice guidelines. OBJECTIVE To provide a collaborative guideline that offers worldwide physician and patient guidance for the management of penile cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Comprehensive literature searches were performed for each section topic. In addition, three systematic reviews were conducted. Levels of evidence were assessed, and a strength rating for each recommendation was assigned according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) methodology. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Penile cancer is a rare disease but its global incidence is increasing. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main risk factor for penile cancer and pathology should include an assessment of HPV status. The main aim of primary tumour treatment is complete tumour eradication, which has to be balanced against optimal organ preservation without compromising oncological control. Early detection and treatment of lymph node (LN) metastasis is the main determinant of survival. Surgical LN staging with sentinel node biopsy is recommended for patients with a high-risk (≥pT1b) tumour with cN0 status. While (inguinal) LN dissection remains the standard for node-positive disease, multimodal treatment is needed in patients with advanced disease. Owing to a lack of controlled trials and large series, the levels of evidence and grades of recommendation are low in comparison to those for more common diseases. CONCLUSIONS This collaborative penile cancer guideline provides updated information on the diagnosis and treatment of penile cancer for use in clinical practice. Organ-preserving surgery should be offered for treatment of the primary tumour when feasible. Adequate and timely LN management remains a challenge, especially in advanced disease stages. Referral to centres of expertise is recommended. PATIENT SUMMARY Penile cancer is a rare disease that significantly impacts quality of life. While the disease can be cured in most cases without lymph node involvement, management of advanced disease remains challenging. Many unmet needs and unanswered questions remain, underlining the importance of research collaborations and centralisation of penile cancer services.
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Naushad N, Deb A, Agag A, Sangar V. Pelvic lymph node dissection alone versus adjuvant radiotherapy in node positive penile cancer: A systematic review. Indian J Urol 2022; 38:91-98. [PMID: 35400869 PMCID: PMC8992723 DOI: 10.4103/iju.iju_453_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The management options for regional lymph nodes (LNs) in men with penile cancer include surveillance, surgery, and chemotherapy. The use of radiotherapy (RT) for nodal disease follows tradition and single-institution policies. We aimed to analyse the existing evidence regarding the management of penile cancer patients with suspected or known metastatic pelvic LNs using pelvic LN dissection (PLND) with RT versus PLND or RT alone. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, with no filters for language or time. The search was conducted in EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria were adult men with penile cancer and suspected metastatic pelvic LNs, undergoing PLND with or without RT or RT alone. Primary outcomes included disease-specific survival and locoregional recurrence. Secondary outcomes included overall survival and complications of therapy. Results: A total of 552 articles were identified. Only eight retrospective studies were eligible for inclusion (including 406 patients). All studies had a high risk of bias. None of the studies reported the use of neoadjuvant RT. Indications for PLND varied but were usually two or more clinically positive inguinal nodes with or without extracapsular extension. Adjuvant RT was mainly used in positive pelvic LNs or pN2/pN3 stages. The rate of locoregional recurrence following adjuvant RT was 70%. Complications of treatment were reported in two studies only. Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of adjuvant RT following PLND in penile cancer patients. The quality of evidence is low due to the retrospective design and high risk of bias. Randomized clinical trials are required to assess the efficacy and safety of adjuvant RT and PLND.
