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Lu CY, Hsiao CY, Peng PJ, Huang SC, Chuang MR, Su HJ, Huang KW. DNA Methylation Biomarkers as Prediction Tools for Therapeutic Response and Prognosis in Intermediate-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4465. [PMID: 37760434 PMCID: PMC10527266 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alfa-fetoprotein (AFP), as the main serum tumor marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is limited in terms of specificity and ability to predict outcomes. This study investigated the clinical utility of DNA methylation biomarkers to predict therapeutic responses and prognosis in intermediate-stage HCC. METHODS This study enrolled 72 patients with intermediate-stage HCC who underwent locoregional therapy (LRT) between 2020 and 2021. The immediate therapeutic response and disease status during a two-year follow-up were recorded. Analysis was performed on 10 selected DNA methylation biomarkers via pyrosequencing analysis of plasma collected before and after LRT. RESULTS Analysis was performed on 53 patients with complete responses and 19 patients with disease progression after LRT. The mean follow-up duration was 2.4 ± 0.6 years. A methylation prediction model for tumor response (MMTR) and a methylation prediction model for early progression (MMEP) were constructed. The area under the curve (AUC) for sensitivity and specificity of MMTR was 0.79 for complete response and 0.759 for overall survival. The corresponding AUCs for sensitivity and specificity of AFP and protein induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II) were 0.717 and 0.708, respectively. Note that the MMTR index was the only significant predictor in multivariate analysis. The AUC for sensitivity and specificity of the MMEP in predicting early progression was 0.79. The corresponding AUCs for sensitivity and specificity of AFP and PIVKA-II were 0.758 and 0.714, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that platelet count, beyond up-to-7 criteria, and the MMEP index were strongly correlated with early tumor progression. Combining the indexes and serum markers further improved the predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.922). Multivariate analysis revealed the MMEP index was the only independent risk factor for overall survival. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that these methylation markers could potentially outperform current serum markers in terms of accuracy and reliability in assessing treatment response and predicting outcomes. Combining methylation markers and serum markers further improved predictive accuracy, indicating that a multi-marker approach may be more effective in clinical practice. These findings suggest that DNA methylation biomarkers may be a useful tool for managing intermediate-stage HCC patients and guiding personalized treatment, particularly for those who are at high risk for close surveillance or adjuvant treatment after LRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yi Lu
- Phalanx Biotech Group, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (S.-C.H.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Chih-Yang Hsiao
- Department of Surgery and Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Traumatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pey-Jey Peng
- Phalanx Biotech Group, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (S.-C.H.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Shao-Chang Huang
- Phalanx Biotech Group, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (S.-C.H.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Meng-Rong Chuang
- Phalanx Biotech Group, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (S.-C.H.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Hung-Ju Su
- Phalanx Biotech Group, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (S.-C.H.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Kai-Wen Huang
- Department of Surgery and Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Center for Functional Image and Interventional Therapy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Mishra G, Majeed A, Dev A, Eslick GD, Pinato DJ, Izumoto H, Hiraoka A, Huo TI, Liu PH, Johnson PJ, Roberts SK. Clinical Utility of Albumin Bilirubin Grade as a Prognostic Marker in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Transarterial Chemoembolization: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Cancer 2023; 54:420-432. [PMID: 35635637 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-022-00832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatic function is a key prognostic marker in patients with hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and central to patient selection for transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). We investigated the clinical utility of the Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) grade, an emerging prognostic model, in this heterogenous cohort via a meta-analysis of published studies. METHODS Publications including full text articles and abstracts regarding ALBI grade were sourced by two independent researchers from databases including PubMed, Embase, Medline and Cochrane Library. Studies analysing patients with HCC undergoing TACE treatment were systematically screened utilising the PRISMA tool for data extraction and synthesis, after exclusion of duplicates, irrelevant studies and overlapping cohorts. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), as determined by ALBI grade and assessed by hazard ratio (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with analysis of collated data using comprehensive meta-analysis, version 3.0 software. RESULTS Eight studies were included, with a pooled population of 6538 patients with HCC that underwent TACE treatment. Higher pre-treatment grade was associated with poor OS, with median OS of 12.0 months (P < 0.001) in ALBI grade 3, compared to 33.5 months in ALBI grade 1 (P < 0.001). Significant heterogeneity within each ALBI grade was associated with age and tumour size (P < 0.001) in ALBI grades 1 and 2. In contrast, age and alcohol-related liver disease were significant in the ALBI grade 3 group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS High pre-treatment ALBI grade is associated with poorer prognosis in patients with HCC undergoing TACE therapy. The ALBI grade demonstrates clinical utility for clinical prognostication and patient selection for TACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Mishra
