1
|
Palancar CA, Bastir M, Rosas A, Dugailly PM, Schlager S, Beyer B. Modern human atlas ranges of motion and Neanderthal estimations. J Hum Evol 2024; 187:103482. [PMID: 38113553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Palancar
- Group of Paleoanthropology, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Markus Bastir
- Group of Paleoanthropology, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rosas
- Group of Paleoanthropology, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pierre-Michel Dugailly
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies CESPU - Escola Superior de Saùde Do Vale Do Ave, Famalicao, Portugal
| | - Stefan Schlager
- Biological Anthropology, University Medical Center. Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benoit Beyer
- Universit>é Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory for Functional Anatomy. Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shui W, Wu X, Zhou M. A computerized facial approximation method for Homo sapiens based on facial soft tissue thickness depths and geometric morphometrics. J Anat 2023; 243:796-812. [PMID: 37366230 PMCID: PMC10557396 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial approximation (FA) provides a promising means of generating the possible facial appearance of a deceased person. It facilitates exploration of the evolutionary forces driving anatomical changes in ancestral humans and can capture public attention. Despite the recent progress made toward improving the performance of FA methods, a limited understanding of detailed quantitative craniofacial relationships between facial bone and soft tissue morphology may hinder their accuracy, and hence subjective experience and artistic interpretation are required. In this study, we explored craniofacial relationships among human populations based upon average facial soft tissue thickness depths (FSTDs) and covariations between hard and soft tissues of the nose and mouth using geometric morphometrics. Furthermore, we proposed a computerized method to assign the learned craniofacial relationships to generate a probable facial appearance of Homo sapiens, reducing human intervention. A smaller resemblance comparison (an average Procrustes distance was 0.0258 and an average Euclidean distance was 1.79 mm) between approximated and actual faces and a greater recognition rate (91.67%) tested by a face pool indicated that average dense FSTDs contributed to raising the accuracy of approximated faces. Results of partial least squares (PLS) analysis showed that nasal and oral hard tissues have an effect on their soft tissues separately. However, relatively weaker RV correlations (<0.4) and greater approximation errors suggested that we need to be cautious about the accuracy of the approximated nose and mouth soft tissue shapes from bony structures. Overall, the proposed method can facilitate investigations of craniofacial relationships and potentially improve the reliability of the approximated faces for use in numerous applications in forensic science, archaeology, and anthropology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wuyang Shui
- Department of ArchaeologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- School of Information Science and TechnologyNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xiujie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and PaleoenvironmentBeijingChina
| | - Mingquan Zhou
- School of Information Science and TechnologyNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Allemand R, López-Aguirre C, Abdul-Sater J, Khalid W, Lang MM, Macrì S, Di-Poï N, Daghfous G, Silcox MT. A landmarking protocol for geometric morphometric analysis of squamate endocasts. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2425-2442. [PMID: 36654187 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Landmark-based geometric morphometrics is widely used to study the morphology of the endocast, or internal mold of the braincase, and the diversity associated with this structure across vertebrates. Landmarks, as the basic unit of such methods, are intended to be points of correspondence, selected depending on the question at hand, whose proper definition is essential to guarantee robustness and reproducibility of results. In this study, 20 landmarks are defined to provide a framework to analyze the morphological variability in squamate endocasts. Ten species representing a cross-section of the diversity of Squamata from both phylogenetic and ecological (i.e., habitat) perspectives were considered, to select landmarks replicable throughout the entire clade, regardless of the degree of neuroanatomical resolution of the endocast. To assess the precision, accuracy, and repeatability of these newly defined landmarks, both intraobserver and interobserver error were investigated. Estimates of measurement error show that most of the landmarks established here are highly replicable, and preliminary results suggest that they capture aspects of endocast shape related to both phylogenetic and ecologic signals. This study provides a basis for further examinations of squamate endocast disparity using landmark-based geometric morphometrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Allemand
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Camilo López-Aguirre
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jade Abdul-Sater
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waqqas Khalid
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madlen M Lang
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simone Macrì
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicolas Di-Poï
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mary T Silcox