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Hu L, Shan X, Han D, Guo Z, Wang H, Xiao Z. Multimodal Treatment Combining Salvage Surgery-Assisted Chemotherapy and Checkpoints Blockade Immunotherapy Achieves Complete Remission on a Recurrent Penile Cancer Patient: A Case Report. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:4891-4896. [PMID: 34588783 PMCID: PMC8473089 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s319932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC) is a rare disease in developed countries. pSCC causes a severe health problem and social burden in developing countries. We reported a 49-year-old male recurrent pSCC patient with medium PD-L1 expression and low TMB. The patient obtained complete response after multimodal therapy (MMT). The clinical manifestation is a recurrence in the right groin with nearly ruptured pSCC. He had partial resection of penile cancer plus bilateral groin lymph node dissection and pelvic lymph node dissection during the first operation. Pathology of the recurrent tumor showed fibrous tissue with cancer infiltration and necrosis. We used MMT, including resection of palliative right inguinal metastases, four cycles of paclitaxel+bleomycin+cisplatin, and continuous sintilimab to treat the patient. The patient had a complete response (CR) after four cycles of therapy and sustained CR for 18 months with continuous sintilimab, showing a good tolerance and acceptable toxicity. This is the first case presenting a complete response in a relapsed pSCC patient. These results suggest that MMT is worth exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Hu
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital of HuanXing Chaoyang District Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingli Shan
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital of HuanXing Chaoyang District Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Han
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital of HuanXing Chaoyang District Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxia Guo
- Acornmed Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huina Wang
- Acornmed Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zejun Xiao
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Li ZS, Han H, Deng CZ, Li YH, Wu C, Chen P, Liu ZW, Qin ZK, Zhou FJ. Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection in Penile Cancer With Inguinal Lymph Node Extranodal Extension: A Multicenter Experience. Front Surg 2021; 8:644273. [PMID: 34211998 PMCID: PMC8239133 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.644273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study is to determine the necessary extent of penile lymph node dissection (PLND) in penile cancer patients with inguinal lymph node extracapsular extension (ILN-ENE). Methods: Penile cancer patients who underwent PLND in 15 centers from January 2006 to April 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. PLND was performed in patients with ILN-ENE. Results: Sixty-two patients with ILN-ENE were included in the analysis. A total of 51.6% (32/62) of the patients were confirmed to have pelvic lymph node metastasis (PLNM), and 31.3% (10/32) of patients were confirmed to have multiple PLNMs. Of the patients with metastases, 59.4% (19/32) had bilateral inguinal lymph node metastasis (ILNM). According to the anatomical structure, 71.9% (23/32) of the patients had PLNM in the external iliac region, and 56.2% (18/32) had PLNM in the obturator region. Among those with oligo-PLNM, 65.1% (28/43) of the patients had PLNM in the external iliac region and 38.9% (15/43) had PLNM in the obturator region. A significant overall survival difference was observed between patients with the bilateral ILNM and unilateral ILNM (36-month: 21.2 vs. 53.7%, respectively, P = 0.023). Patients with bilateral ILNM had relatively poor metastasis-free survival compared with unilateral ILNM (36-month: 33.0 vs. 13.9%, respectively, P = 0.051). Conclusions: The external iliac and obturator region were the most commonly affected regions in patients with ILN-ENE, and these regions were the only affected regions in patients with oligo-PLNM. Patients with bilateral ILNM had a high risk of PLNM and worse survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Shang Li
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinic Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Minimally Invasive Urology of Shenzhen Research and Development Center of Medical Engineering and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuang-Zhong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Hong Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong Wu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhuo-Wei Liu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Ke Qin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Jian Zhou
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Li Z, Han H, Li X, Li Y, Wu C, Zhou F. A novel predictive model for pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients with penile cancer: A multi-institutional study. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:372.e1-372.e6. [PMID: 33622619 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined whether a clinicopathological nomogram is able to predict the risk of pelvic lymph node metastasis (LNM) in penile cancer patients after inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND). METHODS Ninety-eight patients with bilateral ILND who underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy at 10 centers were retrospectively analyzed. The most predictive features in the nomogram were selected by the stepwise logistic regression method and then tested and verified by multivariate logistic regression analyses. The nomogram was assessed using concordance indices and calibration curves. RESULTS Of the 181 pelvic basins, pelvic LNM was observed in 52 packages (43 patients). Bilateral pelvic LNM was present in 9 patients (9/43, 20.9%). There was no crossover metastatic spread from one inguinal side to the other pelvic side. Age, previous resection, the biopsy procedure for inguinal lymph nodes, vascular invasion, and ipsilateral inguinal lymph node status were all independent risk factors for pelvic LNM (all P < 0.05) in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. The nomogram exhibited a good probability for survival agreement, with a concordance index of 0.868 (95% CI: 0.813-0.922). CONCLUSIONS A novel nomogram suggests that the risk of pelvic LNM can be effectively predicted in penile carcinoma patients and may provide a useful guide for clinicians. Further external validation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaishang Li
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinic Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.; Minimally Invasive Urology of Shenzhen Research and Development Center of Medical Engineering and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueying Li