- Gastroenterology Department, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ammar Majeed
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Gastroenterology Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anouk Dev
- Gastroenterology Department, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Guy D Eslick
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David J Pinato
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Atsushi Hiraoka
- Gastroenterology Centre, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Teh-Ia Huo
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hong Liu
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Philip J Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stuart K Roberts
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Gastroenterology Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Li L, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Hu H, Hu Y, Georgiades C, Mao HQ, Selaru FM. Quaternary nanoparticles enable sustained release of bortezomib for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2022; 76:1660-1672. [PMID: 35596926 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Over the past two decades, there has been minimal improvement in therapies as well as clinical outcomes for patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC)-B. These patients are treated with local interventions, including transarterial chemoembolization. Current methodologies only allow sustained intratumoral release measured in hours. Methodologies to allow sustained local release of the drug cargo over days to weeks are acutely needed. We hypothesize that tumor response as well as outcomes of patients with BCLC-B can be improved through utilization of a highly cytotoxic agent delivered with a sustained release platform. APPROACH AND RESULTS High-throughput drug screening across 40 HCC patient-derived organoids identified bortezomib (BTZ) as a highly cytotoxic small molecule for HCC. We designed and manufactured sustained release BTZ nanoparticles (BTZ-NP) using a flash nanocomplexation/nanoprecipitation process. We quantified the release profile and tested the anti-tumoral effects in vivo. The BTZ-NP formulation demonstrated a sustained release of BTZ of 30 days. This BTZ-NP formulation was highly effective in controlling tumor size and improved survival in vivo in three animal models of HCC, including when delivered via the hepatic artery, as we envision its delivery in patients. In addition, the BTZ-NP formulation was superior to treatment with doxorubicin-drug eluting beads. CONCLUSIONS The BTZ-NP formulation provides a potent and safe treatment of HCC via a localized delivery approach. These results warrant additional preclinical studies to advance this technology to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologySchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Institute for NanoBioTechnologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA.,Department of Materials Science and EngineeringWhiting School of EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute for NanoBioTechnologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA.,Department of Materials Science and EngineeringWhiting School of EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Haijie Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologySchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Yizong Hu
- Institute for NanoBioTechnologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA.,Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Christos Georgiades
- Division of Radiology & Radiological SciencesSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Institute for NanoBioTechnologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA.,Department of Materials Science and EngineeringWhiting School of EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA.,Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA.,Translational Tissue Engineering CenterSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Florin M Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologySchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA.,Department of OncologySidney Kimmel Cancer CenterSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Yuan M, Chen TY, Chen XR, Lu YF, Shi J, Zhang WS, Ye C, Tang BZ, Yang ZG. Identification of predictive factors for post-transarterial chemoembolization liver failure in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: A retrospective study. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:8535-8546. [PMID: 36157824 PMCID: PMC9453355 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i24.8535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) liver failure occurs frequently in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. The identification of predictors for post-TACE liver failure is of great importance for clinical decision-making in this population.
AIM To investigate the occurrence rate and predictive factors of post-TACE liver failure in this retrospective study to provide clues for decision-making regarding TACE procedures in HCC patients.
METHODS The clinical records of HCC patients treated with TACE therapy were reviewed. Baseline clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters of these patients were extracted. Logistic models were used to identify candidates to predict post-TACE liver failure.
