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Dawoud MM, Abd El Samie Aiad H, Kasem NS, El Khouly EAB, Al-Sharaky DR. Is overexpression of CD163 and CD47 in tumour cells of breast carcinoma implicated in the recruitment of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumour microenvironment? immunohistochemical prognostic study. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38815282 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2024.2358879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Now, targeted therapy and immunotherapy are promoted. tumour -Associated Macrophages (TAMs) are an essential component of immune-response in breast cancer(BC) with prognostic controversy. Additionally, their recruiting factors are still obscure. Purpose:This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of CD163 and CD47 in BC of No Special Type (BC-NST) and to explore their suggested role in recruiting TAMs. MATERIAL AND METHODS This immunohistochemical study was conducted on 91 archival specimens of breast cases. Immunoreactivity scores were correlated with TAMs density, clinicopathological data, and survival. RESULTS Revealed the highest CD163 expression was detected in the pure DCIS group (p = 0.016), while the highest CD47 expression and high TAMs density were reported in the invasive group (p = 0.008, and p = 0.002 respectively) followed by the DCIS group. In IC-NSTs the CD163 and CD47 scores were associated with poor prognostic parameters like(high grade, advanced stage, distant metastasis, ER negativity,Ki67 index, post-surgical chemotherapy, poor NPI group, high mitotic count, dense infiltration of TAMs, shorter OS). Also, CD47 was associated with the dens infiltration of TAMs in DCIS (p = 0.001). There was a significant correlation between tumour cell expression of CD163 and CD47 in IC-NSTs and DCIS (p = 0.002 and p = 0.009 respectively). CONCLUSIONS High CD163 and CD47 expressions in both DCIS andIBC are intimately associated, significantly associated with poor prognosis and are important provoking factors of TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mohammed Dawoud
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al koom, Egypt
| | | | - Norhan Safwat Kasem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al koom, Egypt
| | - Enas Abu-Bakr El Khouly
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al koom, Egypt
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Dakal TC, George N, Xu C, Suravajhala P, Kumar A. Predictive and Prognostic Relevance of Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells: Tailoring Personalized Treatments against Different Cancer Types. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1626. [PMID: 38730579 PMCID: PMC11082991 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
TIICs are critical components of the TME and are used to estimate prognostic and treatment responses in many malignancies. TIICs in the tumor microenvironment are assessed and quantified by categorizing immune cells into three subtypes: CD66b+ tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), and CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In addition, many cancers have tumor-infiltrating M1 and M2 macrophages, neutrophils (Neu), CD4+ T cells (T-helper), CD8+ T cells (T-cytotoxic), eosinophils, and mast cells. A variety of clinical treatments have linked tumor immune cell infiltration (ICI) to immunotherapy receptivity and prognosis. To improve the therapeutic effectiveness of immune-modulating drugs in a wider cancer patient population, immune cells and their interactions in the TME must be better understood. This study examines the clinicopathological effects of TIICs in overcoming tumor-mediated immunosuppression to boost antitumor immune responses and improve cancer prognosis. We successfully analyzed the predictive and prognostic usefulness of TIICs alongside TMB and ICI scores to identify cancer's varied immune landscapes. Traditionally, immune cell infiltration was quantified using flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), CIBERSORT, ESTIMATE, and other platforms that use integrated immune gene sets from previously published studies. We have also thoroughly examined traditional limitations and newly created unsupervised clustering and deconvolution techniques (SpatialVizScore and ProTICS). These methods predict patient outcomes and treatment responses better. These models may also identify individuals who may benefit more from adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment. Overall, we think that the significant contribution of TIICs in cancer will greatly benefit postoperative follow-up, therapy, interventions, and informed choices on customized cancer medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tikam Chand Dakal
- Genome and Computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nancy George
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India;
| | - Caiming Xu
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Prashanth Suravajhala
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O. 690525, Kerala, India;
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
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3
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Kusamura S, Busico A, Conca E, Capone I, Agnelli L, Lorenzini D, Brich S, Angelini M, Volpi CC, Trupia DV, Lagano V, Torelli T, Gloghini A, Baratti D, Guaglio M, Milione M, Deraco M, Perrone F. A2AR Expression and Immunosuppressive Environment Independent of KRAS and GNAS Mutations in Pseudomyxoma Peritonei. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2049. [PMID: 37509688 PMCID: PMC10377259 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP), KRAS and GNAS mutations are frequent. We hypothesized that these mutations may contribute to the suppression of antitumor immunity: KRAS may induce GMCSF expression, while GNAS may enhance the expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and A2AR signaling. This study aimed to explore possible mechanisms facilitated by KRAS and GNAS mutations for escaping immune surveillance. Additionally, we looked for new potential therapeutic and prognostic targets in this rare disease which is poorly characterized at the molecular level. GM-CSF, A2AR, CD73, CD39, and PD-L1 expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in 40 PMPs characterized for GNAS and KRAS mutational status. Immune cell populations were studied by immunohistochemistry and nanostring nCounter®. Following the criteria of a prognostic nomogram reported for PMP, we stratified the patients into two different risk groups, with 28 "low-risk" and 12 "high-risk" patients. We observed the expression of GM-CSF (74%); CD39 (37%); CD73 (53%); A2AR (74%); and PD-L1 (16%) which was unrelated to GNAS or KRAS status. The tumor microenvironment showed the presence of CD4+ T cells (86%); CD8+ T cells (27%); CD20+ B (67%); CD15+ cells (86%); and CD163+ M2 macrophages (67%), while CD56+ NK cells were absent. CD163 expression (27%) in PMP tumor cells was associated with poor prognosis. GNAS mutation and A2AR expression were not associated with a specific immune transcriptional signature. However, the expression assay revealed 21 genes associated with prognosis. The "high-risk" patients exhibited worse progression-free survival (HR = 2.3, CI 95%: 1.1-5.1, p = 0.034) and significant downregulation of MET, IL8, PPARG, DTX4, HMGA1, ZIC2, WNT5B, and CCRL2. In conclusion, we documented the presence of immunosuppressive factors such as GM-CSF, A2AR, and PD-L1 in PMP. These factors were not associated with GNAS and KRAS status and could be explored as therapeutic molecular targets. Additionally, a set of potential prognostic biomarkers, including CD163 expression in tumor cells, deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kusamura
- Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Adele Busico
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Molecular Research, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Conca
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Molecular Research, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Iolanda Capone
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Molecular Research, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Agnelli
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Molecular Research, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Lorenzini
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Molecular Research, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Brich
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Molecular Research, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Angelini
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Molecular Research, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Costanza Volpi
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Molecular Research, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Desirè Viola Trupia
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Molecular Research, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lagano
- 1st Pathology Division, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Torelli
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Molecular Research, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Annunziata Gloghini