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang C, Profico A, Buzi C, Khonsari RH, Johnson D, O'Higgins P, Moazen M. Normal human craniofacial growth and development from 0 to 4 years. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9641. [PMID: 37316540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of human craniofacial growth (increase in size) and development (change in shape) is important in the clinical treatment of a range of conditions that affects it. This study uses an extensive collection of clinical CT scans to investigate craniofacial growth and development over the first 48 months of life, detail how the cranium changes in form (size and shape) in each sex and how these changes are associated with the growth and development of various soft tissues such as the brain, eyes and tongue and the expansion of the nasal cavity. This is achieved through multivariate analyses of cranial form based on 3D landmarks and semi-landmarks and by analyses of linear dimensions, and cranial volumes. The results highlight accelerations and decelerations in cranial form changes throughout early childhood. They show that from 0 to 12 months, the cranium undergoes greater changes in form than from 12 to 48 months. However, in terms of the development of overall cranial shape, there is no significant sexual dimorphism in the age range considered in this study. In consequence a single model of human craniofacial growth and development is presented for future studies to examine the physio-mechanical interactions of the craniofacial growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ce Liang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Costantino Buzi
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Roman H Khonsari
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Necker - Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - David Johnson
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul O'Higgins
- PalaeoHub, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zelditch ML, Swiderski DL. Effects of Procrustes Superimposition and Semilandmark Sliding on Modularity and Integration: An Investigation Using Simulations of Biological Data. Evol Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-023-09600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
|
6
|
Shui W, Profico A, O’Higgins P. A Comparison of Semilandmarking Approaches in the Analysis of Size and Shape. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071179. [PMID: 37048435 PMCID: PMC10093231 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Often, few landmarks can be reliably identified in analyses of form variation and covariation. Thus, ‘semilandmarking’ algorithms have increasingly been applied to surfaces and curves. However, the locations of semilandmarks depend on the investigator’s choice of algorithm and their density. In consequence, to the extent that different semilandmarking approaches and densities result in different locations of semilandmarks, they can be expected to yield different results concerning patterns of variation and co-variation. The extent of such differences due to methodology is, as yet, unclear and often ignored. In this study, the performance of three landmark-driven semilandmarking approaches is assessed, using two different surface mesh datasets (ape crania and human heads) with different degrees of variation and complexity, by comparing the results of morphometric analyses. These approaches produce different semilandmark locations, which, in turn, lead to differences in statistical results, although the non-rigid semilandmarking approaches are consistent. Morphometric analyses using semilandmarks must be interpreted with due caution, recognising that error is inevitable and that results are approximations. Further work is needed to investigate the effects of using different landmark and semilandmark templates and to understand the limitations and advantages of different semilandmarking approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wuyang Shui
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, King’s Manor, York YO1 7EP, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Profico
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paul O’Higgins
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, King’s Manor, York YO1 7EP, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Comparison of Semilandmarking Approaches in the Visualisation of Shape Differences. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030385. [PMID: 36766273 PMCID: PMC9913739 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In landmark-based analyses of size and shape variation and covariation among biological structures, regions lacking clearly identifiable homologous landmarks are commonly described by semilandmarks. Different algorithms may be used to apply semilandmarks, but little is known about the consequences of analytical results. Here, we assess how different approaches and semilandmarking densities affect the estimates and visualisations of mean and allometrically scaled surfaces. The performance of three landmark-driven semilandmarking approaches is assessed using two different surface mesh datasets with different degrees of variation and complexity: adult human head and ape cranial surfaces. Surfaces fitted to estimates of the mean and allometrically scaled landmark and semilandmark configurations arising from geometric morphometric analyses of these datasets are compared between semilandmarking approaches and different densities, as well as with those from warping to landmarks alone. We find that estimates of surface mesh shape (i.e., after re-semilandmarking and then re-warping) made with varying numbers of semilandmarks are generally consistent, while the warping of surfaces using landmarks alone yields surfaces that can be quite different to those based on semilandmarks, depending on landmark coverage and choice of template surface for warping. The extent to which these differences are important depends on the particular study context and aims.