RESULTS A total of 199 HCC patients were enrolled in this study, and 70 patients (35.2%) developed post-TACE liver failure. Univariate and multivariate logistic models indicated that microspheres plus gelatin embolization and main tumor size > 5 cm were risk predictors for post-TACE liver failure [odds ratio (OR): 4.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-16.3, P = 0.027; OR: 2.3, 95%CI: 1.05-5.3, P = 0.039, respectively]. Conversely, HCC patients who underwent tumor resection surgery before the TACE procedure had a lower risk for post-TACE liver failure (OR: 0.4, 95%CI: 0.2-0.95, P = 0.039).
CONCLUSION Microspheres plus gelatin embolization and main tumor size might be risk factors for post-TACE liver failure in HCC patients, while prior tumor resection could be a favorable factor reducing the risk of post-TACE liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yuan
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Tian-You Chen
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yun-Fei Lu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jia Shi
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Wen-Si Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Bo-Zong Tang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201200, China
| | - Zong-Guo Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
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Ananchuensook P, Sriphoosanaphan S, Suksawatamnauy S, Siripon N, Pinjaroen N, Geratikornsupuk N, Kerr SJ, Thanapirom K, Komolmit P. Validation and prognostic value of EZ-ALBI score in patients with intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma treated with trans-arterial chemoembolization. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:295. [PMID: 35701739 PMCID: PMC9199248 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterogeneity of liver function and tumor burden in intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) results in different outcomes after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Easy albumin-bilirubin (EZ-ALBI), a simplified albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score, has recently been proposed as a new prognostic score for HCC. This study aimed to validate the EZ-ALBI score and evaluate the impact of dynamic changes in patients with intermediate-stage HCC undergoing TACE. Methods All patients with HCC treated with TACE at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, between January 2015 and December 2019 were prospectively enrolled. Intermediate-stage HCC was defined as Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B or unresectable single HCC with size > 5 cm in BCLC stage A. EZ-ALBI and ALBI scores were calculated and stratified into three different grades. Overall survival (OS) and prognostic factors were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier curve and Cox proportional hazard model. Decision analysis curves were used to evaluate the clinical utility of the predictive scores. Results Among 672 patients with HCC treated with TACE, 166 patients with intermediate-stage HCC who met the eligibility criteria were enrolled. The median OS of all patients in the cohort was 21 months. A good correlation between the EZ-ALBI and ALBI scores was observed (correlation coefficient 1.000, p < 0.001). The baseline EZ-ALBI grades 1, 2, and 3 were 24.5%, 70%, and 5.5%, respectively. EZ-ALBI grade can stratify patients with significantly different prognoses (p = 0.002). Baseline EZ-ALBI grade 2, 3, and serum alpha-fetoprotein > 20 ng/ml were significantly associated with OS [hazard ratio (HR) 2.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24–3.88, p = 0.007), 3.26 (95% CI 1.24–8.57, p = 0.016), and 1.77 (95% CI 1.10–2.84, p = 0.018), respectively]. Following TACE, 42 (29.6%) patients had a worsening EZ-ALBI grade. However, the EZ-ALBI grade migration was not significantly correlated with OS. EZ-ALBI and ALBI score provided improved discriminatory ability (Harrell’s concordance index 0.599 and 0.602, respectively) and better net benefit compared with Child-Turcotte-Pugh and Model for End-stage Liver Disease scores. Conclusions The baseline EZ-ALBI score demonstrated good predictive performance for survival and a strong correlation with conventional ALBI scores. Both the EZ-ALBI and ALBI scores outperformed other prognostic models in patients with intermediate-stage HCC receiving TACE. However, the dynamic change in the EZ-ALBI grade after TACE was not associated with postprocedural survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prooksa Ananchuensook
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supachaya Sriphoosanaphan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Sirinporn Suksawatamnauy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nipaporn Siripon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nutcha Pinjaroen
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Stephen J Kerr
- Center of Excellence in Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kessarin Thanapirom
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyawat Komolmit