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Molecular Research, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Baratti
- Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Guaglio
- Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Milione
- 1st Pathology Division, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Deraco
- Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Perrone
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Molecular Research, Department of Diagnostic Innovation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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4
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Matsubara E, Yano H, Pan C, Komohara Y, Fujiwara Y, Zhao S, Shinchi Y, Kurotaki D, Suzuki M. The Significance of SPP1 in Lung Cancers and Its Impact as a Marker for Protumor Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082250. [PMID: 37190178 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a representative cell type in the tumor microenvironment. Macrophages that infiltrate the cancer microenvironment are referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs exhibit protumor functions related to invasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression, and an increased density of TAMs is associated with a poor clinical course in many cancers. Phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), also known as osteopontin, is a multifunctional secreted phosphorylated glycoprotein. Although SPP1 is produced in a variety of organs, at the cellular level, it is expressed on only a few cell types, such as osteoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and mononuclear cells. SPP1 is also expressed by cancer cells, and previous studies have demonstrated correlations between levels of circulating SPP1 and/or increased SPP1 expression on tumor cells and poor prognosis in many types of cancer. We recently revealed that SPP1 expression on TAMs is correlated with poor prognosis and chemoresistance in lung adenocarcinoma. In this review, we summarize the significance of TAMs in lung cancers and discuss the importance of SPP1 as a new marker for the protumor subpopulation of monocyte-derived TAMs in lung adenocarcinoma. Several studies have shown that the SPP1/CD44 axis contribute to cancer chemoresistance in solid cancers, so the SPP1/CD44 axis may represent one of the most critical mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication between cancer cells and TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Matsubara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yano
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Cheng Pan
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shukang Zhao
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shinchi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurotaki
- Laboratory of Chromatin Organization in Immune Cell Development, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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5
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Sokolov P, Nifontova G, Samokhvalov P, Karaulov A, Sukhanova A, Nabiev I. Nontoxic Fluorescent Nanoprobes for Multiplexed Detection and 3D Imaging of Tumor Markers in Breast Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030946. [PMID: 36986807 PMCID: PMC10052755 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiplexed fluorescent immunohistochemical analysis of breast cancer (BC) markers and high-resolution 3D immunofluorescence imaging of the tumor and its microenvironment not only facilitate making the disease prognosis and selecting effective anticancer therapy (including photodynamic therapy), but also provides information on signaling and metabolic mechanisms of carcinogenesis and helps in the search for new therapeutic targets and drugs. The characteristics of imaging nanoprobe efficiency, such as sensitivity, target affinity, depth of tissue penetration, and photostability, are determined by the properties of their components, fluorophores and capture molecules, and by the method of their conjugation. Regarding individual nanoprobe components, fluorescent nanocrystals (NCs) are widely used for optical imaging in vitro and in vivo, and single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) are well established as highly specific capture molecules in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Moreover, the technologies of obtaining functionally active sdAb–NC conjugates with the highest possible avidity, with all sdAb molecules bound to the NC in a strictly oriented manner, provide 3D-imaging nanoprobes with strong comparative advantages. This review is aimed at highlighting the importance of an integrated approach to BC diagnosis, including the detection of biomarkers of the tumor and its microenvironment, as well as the need for their quantitative profiling and imaging of their mutual location, using advanced approaches to 3D detection in thick tissue sections. The existing approaches to 3D imaging of tumors and their microenvironment using fluorescent NCs are described, and the main comparative advantages and disadvantages of nontoxic fluorescent sdAb–NC conjugates as nanoprobes for multiplexed detection and 3D imaging of BC markers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Sokolov
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Nifontova
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Pavel Samokhvalov
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alyona Sukhanova
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Igor Nabiev
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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6
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Tang YC, Powell RT, Gottlieb A. Molecular pathways enhance drug response prediction using transfer learning from cell lines to tumors and patient-derived xenografts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16109. [PMID: 36168036 PMCID: PMC9515168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational models have been successful in predicting drug sensitivity in cancer cell line data, creating an opportunity to guide precision medicine. However, translating these models to tumors remains challenging. We propose a new transfer learning workflow that transfers drug sensitivity predicting models from large-scale cancer cell lines to both tumors and patient derived xenografts based on molecular pathways derived from genomic features. We further compute feature importance to identify pathways most important to drug response prediction. We obtained good performance on tumors (AUROC = 0.77) and patient derived xenografts from triple negative breast cancers (RMSE = 0.11). Using feature importance, we highlight the association between ER-Golgi trafficking pathway in everolimus sensitivity within breast cancer patients and the role of class II histone deacetylases and interlukine-12 in response to drugs for triple-negative breast cancer. Pathway information support transfer of drug response prediction models from cell lines to tumors and can provide biological interpretation underlying the predictions, serving as a steppingstone towards usage in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Tang
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Reid T. Powell
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Center for Translational Cancer Research, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Assaf Gottlieb
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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7
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GDF15 Contributes to Radioresistance by Mediating the EMT and Stemness of Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810911. [PMID: 36142823 PMCID: PMC9504016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the conventional methods for the clinical treatment of breast cancer. However, radioresistance has an adverse effect on the prognosis of breast cancer patients after radiotherapy. In this study, using bioinformatic analysis of GSE59732 and GSE59733 datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database together with the prognosis database of breast cancer patients after radiotherapy, the GDF15 gene was screened out to be related to the poor prognosis of breast cancer after radiotherapy. Compared with radiosensitive parental breast cancer cells, breast cancer cells with acquired radioresistance exhibited a high level of GDF15 expression and enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) properties of migration and invasion, as well as obvious stem-like traits, including the increases of mammosphere formation ability, the proportion of stem cells (CD44+ CD24- cells), and the expressions of stem cell-related markers (SOX2, NANOG). Moreover, knockdown of GDF15 sensitized the radioresistance cells to irradiation and significantly inhibited their EMT and stem-like traits, indicating that GDF15 promoted the radioresistance of breast cancer by enhancing the properties of EMT and stemness. Conclusively, GDF15 may be applicable as a novel prognosis-related biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer radiotherapy.