Collapse
|
8
|
Fischer V, Bennion RF, Foffa D, MacLaren JA, McCurry MR, Melstrom KM, Bardet N. Ecological signal in the size and shape of marine amniote teeth. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221214. [PMID: 36100016 PMCID: PMC9470252 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotes have been a major component of marine trophic chains from the beginning of the Triassic to present day, with hundreds of species. However, inferences of their (palaeo)ecology have mostly been qualitative, making it difficult to track how dietary niches have changed through time and across clades. Here, we tackle this issue by applying a novel geometric morphometric protocol to three-dimensional models of tooth crowns across a wide range of raptorial marine amniotes. Our results highlight the phenomenon of dental simplification and widespread convergence in marine amniotes, limiting the range of tooth crown morphologies. Importantly, we quantitatively demonstrate that tooth crown shape and size are strongly associated with diet, whereas crown surface complexity is not. The maximal range of tooth shapes in both mammals and reptiles is seen in medium-sized taxa; large crowns are simple and restricted to a fraction of the morphospace. We recognize four principal raptorial guilds within toothed marine amniotes (durophages, generalists, flesh cutters and flesh piercers). Moreover, even though all these feeding guilds have been convergently colonized over the last 200 Myr, a series of dental morphologies are unique to the Mesozoic period, probably reflecting a distinct ecosystem structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Fischer
- Evolution and Diversity Dynamics Lab, Université de Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Rebecca F. Bennion
- Evolution and Diversity Dynamics Lab, Université de Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
- Palaeobiosphere Evolution, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Davide Foffa
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jamie A. MacLaren
- Evolution and Diversity Dynamics Lab, Université de Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
- Functional Morphology Lab, Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium
| | - Matthew R. McCurry
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Keegan M. Melstrom
- Engineering and Science Division, Rose State College, Midwest City, OK 73110, USA
- Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Nathalie Bardet
- CR2P, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie–Paris, CNRS-MNHN-SU, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Determination of Morphogeometric Patterns in Individuals with Total Mandibular Edentulism in the Interforaminal Region from Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Scans: A Pilot Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the morphogeometric patterns of the interforaminal region from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of individuals with total mandibular edentulism. CBCT images were obtained from 40 patients with total edentulism who are older (12 men and 28 women; average age of 69.5 ± 9.4 years) and who wore a non-implant-supported, lower, removable, total prosthesis. We conducted a two-dimensional (2D) morphogeometric analysis of the Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) files from the CBCT scans, and five equidistant cross sections were planned. For the three-dimensional (3D) morphogeometric analysis, standard triangular language (STL) files were obtained after segmentation of the interforaminal mandibular region, and four anatomical landmarks and their respective curves were digitized. The patterns among the shapes were determined using principal component analysis (PCA) on MorphoJ software (version 1.07a). The results of the 2D morphogeometric analyses for PCA of the interforaminal mandibular paramedian region were PC1 or elongated drop shape, 54.78%; PC2 or wineskin shape, 17.65%; PC3 or pear shape, 11.77%; and PC4 or eggplant shape, 5.71%, and those for PCA of the symphyseal region were PC1 or elongated drop shape, 62.13%; PC2 or ovoid shape, 11.64%; PC3 or triangular shape, 9.71%; and PC4 or tuber shape, 4.96%. The results of the 3D morphogeometric analyses for the interforaminal hemimandibular region were PC1, 59.83%; PC2, 10.39%; PC3, 7.67%; and PC4, 5.09%. This study provides relevant information for future clinical guidelines on prosthetics and implants, in addition to proposing the use of new technologies that support diagnosis and treatment in patients with edentulism.
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Bibi F, Tyler J. Evolution of the bovid cranium: morphological diversification under allometric constraint. Commun Biol 2022; 5:69. [PMID: 35046479 PMCID: PMC8770694 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of environmental selection in generating novel morphology is often taken for granted, and morphology is generally assumed to be adaptive. Bovids (antelopes and relatives) are widely differentiated in their dietary and climatic preferences, and presumably their cranial morphologies are the result of adaptation to different environmental pressures. In order to test these ideas, we performed 3D geometric morphometric analyses on 141 crania representing 96 bovid species in order to assess the influence of both extrinsic (e.g. diet, habitat) and intrinsic (size, modularity) factors on cranial shape. Surprisingly, we find that bovid crania are highly clumped in morphospace, with a large number of ecologically disparate species occupying a very similar range of morphology clustered around the mean shape. Differences in shape among dietary, habitat, and net primary productivity categories are largely non-significant, but we found a strong interaction between size and diet in explaining shape. We furthermore found no evidence for modularity having played a role in the generation of cranial differences across the bovid tree. Rather, the distribution of bovid cranial morphospace appears to be mainly the result of constraints imposed by a deeply conserved size-shape allometry, and dietary diversification the result of adaptation of existing allometric pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faysal Bibi
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution & Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany.