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Müller L, Hahn F, Jungmann F, Mähringer-Kunz A, Stoehr F, Halfmann MC, Pinto Dos Santos D, Hinrichs J, Auer TA, Düber C, Kloeckner R. Quantitative washout in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing TACE: an imaging biomarker for predicting prognosis? Cancer Imaging 2022; 22:5. [PMID: 35016731 PMCID: PMC8753936 DOI: 10.1186/s40644-022-00446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The delayed percentage attenuation ratio (DPAR) was recently identified as a novel predictor of an early complete response in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). In this study, we aimed to validate the role of DPAR as a predictive biomarker for short-, mid-, and long-term outcomes after TACE. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed laboratory and imaging data for 103 treatment-naïve patients undergoing initial TACE treatment at our tertiary care center between January 2016 and November 2020. DPAR and other washin and washout indices were quantified in the triphasic computed tomography performed before the initial TACE. The correlation of DPAR and radiologic response was investigated. Furthermore, the influence of DPAR on the 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month survival rates and the median overall survival (OS) was compared to other established washout indices and estimates of tumor burden and remnant liver function. RESULTS The DPAR was significantly of the target lesions (TLs) with objective response to TACE after the initial TACE session was significantly higher compared to patients with stable disease (SD) or progressive disease (PD) (125 (IQR 118-134) vs 110 (IQR 103-116), p < 0.001). Furthermore, the DPAR was significantly higher in patients who survived the first 6 months after TACE (122 vs. 115, p = 0.04). In addition, the number of patients with a DPAR > 120 was significantly higher in this group (n = 38 vs. n = 8; p = 0.03). However, no significant differences were observed in the 12-, 18-, and 24-month survival rates after the initial TACE. Regarding the median OS, no significant difference was observed for patients with a high DPAR compared to those with a low DPAR (18.7 months vs. 12.7 months, p = 0.260). CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm DPAR as the most relevant washout index for predicting the short-term outcome of patients with HCC undergoing TACE. However, DPAR and the other washout indices were not predictive of mid- and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Müller
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckst. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Hahn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckst. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Jungmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckst. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aline Mähringer-Kunz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckst. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Stoehr
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckst. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz C Halfmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckst. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Pinto Dos Santos
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Hinrichs
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Timo A Auer
- Department of Radiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Düber
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckst. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Kloeckner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckst. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Nguyen N, Patel K, Uhelski AC, Waters B, Weir A. Antiviral Therapy Improves Hepatocellular Cancer Survival. Fed Pract 2021; 38:e58-e63. [PMID: 34733098 DOI: 10.12788/fp.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common risk factor for hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Patients with HCV infection are at a higher risk of developing HCC because the virus induces fibrosis in the liver, which may lead to cirrhosis. Early treatment of HCV and achieving a sustained virologic response (SVR) may lead to decreased incidence and mortality associated with HCC. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients at the Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) in Tennessee from November 2008 to March 2019 to determine whether treatment of HCV infection makes a difference in overall survival (OS) among patients who develop HCC. Patients were treated with an interferon-based regimen or direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs). Among the patients with HCV infection who were treated, we identified those who did achieve or did not achieve SVR. Results We identified 111 patients with HCV and HCC; 68 were treated for HCV infection. Forty-eight patients received DAA and 20 patients received an interferon-based regimen and 51 achieved SVR. In a multivariate analysis accounting for severity of liver disease, treated patients had an improved 5-year OS rate, median 1338 days (95% CI, 966-3202) when compared with untreated patients whose median OS was 452 days (95% CI, 242-853) (P = .0005). The treatment group had a longer median progression-free survival (PFS) than did the nontreatment group (460 days [95% CI, 294-726] vs 286 days [95% CI, 205-405], P = .04). Patients with SVR had an increased 5-year OS compared with patients without SVR (median 1973 days [95% CI, 1222-NA] vs 470 days [95% CI, 242-853], P < .001). HCV treatment type (interferon vs DAA) was not found to be associated with either OS or PFS, regardless of time period. Advanced liver disease stage as characterized by a high model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (> 10) or high Child-Pugh score (B or C) was associated with worse survival outcome. Conclusions A retrospective analysis of patients with HCV infection and HCC confirms that treatment of HCV infection leads to OS benefit among patients with HCC. We further demonstrate that patients with HCV infection who achieve SVR have an OS benefit over patients unable to achieve SVR. The type of treatment, DAA vs an interferon-based regimen, did not show a significant survival benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Nguyen