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8
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Mohamed HT, El-Sharkawy AA, El-Shinawi M, Schneider RJ, Mohamed MM. Inflammatory Breast Cancer: The Secretome of HCMV+ Tumor-Associated Macrophages Enhances Proliferation, Invasion, Colony Formation, and Expression of Cancer Stem Cell Markers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:899622. [PMID: 35847899 PMCID: PMC9281473 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.899622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a highly aggressive phenotype of breast cancer that is characterized by a high incidence early metastasis. We previously reported a significant association of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA in the carcinoma tissues of IBC patients but not in the adjacent normal tissues. HCMV-infected macrophages serve as “mobile vectors” for spreading and disseminating virus to different organs, and IBC cancer tissues are highly infiltrated by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that enhance IBC progression and promote breast cancer stem cell (BCSC)-like properties. Therefore, there is a need to understand the role of HCMV-infected TAMs in IBC progression. The present study aimed to test the effect of the secretome (cytokines and secreted factors) of TAMs derived from HCMV+ monocytes isolated from IBC specimens on the proliferation, invasion, and BCSC abundance when tested on the IBC cell line SUM149. HCMV+ monocytes were isolated from IBC patients during modified radical mastectomy surgery and tested in vitro for polarization into TAMs using the secretome of SUM149 cells. MTT, clonogenic, invasion, real-time PCR arrays, PathScan Intracellular Signaling array, and cytokine arrays were used to characterize the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs for their effect on the progression of SUM149 cells. The results showed that the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs expressed high levels of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 cytokines compared to HCMV- TAMs. In addition, the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs induced the proliferation, invasion, colony formation, and expression of BCSC-related genes in SUM149 cells compared to mock untreated cells. In addition, the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs activated the phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules p-STAT3, p-AMPKα, p-PRAS40, and p-SAPK/JNK in SUM149 cells. In conclusion, this study shows that the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs enhances the proliferation, invasion, colony formation, and BCSC properties by activating the phosphorylation of p-STAT3, p-AMPKα, p-PRAS40, and p-SAPK/JNK intracellular signaling molecules in IBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Taha Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Hossam Taha Mohamed,
| | | | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Galala University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Robert J. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mona Mostafa Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Sector of International Cooperation, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
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9
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In Vitro Evaluation of Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Potential of Curcumin Nano-emulsion on Breast Cancer. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-00981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Kaigorodova EV, Kozik AV, Zavaruev IS, Grishchenko MY. Hybrid/Atypical Forms of Circulating Tumor Cells: Current State of the Art. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2022; 87:380-390. [PMID: 35527376 PMCID: PMC8993035 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common diseases worldwide, and its treatment is associated with many challenges such as drug and radioresistance and formation of metastases. These difficulties are due to tumor heterogeneity, which has many causes. One may be the cell fusion, a process that is relevant to both physiological (e.g., wound healing) and pathophysiological (cancer and viral infection) processes. This literature review aimed to summarize the existing data on the hybrid/atypical forms of circulating cancer cells and their role in tumor progression. For that, the bioinformatics search in universal databases, such as PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar was conducted by using the keywords “hybrid cancer cells”, “cancer cell fusion”, etc. In this review the latest information related to the hybrid tumor cells, theories of their genesis, characteristics of different variants with data from our own researches are presented. Many aspects of the hybrid cell research are still in their infancy. However, with the level of knowledge already accumulated, circulating hybrids such as CAML and CHC could be considered as promising biomarkers of cancerous tumors, and even more as a new approach to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V Kaigorodova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kozik
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
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11
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Rubio C, Avendaño-Ortiz J, Ruiz-Palomares R, Karaivanova V, Alberquilla O, Sánchez-Domínguez R, Casalvilla-Dueñas JC, Montalbán-Hernández K, Lodewijk I, Rodríguez-Izquierdo M, Munera-Maravilla E, Nunes SP, Suárez-Cabrera C, Pérez-Crespo M, Martínez VG, Morales L, Pérez-Escavy M, Alonso-Sánchez M, Lozano-Rodríguez R, Cueto FJ, Aguirre LA, Guerrero-Ramos F, Paramio JM, López-Collazo E, Dueñas M. Toward Tumor Fight and Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling: PBA Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Reduces Tumor Hybrid Cells' Pluripotency in Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:287. [PMID: 35053451 PMCID: PMC8773853 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most frequent cancer of the genitourinary system. The most successful therapy since the 1970s has consisted of intravesical instillations of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in which the tumor microenvironment (TME), including macrophages, plays an important role. However, some patients cannot be treated with this therapy due to comorbidities and severe inflammatory side effects. The overexpression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in BC has been correlated with macrophage polarization together with higher tumor grades and poor prognosis. Herein we demonstrated that phenylbutyrate acid (PBA), a HDAC inhibitor, acts as an antitumoral compound and immunomodulator. In BC cell lines, PBA induced significant cell cycle arrest in G1, reduced stemness markers and increased PD-L1 expression with a corresponding reduction in histone 3 and 4 acetylation patterns. Concerning its role as an immunomodulator, we found that PBA reduced macrophage IL-6 and IL-10 production as well as CD14 downregulation and the upregulation of both PD-L1 and IL-1β. Along this line, PBA showed a reduction in IL-4-induced M2 polarization in human macrophages. In co-cultures of BC cell lines with human macrophages, a double-positive myeloid-tumoral hybrid population (CD11b+EPCAM+) was detected after 48 h, which indicates BC cell-macrophage fusions known as tumor hybrid cells (THC). These THC were characterized by high PD-L1 and stemness markers (SOX2, NANOG, miR-302) as compared with non-fused (CD11b-EPCAM+) cancer cells. Eventually, PBA reduced stemness markers along with BMP4 and IL-10. Our data indicate that PBA could have beneficial properties for BC management, affecting not only tumor cells but also the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rubio
- Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (R.R.-P.); (I.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.P.N.); (C.S.-C.); (M.P.-C.); (V.G.M.); (L.M.); (M.P.-E.); (M.A.-S.); (J.M.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José Avendaño-Ortiz
- TumorImmunology Laboratory and Innate Immunity Group, Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.-O.); (J.C.C.-D.); (K.M.-H.); (R.L.-R.); (F.J.C.); (L.A.A.)
| | - Raquel Ruiz-Palomares
- Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (R.R.-P.); (I.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.P.N.); (C.S.-C.); (M.P.-C.); (V.G.M.); (L.M.); (M.P.-E.); (M.A.-S.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Viktoriya Karaivanova
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Omaira Alberquilla
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (O.A.); (R.S.-D.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Sánchez-Domínguez
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (O.A.); (R.S.-D.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Casalvilla-Dueñas
- TumorImmunology Laboratory and Innate Immunity Group, Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.-O.); (J.C.C.-D.); (K.M.-H.); (R.L.-R.); (F.J.C.); (L.A.A.)
| | - Karla Montalbán-Hernández
- TumorImmunology Laboratory and Innate Immunity Group, Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.-O.); (J.C.C.-D.); (K.M.-H.); (R.L.-R.); (F.J.C.); (L.A.A.)
| | - Iris Lodewijk
- Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (R.R.-P.); (I.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.P.N.); (C.S.-C.); (M.P.-C.); (V.G.M.); (L.M.); (M.P.-E.); (M.A.-S.); (J.M.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Izquierdo
- Uro-Oncology Unit, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-I.); (F.G.-R.)
| | - Ester Munera-Maravilla
- Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (R.R.-P.); (I.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.P.N.); (C.S.-C.); (M.P.-C.); (V.G.M.); (L.M.); (M.P.-E.); (M.A.-S.); (J.M.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sandra P. Nunes
- Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (R.R.-P.); (I.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.P.N.); (C.S.-C.); (M.P.-C.); (V.G.M.); (L.M.); (M.P.-E.); (M.A.-S.); (J.M.P.)
