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Kou Y, Zhang Y, Rong X, Yang P, Wang C, Zhou Q, Liu H, Liu B, Li M. Simvastatin inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma through KLF2 signal. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:347-355. [PMID: 37625505 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the role and specific mechanism of the cholesterol-lowering drug simvastatin in inhibiting oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS The proliferation, apoptosis, and migration levels of OSCC cells were detected by CCK8, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, colony formation, TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling assay, and wound healing assay. The inhibitory effect of simvastatin in vivo was detected by a mouse xenograft tumor model. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess the KLF2 and β-catenin expressions in cells and tissues. RESULTS KLF2 expression in OSCC cells and tissues was downregulated. The addition of KLF2 inducer, GGTI298, inhibited the proliferation and migration of OSCC cells. Simvastatin played a role in inhibiting the proliferation and promoting the apoptosis of OSCC cells. Moreover, it inhibited β-catenin expression and promoted KLF2 expression in OSCC cells. KLF2 siRNA reversed the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation and apoptosis of OSCC cells. CONCLUSIONS KLF2, as a tumor suppressor gene, may be an important marker for diagnosing and treating OSCC. Simvastatin inhibits the progression of OSCC by regulating the KLF2 signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Kou
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China; Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China; Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xing Rong
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China; Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China; Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Caijiao Wang
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China; Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China; Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China; Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China; Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Minqi Li
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China; Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Marunaka Y. Physiological roles of chloride ions in bodily and cellular functions. J Physiol Sci 2023; 73:31. [PMID: 37968609 PMCID: PMC10717538 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Physiological roles of Cl-, a major anion in the body, are not well known compared with those of cations. This review article introduces: (1) roles of Cl- in bodily and cellular functions; (2) the range of cytosolic Cl- concentration ([Cl-]c); (3) whether [Cl-]c could change with cell volume change under an isosmotic condition; (4) whether [Cl-]c could change under conditions where multiple Cl- transporters and channels contribute to Cl- influx and efflux in an isosmotic state; (5) whether the change in [Cl-]c could be large enough to act as signals; (6) effects of Cl- on cytoskeletal tubulin polymerization through inhibition of GTPase activity and tubulin polymerization-dependent biological activity; (7) roles of cytosolic Cl- in cell proliferation; (8) Cl--regulatory mechanisms of ciliary motility; (9) roles of Cl- in sweet/umami taste receptors; (10) Cl--regulatory mechanisms of with-no-lysine kinase (WNK); (11) roles of Cl- in regulation of epithelial Na+ transport; (12) relationship between roles of Cl- and H+ in body functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Marunaka
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, General Incorporated Foundation, 67 Kitatsuboi-Cho, Nishinokyo, Nakagyo-Ku, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan.
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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Li S, Wang Z, Geng R, Zhang W, Wan H, Kang X, Guo S. TMEM16A ion channel: A novel target for cancer treatment. Life Sci 2023; 331:122034. [PMID: 37611692 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer draws attention owing to the high morbidity and mortality. It is urgent to develop safe and effective cancer therapeutics. The calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A is widely distributed in various tissues and regulates physiological functions. TMEM16A is abnormally expressed in several cancers and associate with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and prognosis. Knockdown or inhibition of TMEM16A in cancer cells significantly inhibits cancer development. Therefore, TMEM16A is considered as a biomarker and therapeutic target for some cancers. This work reviews the cancers associated with TMEM16A. Then, the molecular mechanism of TMEM16A overexpression in cancer was analyzed, and the possible signal transduction mechanism of TMEM16A regulating cancer development was summarized. Finally, TMEM16A inhibitors with anticancer effect and their anticancer mechanism were concluded. We hope to provide new ideas for pharmacological studies on TMEM16A in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China
| | - Zhichen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China
| | - Ruili Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China
| | - Haifu Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China; Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China
| | - Xianjiang Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China; Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China.
| | - Shuai Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China; Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China.