- is a Gastroenterologist in the Gastroenterology & Hepatology Department; and is a Hematologist Oncologist, Section Chief Hematology/Oncology, both at the Memphis Veteran Affairs Medical Center in Tennessee. is a Medicine Resident Physician at Johns Hopkins Osler in Baltimore Maryland. Bradford Waters and Alva Weir are Professors; and and are Hematology Oncology Fellows, all at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, in Memphis
| | - Kruti Patel
- is a Gastroenterologist in the Gastroenterology & Hepatology Department; and is a Hematologist Oncologist, Section Chief Hematology/Oncology, both at the Memphis Veteran Affairs Medical Center in Tennessee. is a Medicine Resident Physician at Johns Hopkins Osler in Baltimore Maryland. Bradford Waters and Alva Weir are Professors; and and are Hematology Oncology Fellows, all at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, in Memphis
| | - Anna Carson Uhelski
- is a Gastroenterologist in the Gastroenterology & Hepatology Department; and is a Hematologist Oncologist, Section Chief Hematology/Oncology, both at the Memphis Veteran Affairs Medical Center in Tennessee. is a Medicine Resident Physician at Johns Hopkins Osler in Baltimore Maryland. Bradford Waters and Alva Weir are Professors; and and are Hematology Oncology Fellows, all at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, in Memphis
| | - Bradford Waters
- is a Gastroenterologist in the Gastroenterology & Hepatology Department; and is a Hematologist Oncologist, Section Chief Hematology/Oncology, both at the Memphis Veteran Affairs Medical Center in Tennessee. is a Medicine Resident Physician at Johns Hopkins Osler in Baltimore Maryland. Bradford Waters and Alva Weir are Professors; and and are Hematology Oncology Fellows, all at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, in Memphis
| | - Alva Weir
- is a Gastroenterologist in the Gastroenterology & Hepatology Department; and is a Hematologist Oncologist, Section Chief Hematology/Oncology, both at the Memphis Veteran Affairs Medical Center in Tennessee. is a Medicine Resident Physician at Johns Hopkins Osler in Baltimore Maryland. Bradford Waters and Alva Weir are Professors; and and are Hematology Oncology Fellows, all at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, in Memphis
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Nyman SS, Creusen AD, Johnsson U, Rorsman F, Vessby J, Barbier CE. Peritumoral portal enhancement during transarterial chemoembolization: a potential prognostic factor for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Radiol 2021; 63:1323-1331. [PMID: 34665054 PMCID: PMC9490438 DOI: 10.1177/02841851211041832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor response and survival varies in patients treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and may be associated with several factors. PURPOSE To evaluate safety and efficacy of TACE in patients with intermediate stage HCC and to identify factors related to tumor response and survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS Consecutive patients with HCC treated with TACE between September 2008 and September 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS In 87 patients (71 men; mean age = 68 ± 9 years), 327 TACE treatments were performed (mean = 3/patient; range = 1-12). Mean and median overall survival were 32 and 19 months, respectively. Survival rates at 30 days, one, three, and five years were 99%, 71%, 19%, and 8%, respectively. Objective response (OR) was seen in 84% and disease control (DC) was seen in 92% of the patients. Patients in whom peritumoral portal lipiodol enhancement (PPLE) was seen during TACE had better OR (97 vs. 73%; P = 0.007) and DC (100 vs. 85%; P = 0.024), and a reduced risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.52; 95% confidence interval = 0.32-0.86) compared to those without PPLE. Severe adverse events were rare (15%) and occurred more often in patients with a larger tumor size. CONCLUSIONS TACE was effective and safe in patients with intermediate stage HCC. Patients with PPLE during TACE had better tumor response and longer survival than those without PPLE. Severe adverse events occurred more often in patients with larger tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi Sennefelt Nyman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ulf Johnsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Rorsman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Vessby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Müller L, Hahn F, Mähringer-Kunz A, Stoehr F, Gairing SJ, Michel M, Foerster F, Weinmann A, Galle PR, Mittler J, Pinto Dos Santos D, Pitton MB, Düber C, Kloeckner R. Immunonutritive Scoring for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Transarterial Chemoembolization: Evaluation of the CALLY Index. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5018. [PMID: 34638502 PMCID: PMC8508385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13195018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel CRP-albumin-lymphocyte (CALLY) index is an improved immunonutritive scoring system, based on serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum albumin, and the lymphocyte count. It has shown promise as a prognostic index for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing resections. This study evaluated the prognostic ability of the CALLY index for patients with HCC undergoing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). We retrospectively identified 280 treatment-naïve patients with HCC that underwent an initial TACE at our institution, between 2010 and 2020. We compared the CALLY index to established risk factors in univariate and multivariate regression analyses for associations with median overall survival (OS). A low CALLY score was associated with low median OS (low vs. high CALLY: 9.0 vs. 24.0 months, p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the CALLY index remained an independent prognostic predictor (p = 0.008). Furthermore, all factors of the CALLY index reached significance in univariate and in-depth multivariate analyses. However, the concordance index (C-index) of the CALLY index (0.60) was similar to the C-indices of established immunonutritive and inflammation scoring systems (range: 0.54 to 0.63). In conclusion, the CALLY index showed promise as a stratification tool for patients with HCC undergoing TACE. Notably, the CALLY index was not superior to other immunonutritive and inflammation scoring systems in predicting the median OS. Thus, future studies should re-evaluate the mathematical calculation of the index, particularly the contributions of individual parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Müller
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Hahn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Aline Mähringer-Kunz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Stoehr
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Simon Johannes Gairing
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maurice Michel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Friedrich Foerster
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arndt Weinmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Robert Galle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Mittler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Michael Bernhard Pitton
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Düber
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Kloeckner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Müller L, Hahn F, Mähringer-Kunz A, Stoehr F, Gairing SJ, Foerster F, Weinmann A, Galle PR, Mittler J, Pinto dos Santos D, Pitton MB, Düber C, Kloeckner R. Refining Prognosis in Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Immunonutrition and Liver Function. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3961. [PMID: 34439116 PMCID: PMC8392843 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grading and the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) was identified recently as a highly predictive tool for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing tumor ablation. The present study evaluated this combination in patients undergoing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Between 2010 and 2020, 280 treatment-naïve patients were retrospectively identified. The influence of ALBI grade, PNI and the novel ALBI-PNI on the median overall survival (OS) was assessed. In the next step, the prognostic ability of the combined approach was compared to established scoring systems. Both ALBI grade 2-3 and a low PNI were highly predictive for median OS (ALBI grade 1-3: 39.0 vs. 16.3 vs. 5.4 months, p < 0.001; high vs. low PNI: 21.4 vs. 7.5, p < 0.001). The combination of both resulted in a median OS of 39.0, 20.1, 10.3, and 5.4 months (p < 0.001). With a Concordance Index (C-Index) of 0.69, ALBI-PNI outperformed each individual score (ALBI 0.65, PNI 0.64) and was also better than BCLC, HAP, mHAP-II, and the Six-and-Twelve score (C-Indices 0.66, 0.60, 0.59, and 0.55). Thus, the easy-to-calculate ALBI-PNI may be a promising stratification tool for patients with HCC undergoing TACE, reflecting both immunonutritive status and liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Müller
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.M.); (F.H.); (A.M.-K.); (F.S.); (M.B.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Felix Hahn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.M.); (F.H.); (A.M.-K.); (F.S.); (M.B.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Aline Mähringer-Kunz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.M.); (F.H.); (A.M.-K.); (F.S.); (M.B.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Fabian Stoehr
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.M.); (F.H.); (A.M.-K.); (F.S.); (M.B.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Simon Johannes Gairing
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.J.G.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (P.R.G.)