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristian Suárez-Cabrera
- Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (R.R.-P.); (I.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.P.N.); (C.S.-C.); (M.P.-C.); (V.G.M.); (L.M.); (M.P.-E.); (M.A.-S.); (J.M.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Miriam Pérez-Crespo
- Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (R.R.-P.); (I.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.P.N.); (C.S.-C.); (M.P.-C.); (V.G.M.); (L.M.); (M.P.-E.); (M.A.-S.); (J.M.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Víctor G. Martínez
- Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (R.R.-P.); (I.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.P.N.); (C.S.-C.); (M.P.-C.); (V.G.M.); (L.M.); (M.P.-E.); (M.A.-S.); (J.M.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Lucía Morales
- Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (R.R.-P.); (I.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.P.N.); (C.S.-C.); (M.P.-C.); (V.G.M.); (L.M.); (M.P.-E.); (M.A.-S.); (J.M.P.)
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Mercedes Pérez-Escavy
- Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (R.R.-P.); (I.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.P.N.); (C.S.-C.); (M.P.-C.); (V.G.M.); (L.M.); (M.P.-E.); (M.A.-S.); (J.M.P.)
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Miguel Alonso-Sánchez
- Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (R.R.-P.); (I.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.P.N.); (C.S.-C.); (M.P.-C.); (V.G.M.); (L.M.); (M.P.-E.); (M.A.-S.); (J.M.P.)
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Roberto Lozano-Rodríguez
- TumorImmunology Laboratory and Innate Immunity Group, Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.-O.); (J.C.C.-D.); (K.M.-H.); (R.L.-R.); (F.J.C.); (L.A.A.)
| | - Francisco J. Cueto
- TumorImmunology Laboratory and Innate Immunity Group, Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.-O.); (J.C.C.-D.); (K.M.-H.); (R.L.-R.); (F.J.C.); (L.A.A.)
| | - Luis A. Aguirre
- TumorImmunology Laboratory and Innate Immunity Group, Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.-O.); (J.C.C.-D.); (K.M.-H.); (R.L.-R.); (F.J.C.); (L.A.A.)
| | - Félix Guerrero-Ramos
- Uro-Oncology Unit, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-I.); (F.G.-R.)
| | - Jesús M. Paramio
- Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (R.R.-P.); (I.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.P.N.); (C.S.-C.); (M.P.-C.); (V.G.M.); (L.M.); (M.P.-E.); (M.A.-S.); (J.M.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- TumorImmunology Laboratory and Innate Immunity Group, Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.-O.); (J.C.C.-D.); (K.M.-H.); (R.L.-R.); (F.J.C.); (L.A.A.)
- CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Dueñas
- Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (R.R.-P.); (I.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.P.N.); (C.S.-C.); (M.P.-C.); (V.G.M.); (L.M.); (M.P.-E.); (M.A.-S.); (J.M.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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12
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Wang W, Long MM, Wei CJ, Cui XW, Ren JY, Gu YH, Li QF, Dai SD, Gu B, Wang ZC. Clinical comparison of tenosynovial giant cell tumors, synovial chondromatosis, and synovial sarcoma: analysis and report of 53 cases. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1059. [PMID: 34422971 PMCID: PMC8339857 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCTs), synovial chondromatosis (SC), and synovial sarcoma (SS) exhibit similarities in clinical features and histochemical characteristics, and differential diagnosis remains challenging in clinical practice. Methods Data were collected from the pathology database of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital regarding patients who underwent surgery from 2010 to 2019 with histologically confirmed TGCTs, SC, and SS. Demographic and clinicopathological data of these patients were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry staining of 14 different markers was performed. Correlation analyses of the prognoses were evaluated. Results A total of 26 patients with TGCTs (8 diffuse TGCTs and 18 localized TGCTs), 16 with SC, and 11 with SS were identified. Pain was the main symptom of patients with both TGCTs and SC, while a palpable mass was the most common symptom for patients with SS. In addition to clinical features, we identified vital risk factors for disease recurrence. The mean follow-up periods were 51, 39, and 14 months for TGCTs, SC, and SS, respectively. Younger patients with diffuse TGCTs or patients with a higher neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) displayed a significantly higher frequency of recurrence. We also plotted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for age and NLR. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated and demonstrated the ability to distinguish recurrent from nonrecurrent cases. In addition, higher CD163 expression was linked to recurrent diffuse TGCT cases. Conclusions These data indicated possible characteristics of different aspects of TGCTs, SC, and SS. Further clarification and understanding of these factors will help with differential clinical diagnosis and recurrent risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Man-Mei Long
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Jiang Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Wei Cui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Yi Ren
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Hui Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Feng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun-Dong Dai
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Mertens C, Marques O, Horvat NK, Simonetti M, Muckenthaler MU, Jung M. The Macrophage Iron Signature in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168457. [PMID: 34445160 PMCID: PMC8395084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, macrophages are located in every tissue of the body, where their main roles are to phagocytose cellular debris and recycle aging red blood cells. In the tissue niche, they promote homeostasis through trophic, regulatory, and repair functions by responding to internal and external stimuli. This in turn polarizes macrophages into a broad spectrum of functional activation states, also reflected in their iron-regulated gene profile. The fast adaptation to the environment in which they are located helps to maintain tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mertens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (M.J.); Tel.: +(49)-622-156-4582 (C.M.); +(49)-696-301-6931 (M.J.)
| | - Oriana Marques
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie K. Horvat
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree between EMBL and the Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Simonetti
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Martina U. Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (M.J.); Tel.: +(49)-622-156-4582 (C.M.); +(49)-696-301-6931 (M.J.)