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4
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Ricco N, Kron SJ. Statins in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3948. [PMID: 37568764 PMCID: PMC10417177 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, a class of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors best known for their cholesterol-reducing and cardiovascular protective activity, have also demonstrated promise in cancer prevention and treatment. This review focuses on their potential applications in head and neck cancer (HNC), a common malignancy for which established treatment often fails despite incurring debilitating adverse effects. Preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that statins may enhance HNC sensitivity to radiation and other conventional therapies while protecting normal tissue, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined, likely involving both cholesterol-dependent and -independent effects on diverse cancer-related pathways. This review brings together recent discoveries concerning the anticancer activity of statins relevant to HNC, highlighting their anti-inflammatory activity and impacts on DNA-damage response. We also explore molecular targets and mechanisms and discuss the potential to integrate statins into conventional HNC treatment regimens to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ricco
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Stephen J. Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Chiliquinga AJ, Acosta B, Ogonaga-Borja I, Villarruel-Melquiades F, de la Garza J, Gariglio P, Ocádiz-Delgado R, Ramírez A, Sánchez-Pérez Y, García-Cuellar CM, Bañuelos C, Camacho J. Ion Channels as Potential Tools for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of HPV-Associated Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:1376. [PMID: 37408210 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human papilloma virus (HPV) group comprises approximately 200 genetic types that have a special affinity for epithelial tissues and can vary from producing benign symptoms to developing into complicated pathologies, such as cancer. The HPV replicative cycle affects various cellular and molecular processes, including DNA insertions and methylation and relevant pathways related to pRb and p53, as well as ion channel expression or function. Ion channels are responsible for the flow of ions across cell membranes and play very important roles in human physiology, including the regulation of ion homeostasis, electrical excitability, and cell signaling. However, when ion channel function or expression is altered, the channels can trigger a wide range of channelopathies, including cancer. In consequence, the up- or down-regulation of ion channels in cancer makes them attractive molecular markers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the disease. Interestingly, the activity or expression of several ion channels is dysregulated in HPV-associated cancers. Here, we review the status of ion channels and their regulation in HPV-associated cancers and discuss the potential molecular mechanisms involved. Understanding the dynamics of ion channels in these cancers should help to improve early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment in the benefit of HPV-associated cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brenda Acosta
- Grupo de Investigación de Ciencias en Red, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ibarra 100105, Ecuador
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Ingrid Ogonaga-Borja
- Grupo de Investigación de Ciencias en Red, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ibarra 100105, Ecuador
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Villarruel-Melquiades
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Jaime de la Garza
- Unidad de Oncología Torácica y Laboratorio de Medicina Personalizada, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico CP 14080, Mexico
| | - Patricio Gariglio
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Ocádiz-Delgado
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Ana Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Tijuana 22390, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico CP 14080, Mexico
| | - Claudia M García-Cuellar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico CP 14080, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Bañuelos
- Programa Transdisciplinario en Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico para la Sociedad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Javier Camacho
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico CP 07360, Mexico
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Dewdney B, Ursich L, Fletcher EV, Johns TG. Anoctamins and Calcium Signalling: An Obstacle to EGFR Targeted Therapy in Glioblastoma? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235932. [PMID: 36497413 PMCID: PMC9740065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common form of high-grade glioma in adults and has a poor survival rate with very limited treatment options. There have been no significant advancements in glioblastoma treatment in over 30 years. Epidermal growth factor receptor is upregulated in most glioblastoma tumours and, therefore, has been a drug target in recent targeted therapy clinical trials. However, while many inhibitors and antibodies for epidermal growth factor receptor have demonstrated promising anti-tumour effects in preclinical models, they have failed to improve outcomes for glioblastoma patients in clinical trials. This is likely due to the highly plastic nature of glioblastoma tumours, which results in therapeutic resistance. Ion channels are instrumental in the development of many cancers and may regulate cellular plasticity in glioblastoma. This review will explore the potential involvement of a class of calcium-activated chloride channels called anoctamins in brain cancer. We will also discuss the integrated role of calcium channels and anoctamins in regulating calcium-mediated signalling pathways, such as epidermal growth factor signalling, to promote brain cancer cell growth and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Dewdney
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6319-1023
| | - Lauren Ursich
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Emily V. Fletcher
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Terrance G. Johns
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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TMEM16A as a potential treatment target for head and neck cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:196. [PMID: 35668455 PMCID: PMC9172006 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A) forms a plasma membrane-localized Ca2+-activated Cl- channel. Its gene has been mapped to an area on chromosome 11q13, which is amplified in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In HNSCC, TMEM16A overexpression is associated with not only high tumor grade, metastasis, low survival, and poor prognosis, but also deterioration of clinical outcomes following platinum-based chemotherapy. Recent study revealed the interaction between TMEM16A and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has an indirect crosstalk in clarifying the mechanism of TMEM16A-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can modulate TMEM16A expression along with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), whose phosphorylation has been reported as a potential co-biomarker of HPV-positive cancers. Considering that EGFR forms a functional complex with TMEM16A and is a co-biomarker of HPV, there may be crosstalk between TMEM16A expression and HPV-induced HNSCC. EGFR activation can induce programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) synthesis via activation of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway and JAK/STAT3 pathway. Here, we describe an interplay among EGFR, PD-L1, and TMEM16A. Combination therapy using TMEM16A and PD-L1 inhibitors may improve the survival rate of HNSCC patients, especially those resistant to anti-EGFR inhibitor treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review to propose a biological validation that combines immune checkpoint inhibition with TMEM16A inhibition.