| | - Friedrich Foerster
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.J.G.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (P.R.G.)
| | - Arndt Weinmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.J.G.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (P.R.G.)
| | - Peter Robert Galle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.J.G.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (P.R.G.)
| | - Jens Mittler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | | | - Michael Bernhard Pitton
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.M.); (F.H.); (A.M.-K.); (F.S.); (M.B.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Christoph Düber
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.M.); (F.H.); (A.M.-K.); (F.S.); (M.B.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Roman Kloeckner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.M.); (F.H.); (A.M.-K.); (F.S.); (M.B.P.); (C.D.)
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11
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Müller L, Hahn F, Mähringer-Kunz A, Stoehr F, Gairing SJ, Foerster F, Weinmann A, Galle PR, Mittler J, Pinto dos Santos D, Pitton MB, Düber C, Kloeckner R. Immunonutritive Scoring in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Transarterial Chemoembolization: Prognostic Nutritional Index or Controlling Nutritional Status Score? Front Oncol 2021; 11:696183. [PMID: 34178694 PMCID: PMC8225326 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.696183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) and Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score are immunonutritive scoring systems with proven predictive ability in various cancer entities, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We performed the first evaluation of the CONUT score for patients undergoing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and compared CONUT and PNI in the ability to predict median overall survival (OS). METHODS Between 2010 and 2020, we retrospectively identified 237 treatment-naïve patients with HCC who underwent initial TACE at our institution. Both scores include the albumin level and total lymphocyte count. The CONUT additionally includes the cholesterol level. Both scores were compared in univariate and multivariate regression analyses taking into account established risk factors. In a second step, a subgroup analysis was performed on BCLC stage B patients, for whom TACE is the recommended first-line treatment. RESULTS A high CONUT score and low PNI were associated with impaired median OS (8.7 vs. 22.3 months, p<0.001 and 6.8 vs. 20.1 months, p<0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, only the PNI remained an independent prognostic predictor (p=0.003), whereas the CONUT score lost its predictive ability (p=0.201). In the subgroup of recommended TACE candidates, both CONUT and PNI were able to stratify patients according to their median OS (6.6 vs. 17.9 months, p<0.001 and 10.3 vs. 22.0 months, p<0.001, respectively). Again, in the multivariate analysis, only the PNI remained an independent prognostic factor (p=0.012). CONCLUSION Both scores were able to stratify patients according to their median OS, but only the PNI remained an independent prognostic factor. Therefore, PNI should be preferred when evaluating the nutritional status of patients undergoing TACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Müller
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Hahn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aline Mähringer-Kunz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Stoehr
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simon J. Gairing
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Friedrich Foerster
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arndt Weinmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R. Galle
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Mittler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Michael B. Pitton
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Düber
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Kloeckner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Locoregional therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: when to start and when to stop and when to revisit. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100129. [PMID: 33887687 PMCID: PMC8086015 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing therapeutic options available for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the timing and sequencing of locoregional and systemic therapy need to be re-examined. This is especially so for patients with intermediate HCC, so as to optimize responses while preserving liver reserves, and in so allowing our patients to achieve the best survival outcomes possible.
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Kao S, Sung K. Editorial for “Predicting the Outcome of Transcatheter Arterial Embolization Therapy for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Radiomics of Preoperative Multiparameter
MRI
”. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:1091-1092. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kao
- Department of Radiological Sciences UCLA Los Angeles California USA
| | - Kyunghyun Sung
- Department of Radiological Sciences UCLA Los Angeles California USA
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