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14
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Comprehensive Analysis of CD163 as a Prognostic Biomarker and Associated with Immune Infiltration in Glioblastoma Multiforme. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8357585. [PMID: 34395626 PMCID: PMC8363458 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8357585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary malignancy in adults with high aggression. The prognosis of GBM patients is poor. There is a critical need for novel biomarkers for the prognosis and therapy of GBM. Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GBM were screened using TCGA cohort. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed on DEGs to identify the optimal prognosis-related genes. qRT-PCR was performed to verify the result. Results A total of 5216 DEGs, including 2785 upregulated and 2458 downregulated genes, were obtained. Enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly involved in the p53 signaling pathway and cell cycle, immune response, and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, the top 50 DEGs were associated with drug resistance or drug sensitivity. Prognosis analysis revealed that GBM patients with a high expression of CD163 and CHI3L2 had a poor overall survival, prognosis-free survival, and disease-specific survival. The univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that CD163 and age were independent factors affecting the prognosis of GBM patients. A validation study revealed that CD163 was upregulated in GBM tissues and associated with poor overall survival. Moreover, further analysis revealed that CD163 showed significant correlation with immune cells, immune biomarkers, chemokines, and chemokine receptors. We also identified several CD163-associated kinase, miRNA, and transcription factor targets in GBM, including LCK, miR-483, and ELF1. Conclusions In conclusion, our study suggested CD163 as a prognostic biomarker and associated it with immune infiltration in GBM.
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Matsubara E, Komohara Y, Shinchi Y, Mito R, Fujiwara Y, Ikeda K, Shima T, Shimoda M, Kanai Y, Sakagami T, Suzuki M. CD163-positive cancer cells are a predictor of a worse clinical course in lung adenocarcinoma. Pathol Int 2021; 71:666-673. [PMID: 34231937 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CD163 is one of the scavenger receptors expressed on macrophages. However, several immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that CD163 is also detected on cancer cells, and is associated with a poor prognosis. In the present study, we detected CD163 staining on cancer cells in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and investigated the relationship between CD163 on cancer cells and the clinical prognosis. CD163 staining was seen in 128 of 342 adenocarcinoma cases and 35 of 103 SCC cases. Among the lung adenocarcinoma cases, the progression-free survival and overall survival were significantly shorter in the CD163 high group than the CD163 low group. A similar trend was observed among the SCC cases, but the difference was not statistically significant. Additionally, a higher number of macrophages was detected in areas with CD163-positive cancer cells when compared to areas with CD163-negative cancer cells. In summary, we found that CD163-positive cancer cells are a predictor of a worse clinical course in lung adenocarcinoma and SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Matsubara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shinchi
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Remi Mito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koei Ikeda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shima
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yae Kanai
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Sakagami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Seyfried TN, Shivane AG, Kalamian M, Maroon JC, Mukherjee P, Zuccoli G. Ketogenic Metabolic Therapy, Without Chemo or Radiation, for the Long-Term Management of IDH1-Mutant Glioblastoma: An 80-Month Follow-Up Case Report. Front Nutr 2021; 8:682243. [PMID: 34136522 PMCID: PMC8200410 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.682243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Successful treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) remains futile despite decades of intense research. GBM is similar to most other malignant cancers in requiring glucose and glutamine for growth, regardless of histological or genetic heterogeneity. Ketogenic metabolic therapy (KMT) is a non-toxic nutritional intervention for cancer management. We report the case of a 32-year-old man who presented in 2014 with seizures and a right frontal lobe tumor on MRI. The tumor cells were immunoreactive with antibodies to the IDH1 (R132H) mutation, P53 (patchy), MIB-1 index (4–6%), and absent ATRX protein expression. DNA analysis showed no evidence of methylation of the MGMT gene promoter. The presence of prominent microvascular proliferation and areas of necrosis were consistent with an IDH-mutant glioblastoma (WHO Grade 4). Methods: The patient refused standard of care (SOC) and steroid medication after initial diagnosis, but was knowledgeable and self-motivated enough to consume a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet consisting mostly of saturated fats, minimal vegetables, and a variety of meats. The patient used the glucose ketone index calculator to maintain his Glucose Ketone Index (GKI) near 2.0 without body weight loss. Results: The tumor continued to grow slowly without expected vasogenic edema until 2017, when the patient opted for surgical debulking. The enhancing area, centered in the inferior frontal gyrus, was surgically excised. The pathology specimen confirmed IDH1-mutant GBM. Following surgery, the patient continued with a self-administered ketogenic diet to maintain low GKI values, indicative of therapeutic ketosis. At the time of this report (May 2021), the patient remains alive with a good quality of life, except for occasional seizures. MRI continues to show slow interval progression of the tumor. Conclusion: This is the first report of confirmed IDH1-mutant GBM treated with KMT and surgical debulking without chemo- or radiotherapy. The long-term survival of this patient, now at 80 months, could be due in part to a therapeutic metabolic synergy between KMT and the IDH1 mutation that simultaneously target the glycolysis and glutaminolysis pathways that are essential for GBM growth. Further studies are needed to determine if this non-toxic therapeutic strategy could be effective in providing long-term management for other GBM patients with or without IDH mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Seyfried
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Aditya G Shivane
- Department of Cellular and Anatomical Pathology, University Hospital Plymouth National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joseph C Maroon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Purna Mukherjee
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Giulio Zuccoli
- Department of Radiology, St. Christopher Hospital for Children, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Wang HF, Xiang W, Xue BZ, Wang YH, Yi DY, Jiang XB, Zhao HY, Fu P. Cell fusion in cancer hallmarks: Current research status and future indications. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:530. [PMID: 34055095 PMCID: PMC8138896 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fusion is involved in several physiological processes, such as reproduction, development and immunity. Although cell fusion in tumors was reported 130 years ago, it has recently attracted great interest, with recent progress in tumorigenesis research. However, the role of cell fusion in tumor progression remains unclear. The pattern of cell fusion and its role under physiological conditions are the basis for our understanding of the pathological role of cell fusion. However, the role of cell fusion in tumors and its functions are complicated. Cell fusion can directly increase tumor heterogeneity by forming polyploids or aneuploidies. Several studies have reported that cell fusion is associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, recurrence, drug resistance and the formation of cancer stem cells. Given the diverse roles cell fusion plays in different tumor phenotypes, methods based on targeted cell fusion have been designed to treat tumors. Research on cell fusion in tumors may provide novel ideas for further treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Zhou Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Ye Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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18