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You Y, He M. Simvastatin Alleviates Vascular Cognitive Impairment Caused by Lacunar Cerebral Infarction Through Protein Kinase B/Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2–Related Factor 2 (AKT/Nrf2) Signaling Pathway. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lacunar cerebral infarction (LACI) is one of the main causes of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Herein, this study explored the potential effect of Simvastatin (Sim) on VCI secondary to LACI and Akt/Nrf2 signaling transduction and apoptosis. We established a rat model of VCI and
the animals were administered with Sim (40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg) every day for 28 days. After that, the cognition and memory abilities of rats were assessed together with analysis of morphological changes of hippocampal neurons by immunohistochemistry staining and level of anti-apoptotic related
proteins and Akt and Nrf2 signaling proteins by western blot. Compared with normal saline (control group), Sim administration significantly improved the capacity spatial learning and relieved the memory impairment with an improvement in morphological defects. Importantly, Sim treatment restored
the p-Akt, t-Nrf2, n-Nrf2 and HO-1 expression along with up-regulation of Bcl-2 and down-regulation of Bax. In conclusion, Sim improves cognitive and morphological disorders induced by LACI possibly through regulating Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway. These evidence might promote the development
of Sim-based treatment for VCI and LACI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping You
- Department of Neurology, People’s Hospital, Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Nail Breast, The Second People’s Hospital, Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu, China
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Luo Y, Liu X, Li X, Zhong W, Lin J, Chen Q. Identification and validation of a signature involving voltage-gated chloride ion channel genes for prediction of prostate cancer recurrence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1001634. [PMID: 36246902 PMCID: PMC9561150 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated chloride ion channels (CLCs) are transmembrane proteins that maintain chloride ion homeostasis in various cells. Accumulating studies indicated CLCs were related to cell growth, proliferation, and cell cycle. Nevertheless, the role of CLCs in prostate cancer (PCa) has not been systematically profiled. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression profiles and biofunctions of CLCs genes, and construct a novel risk signature to predict biochemical recurrence (BCR) of PCa patients. We identified five differentially expressed CLCs genes in our cohort and then constructed a signature composed of CLCN2 and CLCN6 through Lasso-Cox regression analysis in the training cohort from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The testing and entire cohorts from TCGA and the GSE21034 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were used as internal and independent external validation datasets. This signature could divide PCa patients into the high and low risk groups with different prognoses, was apparently correlated with clinical features, and was an independent excellent prognostic indicator. Enrichment analysis indicated our signature was primarily concentrated in cellular process and metabolic process. The expression patterns of CLCN2 and CLCN6 were detected in our own cohort based immunohistochemistry staining, and we found CLCN2 and CLCN6 were highly expressed in PCa tissues compared with benign tissues and positively associated with higher Gleason score and shorter BCR-free time. Functional experiments revealed that CLCN2 and CLCN6 downregulation inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, invasion, and migration, but prolonged cell cycle and promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, Seahorse assay showed that silencing CLCN2 or CLCN6 exerted potential inhibitory effects on energy metabolism in PCa. Collectively, our signature could provide a novel and robust strategy for the prognostic evaluation and improve treatment decision making for PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- Department of Urology, The Second People’s Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- Department of Science and Teaching, The Second People’s Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Nursing Administration, the Second People’s Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Weide Zhong
- Department of Urology, The Second People’s Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Qingbiao Chen, ; Jingbo Lin, ; Weide Zhong,
| | - Jingbo Lin
- Department of Urology, The Second People’s Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Qingbiao Chen, ; Jingbo Lin, ; Weide Zhong,
| | - Qingbiao Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second People’s Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Qingbiao Chen, ; Jingbo Lin, ; Weide Zhong,
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