- Department of Oncology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Wu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangjian Zhou
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Suarez-Ibarrola R, Basulto-Martinez M, Sigle A, Abufaraj M, Gratzke C, Miernik A. Is There an Oncological Benefit of Performing Bilateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection in Patients with Penile Cancer and Inguinal Lymph Node Metastasis? J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040754. [PMID: 33668548 PMCID: PMC7918086 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to review the literature for studies investigating the oncological outcomes of patients with penile cancer (PC) undergoing bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in the presence of inguinal lymph node metastasis (LNM) who are at risk of harboring pelvic metastasis. A search of English language literature was performed using the PubMed-MEDLINE database up to 3 December 2020 to identify articles addressing bilateral PLND in PC patients. Eight articles investigating bilateral PLND met our inclusion criteria. Patients with pelvic LNM have a dismal prognosis and, therefore, PLND has an important role in both the staging and treatment of PC patients. Ipsilateral PLND is recommended in the presence of ≥2 positive inguinal nodes and/or extranodal extension (ENE). Significant survival improvements were observed with a higher pelvic lymph node yield, in patients with pN2 disease, and in men treated with bilateral PLND as opposed to ipsilateral PLND. Nevertheless, the role of bilateral PLND for unilateral inguinal LNM remains unclear. Although the EAU guidelines state that pelvic nodal disease does not occur without ipsilateral inguinal LNM, metastatic spread from one inguinal side to the contralateral pelvic side has been reported in a number of studies. Further studies are needed to clarify the disseminative pattern of LNM, in order to establish PLND templates according to patients’ risk profiles and to investigate the benefit of performing bilateral PLND for unilateral inguinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Suarez-Ibarrola
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg—Medical Centre, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.S.); (C.G.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-270-25820; Fax: +49-761-270-28960
| | - Mario Basulto-Martinez
- Department of Urology, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Peninsula de Yucatán, Merida 97133, Mexico;
| | - August Sigle
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg—Medical Centre, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.S.); (C.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Mohammad Abufaraj
- Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Christian Gratzke
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg—Medical Centre, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.S.); (C.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Arkadiusz Miernik
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg—Medical Centre, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.S.); (C.G.); (A.M.)
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10
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Maibom SL, Jakobsen JK, Aagaard M, Als AB, Petersen PM. DaPeCa-4: outcome in penile cancer patients with N3 disease due to extra nodal extension treated with surgery and chemo-irradiation. Scand J Urol 2020; 54:334-338. [PMID: 32734838 DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2020.1776767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The role of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is still debated in patients with N3 stage penile cancer. In Denmark this subgroup of patients is in general managed with an inguinal lymphadenectomy (ILND) and adjuvant chemoradiation and PLND is not offered as a standard. The objective of this study was to report treatment outcomes of this regimen and compare this with existing literature.Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of patients with pT1-T4, N3, M0 penile cancer diagnosed between 1st January 2010 and 31th December 2014 in Denmark and treated with curative intend.Results: 21 patients were identified with a median follow up of 74 months (CI 54-94). Management of the penile lesion was local resection in 5 (23.8%), partial penectomy in 10 (47.6%), and total penectomy in 6 (28.6%) of patients. Regarding the most extensive lymph node (LN) surgery: 4 patients (23,8%) went directly to oncological treatment from sentinel node biopsy with no further LN dissection, 6 patients (28.6%) were treated with unilateral ILND, 10 patients (47.6%) with bilateral ILND and a single patient (4.8%) was treated with ILND and PLND. In the adjuvant setting patients were treated with external beam therapy of involved regions and cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Median overall survival was 84 months (CI 0-176). The 5-year probability of surviving penile cancer was 57.1% (CI 36.0-78.3).Conclusion: Treatment with surgery and chemo-irradiation in this national cohort does not show inferior survival outcomes compared to historical cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Liff Maibom
- Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mikael Aagaard
- Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhou QH, Deng CZ, Chen JP, Huang KB, Liu TY, Yao K, Liu ZW, Qin ZK, Li YH, Guo SJ, Ye YL, Zhou FJ, Huang W, Liu RY, Han H. Elevated serum LAMC2 is associated with lymph node metastasis and predicts poor prognosis in penile squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:2983-2995. [PMID: 30214293 PMCID: PMC6118283 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s171912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Molecular biomarkers, especially serologic factors, have been widely applied in cancer diagnosis and patient follow-up. However, there are few valuable prognostic factors in penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). Here, the authors investigated whether laminin gamma 2 (LAMC2) expression, especially serum LAMC2 (sLAMC2) level, was a suitable prognostic factor that could aid in the prediction of survival in PSCC. Patients and methods This study included 114 PSCC patients. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect LAMC2 expression; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to test sLAMC2 concentration; and a Transwell assay and an in vivo experiment in nude mice were used to test PSCC cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. The chi-squared test was used to analyze the association between LAMC2 level and clinical parameters, the Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the hazard ratio for death, and Kaplan–Meier analysis with a log-rank test was used for the survival analysis. Results LAMC2 was overexpressed in PSCC tissues, and the LAMC2 expression level was higher in metastatic lymph node (LN) tissues than in primary cancer tissues; moreover, the LAMC2 levels in primary cancer tissues and sLAMC2 were higher in patients with LN metastasis than in those without LN metastasis. Upregulated LAMC2 facilitated the migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of PSCC cells in vitro and promoted LN metastasis of PSCC cells in nude mice. Elevated LAMC2 levels were strongly correlated with advanced clinicopathologic parameters, especially LN metastasis, in PSCC patients and predicted shorter disease-specific survival. The predictive value of sLAMC2 is superior to that of C-reactive protein and squamous cell carcinoma antigen previously reported in PSCC patients, and a stratification analysis revealed that the level of sLAMC2 had a higher predictive value for disease-specific survival in early penile cancer (especially at the N0/X stage) than in later-stage penile cancer. Conclusion These findings suggest that sLAMC2 is a potential serologic prognostic marker in PSCC and could aid in risk stratification in early-stage PSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ; .,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Chuang-Zhong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ;
| | - Jie-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ;
| | - Kang-Bo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ; .,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Ting-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ; .,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Kai Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ; .,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Zhuo-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ; .,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Zi-Ke Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ; .,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Yong-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ; .,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Sheng-Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ; .,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Yun-Lin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ; .,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Fang-Jian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ; .,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Wenlin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ; .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Targeted Drugs, Guangzhou Enterprise Key Laboratory of Gene Medicine, Guangzhou Doublle Bioproducts Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran-Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ;
| | - Hui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ; .,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China,
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Sumbal S, Javed A, Afroze B, Zulfiqar HF, Javed F, Noreen S, Ijaz B. Circulating tumor DNA in blood: Future genomic biomarkers for cancer detection. Exp Hematol 2018; 65:17-28. [PMID: 29940219 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by Darwinian evolution and is a primary cause of mortality and morbidity around the globe. Over the preceding decade, the treatment of cancer has been markedly improved by many targeted therapies, but these treatments have given birth to new challenges and issues. Clonal evolution and tumor heterogeneity present a significant challenge in designing cancer therapies. Fortunately, these restrictions have been overcome by technological advancements allowing us to track both genetic and epigenetic aberrations. Cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis, or "liquid biopsy" from a blood sample, provides the opportunity to track the genetic landscape of cancerous lesions. This review focuses on ctDNA analysis as a noninvasive method and versatile biomarker for cancer treatment and technological advancements for ctDNA analysis. This method may able to cope with all the challenges associated with previous cancer therapies and has the potential to monitor minimal residual disease, tumor burden, and therapy response and provide rapid detection of relapse. However, there are many challenges that still need to be addressed. Future prognosis, diagnosis, and analysis of ctDNA require reproducibility and accuracy of results, which are not possible without the validation and optimization of procedures. Integrated digital error suppression has thus far shown promise in the detection of ctDNA in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbal Sumbal
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aneeqa Javed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bakht Afroze
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Faqeeha Javed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Ijaz
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan.
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Elsamra SE, Poch MA. Robotic inguinal lymphadenectomy for penile cancer: the why, how, and what. Transl Androl Urol 2017; 6:826-832. [PMID: 29184779 PMCID: PMC5673803 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.06.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCC-P) demonstrates a reliable pattern of spread to the lymph nodes of the groin. High grade and higher stage (pT1b or greater) SCC-P demonstrate a higher propensity for metastasis to the inguinal lymph nodes. Further, lymphadenopathy progresses in a predictable fashion, from superficial inguinal lymph nodes to deep inguinal lymph nodes to pelvic lymph nodes, with limited survival noted for those patients with progression to pelvic lymph nodes. Fortunately, inguinal lymphadenectomy can provide cure and improvement in RFS for SCC-P. Unfortunately open inguinal lymphadenectomy is associated with significant morbidity. Perhaps owing to this morbidity, inguinal lymphadenectomy is underperformed in the US. In other words, urologists only offer inguinal lymphadenectomy for high risk SCC-P in only a minority of cases and even when performed, lymph node yield is often unsatisfactory (less than 8 nodes per groin). Recently, a laparoendoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy has been developed as a new approach to offer potentially curative lymph node resection while minimizing morbidity. The robotic platform has since been adapted for this approach and several reports demonstrate significant improvements in morbidity while maintaining oncologic equivalency. This review highlights the rationale for inguinal lymphadenectomy, inguinal lymph node anatomy, and technical considerations and outcomes of laparoscopic and robotic inguinal lymphadenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy E Elsamra
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School & Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael A Poch
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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