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Sun X, He Z, Guo L, Wang C, Lin C, Ye L, Wang X, Li Y, Yang M, Liu S, Hua X, Wen W, Lin C, Long Z, Zhang W, Li H, Jian Y, Zhu Z, Wu X, Lin H. ALG3 contributes to stemness and radioresistance through regulating glycosylation of TGF-β receptor II in breast cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:149. [PMID: 33931075 PMCID: PMC8086123 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is a conventional and effective local treatment for breast cancer. However, residual or recurrent tumors appears frequently because of radioresistance. Novel predictive marker and the potential therapeutic targets of breast cancer radioresistance needs to be investigated. Methods In this study, we screened all 10 asparagine-linked glycosylation (ALG) members in breast cancer patients’ samples by RT-PCR. Cell viability after irradiation (IR) was determined by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. The radiosensitivity of cell lines with different ALG3 expression was determined with the colony formation assay by fitting the multi-target single hit model to the surviving fractions. Cancer stem-like traits were assessed by RT-PCR, Western blot, and flow cytometry. The mechanisms of ALG3 influencing radiosensitivity was detected by Western blot and immunoprecipitation. And the effect of ALG3 on tumor growth after IR was verified in an orthotopic xenograft tumor models. The association of ALG3 with prognosis of breast cancer patients was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Results ALG3 was the most significantly overexpressing gene among ALG family in radioresistant breast cancer tissue. Overexpression of ALG3 predicted poor clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival (OS), and early local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) in breast cancer patients. Upregulating ALG3 enhanced radioresistance and cancer stemness in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, silencing ALG3 increased the radiosensitivity and repressed cancer stemness in vitro, and more importantly inhibition of ALG3 effectively increased the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells in vivo. Mechanistically, our results further revealed ALG3 promoted radioresistance and cancer stemness by inducing glycosylation of TGF-β receptor II (TGFBR2). Importantly, both attenuation of glycosylation using tunicamycin and inhibition of TGFBR2 using LY2109761 differentially abrogated the stimulatory effect of ALG3 overexpression on cancer stemness and radioresistance. Finally, our findings showed that radiation played an important role in preventing early recurrence in breast cancer patients with low ALG3 levels, but it had limited efficacy in ALG3-overexpressing breast cancer patients. Conclusion Our results suggest that ALG3 may serve as a potential radiosensitive marker, and an effective target to decrease radioresistance by regulating glycosylation of TGFBR2 in breast cancer. For patients with low ALG3 levels, radiation remains an effective mainstay therapy to prevent early recurrence in breast cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01932-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiqin Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuyong Lin
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Liping Ye
- Department of Experimental Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Meisongzhu Yang
- Department of Physiology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sailan Liu
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Hua
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Long
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunting Jian
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyuan Zhu
- Department of General surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianqiu Wu
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China. .,Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Clinical Biobanks and Translational Research, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huanxin Lin
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Zou R, Gu R, Yu X, Hu Y, Yu J, Xue X, Zhu X. Characteristics of Infiltrating Immune Cells and a Predictive Immune Model for Cervical Cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:3501-3514. [PMID: 33995627 PMCID: PMC8120169 DOI: 10.7150/jca.55970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of infiltrating immune cells within the tumor microenvironment has received considerable attention, but their function in cervical cancer remains to be elucidated; thus, comprehensive evaluation of their predictive value is needed. Using cervical cancer samples from 406 patients, immune cell infiltration was evaluated via immunohistochemistry. CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, CD57+, CD68+, and CD163+ cell infiltration was compared in samples from adjacent tissues and the tumor center. The associations between immune cell distributions in the tumor center, clinicopathological features, and prognosis were correlated among immune cell types. Using three immune features, an immune model was constructed based on a Cox regression analysis with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) penalty to derive immune risk scores. Immune cells that infiltrated the tumor center correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. The immune risk scores were an independent prognostic indicator and were found to predict cervical cancer prognosis as well as the effects of chemoradiotherapy. We classified patients into either high- or low-risk subgroups (namely CD4+highCD163+highCD57+low and CD4+lowCD163+lowCD57+high, respectively) based on their immune scores. Significant differences were found in the 3-year overall survival of patients with high- and low-risk scores (83.0% vs. 96.6%; P < 0.001). High immune risk scores resulted in decreased overall survival for patients in stages IB1+IIA1, IB2+IIA2, and IIB-IV (P = 0.001, P = 0.008, and P = 0.044, respectively). Overall survival was significantly worse following chemoradiotherapy in high-scoring patients in stages IB1+IIA1 and IB2+IIA2 (P = 0.001 and P=0.008, respectively). Moreover, overall survival was significantly worse after radiotherapy or chemotherapy in high-scoring patients in stage IB1+IIA1 (P = 0.03). Our work reveals that the distribution of infiltrating immune cells affects their function in cervical cancer. Our tumor center-centric immune model effectively predicted survival, suggesting its potential use in identifying suitable candidates for chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruanmin Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihong Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
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20
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Wang Y, Wang J, Yang C, Wang Y, Liu J, Shi Z, Chen Y, Feng Y, Ma X, Qiao S. A study of the correlation between M2 macrophages and lymph node metastasis of colorectal carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:91. [PMID: 33781288 PMCID: PMC8008636 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymph node metastasis is a major prognostic sign of colorectal carcinoma and an important indicator for individualized treatment. M2 macrophages play a key role in carcinogenesis and tumor development by enhancing invasiveness and promoting lymph node metastasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CD163-positive M2 macrophages on lymph node metastasis in colorectal carcinoma. Methods Postoperative lymph node tissues were obtained from 120 patients with colorectal carcinoma who underwent radical surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University between December 2019 and May 2020. We detected the expression of the CD163 protein in lymph nodes using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the relationships between M2 macrophages identified by expression of CD163 and lymph node metastasis were analyzed using the independent sample t-test and Chi-square test. Results M2 macrophages were increased in metastatic lymph nodes and non-metastatic lymph nodes adjacent to the cancer. The M2 macrophage count was higher in patients with macro-metastases than in patients with micro-metastases. Conclusions The presence of M2 macrophages represents an important indicator for lymph node metastasis in colorectal carcinoma and may be a potential marker for its prediction. Thus, M2 macrophage localization might offer a new target for the comprehensive treatment of colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No. 2, The Fifth Section of Renmin Street, Guta, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jikun Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhao Liu
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No. 2, The Fifth Section of Renmin Street, Guta, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuoxiu Shi
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No. 2, The Fifth Section of Renmin Street, Guta, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlei Chen
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No. 2, The Fifth Section of Renmin Street, Guta, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Feng
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No. 2, The Fifth Section of Renmin Street, Guta, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Ma
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No. 2, The Fifth Section of Renmin Street, Guta, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Qiao
- The Second Ward of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No. 2, The Fifth Section of Renmin Street, Guta, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Hsu MY, Mina E, Roetto A, Porporato PE. Iron: An Essential Element of Cancer Metabolism. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122591. [PMID: 33287315 PMCID: PMC7761773 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo considerable metabolic changes to foster uncontrolled proliferation in a hostile environment characterized by nutrient deprivation, poor vascularization and immune infiltration. While metabolic reprogramming has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer, the role of micronutrients in shaping these adaptations remains scarcely investigated. In particular, the broad electron-transferring abilities of iron make it a versatile cofactor that is involved in a myriad of biochemical reactions vital to cellular homeostasis, including cell respiration and DNA replication. In cancer patients, systemic iron metabolism is commonly altered. Moreover, cancer cells deploy diverse mechanisms to increase iron bioavailability to fuel tumor growth. Although iron itself can readily participate in redox reactions enabling vital processes, its reactivity also gives rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, cancer cells further rely on antioxidant mechanisms to withstand such stress. The present review provides an overview of the common alterations of iron metabolism occurring in cancer and the mechanisms through which iron promotes tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Y. Hsu
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Erica Mina
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Antonella Roetto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.E.P.)
| | - Paolo E. Porporato
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.E.P.)
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22
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Aydin AM, Chahoud J, Adashek JJ, Azizi M, Magliocco A, Ross JS, Necchi A, Spiess PE. Understanding genomics and the immune environment of penile cancer to improve therapy. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:555-570. [DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-0359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Skytthe MK, Graversen JH, Moestrup SK. Targeting of CD163 + Macrophages in Inflammatory and Malignant Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155497. [PMID: 32752088 PMCID: PMC7432735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The macrophage is a key cell in the pro- and anti-inflammatory response including that of the inflammatory microenvironment of malignant tumors. Much current drug development in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer therefore focuses on the macrophage as a target for immunotherapy. However, this strategy is complicated by the pleiotropic phenotype of the macrophage that is highly responsive to its microenvironment. The plasticity leads to numerous types of macrophages with rather different and, to some extent, opposing functionalities, as evident by the existence of macrophages with either stimulating or down-regulating effect on inflammation and tumor growth. The phenotypes are characterized by different surface markers and the present review describes recent progress in drug-targeting of the surface marker CD163 expressed in a subpopulation of macrophages. CD163 is an abundant endocytic receptor for multiple ligands, quantitatively important being the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. The microenvironment of inflammation and tumorigenesis is particular rich in CD163+ macrophages. The use of antibodies for directing anti-inflammatory (e.g., glucocorticoids) or tumoricidal (e.g., doxorubicin) drugs to CD163+ macrophages in animal models of inflammation and cancer has demonstrated a high efficacy of the conjugate drugs. This macrophage-targeting approach has a low toxicity profile that may highly improve the therapeutic window of many current drugs and drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K. Skytthe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.K.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Jonas Heilskov Graversen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.K.S.); (S.K.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-2173-3311
| | - Søren K. Moestrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.K.S.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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24
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Brown RAM, Richardson KL, Kabir TD, Trinder D, Ganss R, Leedman PJ. Altered Iron Metabolism and Impact in Cancer Biology, Metastasis, and Immunology. Front Oncol 2020; 10:476. [PMID: 32328462 PMCID: PMC7160331 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient that plays a complex role in cancer biology. Iron metabolism must be tightly controlled within cells. Whilst fundamental to many cellular processes and required for cell survival, excess labile iron is toxic to cells. Increased iron metabolism is associated with malignant transformation, cancer progression, drug resistance and immune evasion. Depleting intracellular iron stores, either with the use of iron chelating agents or mimicking endogenous regulation mechanisms, such as microRNAs, present attractive therapeutic opportunities, some of which are currently under clinical investigation. Alternatively, iron overload can result in a form of regulated cell death, ferroptosis, which can be activated in cancer cells presenting an alternative anti-cancer strategy. This review focuses on alterations in iron metabolism that enable cancer cells to meet metabolic demands required during different stages of tumorigenesis in relation to metastasis and immune response. The strength of current evidence is considered, gaps in knowledge are highlighted and controversies relating to the role of iron and therapeutic targeting potential are discussed. The key question we address within this review is whether iron modulation represents a useful approach for treating metastatic disease and whether it could be employed in combination with existing targeted drugs and immune-based therapies to enhance their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki A. M. Brown
- Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kirsty L. Richardson
- Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tasnuva D. Kabir
- Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ruth Ganss
- Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter J. Leedman
- Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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25
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Genome remodeling upon mesenchymal tumor cell fusion contributes to tumor progression and metastatic spread. Oncogene 2020; 39:4198-4211. [PMID: 32242148 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell fusion in tumor progression mostly refers to the merging of a cancer cell with a cell that has migration and immune escape capabilities such as macrophages. Here we show that spontaneous hybrids made from the fusion of transformed mesenchymal cells with partners from the same lineage undergo nonrecurrent large-scale genomic rearrangements, leading to the creation of highly aneuploid cells with novel phenotypic traits, including metastatic spreading capabilities. Moreover, in contrast to their parents, hybrids were the only cells able to recapitulate in vivo all features of human pleomorphic sarcomas, a rare and genetically complex mesenchymal tumor. Hybrid tumors not only displayed specific mesenchymal markers, but also combined a complex genetic profile with a highly metastatic behavior, like their human counterparts. Finally, we provide evidence that patient-derived pleomorphic sarcoma cells are inclined to spontaneous cell fusion. The resulting hybrids also gain in aggressiveness, exhibiting superior growth capacity in mouse models. Altogether, these results indicate that cell fusion has the potential to promote cancer progression by increasing growth and/or metastatic capacities, regardless of the nature of the companion cell. Moreover, such events likely occur upon sarcoma development, paving the way for better understanding of the biology, and aggressiveness of these tumors.
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LaBerge GS, Duvall E, Grasmick Z, Haedicke K, Galan A, Leverett J, Baswan S, Yim S, Pawelek J. Recent Advances in Studies of Skin Color and Skin Cancer. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 93:69-80. [PMID: 32226338 PMCID: PMC7087065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between skin color and skin cancer is well established: the less melanin in one's skin the greater the risk for developing skin cancer. This review is in two parts. First, we summarize the current understanding of the cutaneous pigmentary system and trace melanin from its synthesis in the pigment cell melanosomes through its transfer to keratinocytes. We also present new methods for reducing melanin content in hyper-pigmented areas of skin such as solar lentigenes, melasma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Second, we present evidence that at least one mechanism for the development of metastatic melanoma and other solid tumors is fusion and hybridization of leucocytes such as macrophages with primary tumor cells. In this scenario, hybrid cells express both the chemotactic motility of the leucocyte and the de-regulated cell division of the tumor cell, causing the cells to migrate a deadly journey to lymph nodes, distant organs, and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greggory S. LaBerge
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO
- Denver Police Crime Lab-Forensics and Evidence Division, Denver, CO
| | - Eric Duvall
- Denver Police Crime Lab-Forensics and Evidence Division, Denver, CO
| | | | - Kay Haedicke
- Department of Internal Medicine Section of Medical Oncology and the Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Anjela Galan
- Department of Dermatology and The Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | | | - John Pawelek
- Department of Dermatology and The Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Garvin S, Vikhe Patil E, Arnesson LG, Oda H, Hedayati E, Lindström A, Shabo I. Differences in intra-tumoral macrophage infiltration and radiotherapy response among intrinsic subtypes in pT1-T2 breast cancers treated with breast-conserving surgery. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:151-162. [PMID: 30915533 PMCID: PMC6647441 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) intrinsic subtype classification is based on the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and proliferation marker Ki-67. The expression of these markers depends on both the genetic background of the cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment. In this study, we explore macrophage traits in cancer cells and intra-tumoral M2-macrophage infiltration (MI) in relation to intrinsic subtypes in non-metastatic invasive BC treated with breast conserving surgery, with and without postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Immunostaining of M2-macrophage-specific antigen CD163 in cancer cells and MI were evaluated, together with ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67-expression in cancer cells. The tumors were classified into intrinsic subtypes according to the ESMO guidelines. The immunostaining of these markers, MI, and clinical data were analyzed in relation to ipsilateral local recurrence (ILR) as well as recurrence-free (RFS) and disease-free specific (DFS) survival. BC intrinsic subtypes are associated with T-stage, Nottingham Histologic Grade (NHG), and MI. Macrophage phenotype in cancer cells is significantly associated with NHG3-tumors. Significant differences in macrophage infiltration were observed among the intrinsic subtypes of pT1-T2 stage BC. Shorter RFS was observed in luminal B HER2neg tumors after RT, suggesting that this phenotype may be more resistant to irradiation. Ki-67-expression was significantly higher in NHG3 and CD163-positive tumors, as well as those with moderate and high MI. Cancer cell ER expression is inversely related to MI and thus might affect the clinical staging and assessment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Garvin
- Division of Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Eva Vikhe Patil
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lars-Gunnar Arnesson
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Husam Oda
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elham Hedayati
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Patient Area of Breast Cancer Sarcoma and Endocrine Tumors, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Lindström
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ivan Shabo
- Patient Area of Breast Cancer Sarcoma and Endocrine Tumors, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Endocrine and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tumor Microenvironment and Cell Fusion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5013592. [PMID: 31380426 PMCID: PMC6657644 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5013592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell fusion is a highly regulated biological process that occurs under both physiological and pathological conditions. The cellular and extracellular environment is critical for the induction of the cell-cell fusion. Aberrant cell fusion is initiated during tumor progression. Tumor microenvironment is a complex dynamic system formed by the interaction between tumor cells and their surrounding cells. Cell-cell fusion mediates direct interaction between tumor cells and their surrounding cells and is associated with tumor initiation and progression. Various microenvironmental factors affect cell fusion in tumor microenvironment and generate hybrids that acquire genomes of both parental cells and exhibit novel characteristics, such as tumor stem cell-like properties, radioresistance, drug resistance, immune evasion, and enhanced migration and invasion abilities, which are closely related to the initiation, invasion, and metastasis of tumor. The phenotypic characteristics of hybrids are based on the phenotypes of parental cells, and the fusion of tumor cells with diverse types of microenvironmental fusogenic cells is concomitant with phenotypic heterogeneity. This review highlights the types of fusogenic cells in tumor microenvironment that can fuse with tumor cells and their specific significance and summarizes the various microenvironmental factors affecting tumor cell fusion. This review may be used as a reference to develop strategies for future research on tumor cell fusion and the exploration of cell fusion-based antitumor therapies.
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Schramm HM. The Epithelial-Myeloid-Transition (EMyeT) of cancer cells as a wrongly perceived primary inflammatory process eventually progressing to a bone remodeling malignancy: the alternative pathway for Epithelial- Mesenchymal-Transition hypothesis (EMT)? J Cancer 2019; 10:3798-3809. [PMID: 31333797 PMCID: PMC6636288 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells express multiple markers expressed by mesenchymal as well as myeloid cells in common and in addition specific markers of the myeloid lineages, especially those of dendritic cells, macrophages and preosteoclasts. It has also been possible to identify monocyte-macrophage gene clusters in cancer cell specimens as well as in cancer cell lines. Accordingly, like myeloid cells cancer cells often express pro-inflammatory cytokines, and consequently the carcinoma may be perceived by the organism as a primary inflammatory process comparable to the immune inflammatory reactions in the eye or in the case of arthritis. This would explain why a carcinoma may induce a certain alarm state in the organism by increasing a fatal sympathetic tone in the patient, supplying the carcinomas with nutrients at the cost of other requirements, inducing tolerance against the cancer cells mistaken as myeloid cells, provoking fibrosis and neoangiogenesis, and increasing inflammatory cells at the carcinoma site. This seemingly inflammatory process of Epithelial-Myeloid-Transition (EMyeT) is superimposed by the progression of part of the myeloid cancer cells to stages comparable to preosteoclasts and osteoclasts, and their development to metastasizing carcinomas often at the site of bone. This concept of carcinogenesis and malignant progression described here challenges the widely accepted EMT-hypotheses and could deliver the rationale for the various peculiar aspects of cancer and the variety of therapeutic antitumoral measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning M Schramm
- Institute for Integral Cancer Research (IFIK), CH-4144 Arlesheim/Switzerland
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Laberge GS, Duvall E, Haedicke K, Pawelek J. Leukocyte⁻Cancer Cell Fusion-Genesis of a Deadly Journey. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020170. [PMID: 30781683 PMCID: PMC6406780 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
According to estimates from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, by the year 2030 there will be 22 million new cancer cases and 13 million deaths per year. The main cause of cancer mortality is not the primary tumor itself but metastasis to distant organs and tissues, yet the mechanisms of this process remain poorly understood. Leukocyte–cancer cell fusion and hybrid formation as an initiator of metastasis was proposed more than a century ago by the German pathologist Prof. Otto Aichel. This proposal has since been confirmed in more than 50 animal models and more recently in one patient with renal cell carcinoma and two patients with malignant melanoma. Leukocyte–tumor cell fusion provides a unifying explanation for metastasis. While primary tumors arise in a wide variety of tissues representing not a single disease but many different diseases, metastatic cancer may be only one disease arising from a common, nonmutational event: Fusion of primary tumor cells with leukocytes. From the findings to date, it would appear that such hybrid formation is a major pathway for metastasis. Studies on the mechanisms involved could uncover new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greggory S Laberge
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Eric Duvall
- Denver Police Crime Lab-Forensics and Evidence Division, Denver, CO 80204.
| | - Kay Haedicke
- Department of Internal Medicine Section of Medical Oncology and the Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8059, USA.
| | - John Pawelek
- Department of Dermatology and The Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8059, USA.
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