| | - Joshua Tyler
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution & Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Surface Representation and Morphometric Analysis Based on Discrete Cosine Transform. Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-021-09558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
13
|
Li B, Zhou S, Murray AP, Subsol G. Shape-changing chains for morphometric analysis of 2D and 3D, open or closed outlines. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21479. [PMID: 34728672 PMCID: PMC8563779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphometrics is a multivariate technique for shape analysis widely employed in biological, medical, and paleoanthropological applications. Commonly used morphometric methods require analyzing a huge amount of variables for problems involving a large number of specimens or complex shapes. Moreover, the analysis results are sometimes difficult to interpret and assess. This paper presents a methodology to synthesize a shape-changing chain for 2D or 3D curve fitting and to employ the chain parameters in stepwise discriminant analysis (DA). The shape-changing chain is comprised of three types of segments, including rigid segments that have fixed length and shape, scalable segments with a fixed shape, and extendible segments with constant curvature and torsion. Three examples are presented, including 2D mandible profiles of fossil hominin, 2D leaf outlines, and 3D suture curves on infant skulls. The results demonstrate that the shape-changing chain has several advantages over common morphometric methods. Specifically, it can be applied to a wide range of 2D or 3D profiles, including open or closed curves, and smooth or serrated curves. Additionally, the segmentation of profiles is a flexible and automatic protocol that can consider both biological and geometric features, the number of variables obtained from the fitting results for statistical analysis is modest, and the chain parameters that characterize the profiles can have physical meaning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingjue Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro/Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro/Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, Jiangsu, China
| | - Andrew Peter Murray
- Design of Innovative Machines Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA
| | - Gérard Subsol
- ICAR Research-Team, Laboratory of Computer Science, Robotics and Microelectronics of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34095, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cardini A, de Jong YA, Butynski TM. Can morphotaxa be assessed with photographs? Estimating the accuracy of two-dimensional cranial geometric morphometrics for the study of threatened populations of African monkeys. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1402-1434. [PMID: 34596361 PMCID: PMC9298422 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The classification of most mammalian orders and families is under debate and the number of species is likely greater than currently recognized. Improving taxonomic knowledge is crucial, as biodiversity is in rapid decline. Morphology is a source of taxonomic knowledge, and geometric morphometrics applied to two dimensional (2D) photographs of anatomical structures is commonly employed for quantifying differences within and among lineages. Photographs are informative, easy to obtain, and low cost. 2D analyses, however, introduce a large source of measurement error when applied to crania and other highly three dimensional (3D) structures. To explore the potential of 2D analyses for assessing taxonomic diversity, we use patas monkeys (Erythrocebus), a genus of large, semi-terrestrial, African guenons, as a case study. By applying a range of tests to compare ventral views of adult crania measured both in 2D and 3D, we show that, despite inaccuracies accounting for up to one-fourth of individual shape differences, results in 2D almost perfectly mirror those in 3D. This apparent paradox might be explained by the small strength of covariation in the component of shape variance related to measurement error. A rigorous standardization of photographic settings and the choice of almost coplanar landmarks are likely to further improve the correspondence of 2D to 3D shapes. 2D geometric morphometrics is, thus, appropriate for taxonomic comparisons of patas ventral crania. Although it is too early to generalize, our results corroborate similar findings from previous research in mammals, and suggest that 2D shape analyses are an effective heuristic tool for morphological investigation of small differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yvonne A de Jong
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program and Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Thomas M Butynski
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program and Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme, Nanyuki, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hanot P, Bayarsaikhan J, Guintard C, Haruda A, Mijiddorj E, Schafberg R, Taylor W. Cranial shape diversification in horses: variation and covariation patterns under the impact of artificial selection. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:178. [PMID: 34548035 PMCID: PMC8456661 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of artificial selection to dramatically impact phenotypic diversity is well known. Large-scale morphological changes in domestic species, emerging over short timescales, offer an accelerated perspective on evolutionary processes. The domestic horse (Equus caballus) provides a striking example of rapid evolution, with major changes in morphology and size likely stemming from artificial selection. However, the microevolutionary mechanisms allowing to generate this variation in a short time interval remain little known. Here, we use 3D geometric morphometrics to quantify skull morphological diversity in the horse, and investigate modularity and integration patterns to understand how morphological associations contribute to cranial evolvability in this taxon. We find that changes in the magnitude of cranial integration contribute to the diversification of the skull morphology in horse breeds. Our results demonstrate that a conserved pattern of modularity does not constrain large-scale morphological variations in horses and that artificial selection has impacted mechanisms underlying phenotypic diversity to facilitate rapid shape changes. More broadly, this study demonstrates that studying microevolutionary processes in domestic species produces important insights into extant phenotypic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Hanot
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.,National Museum of Mongolia, 1 Juulchin Street, Ulaanbaatar, 15160, Mongolia
| | - Claude Guintard
- Unité d'Anatomie Comparée, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de l'Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes Atlantique - ONIRIS, Route de Gachet, CS 40706, 44307, Nantes Cedex 03, France.,Groupe d'Etudes Remodelage osseux et bioMateriaux (GEROM), Unité INSERM 922 LHEA/IRIS-IBS, Université d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Ashleigh Haruda
- Central Natural Science Collections (ZNS), Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany.,School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 1-2 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Enkhbayar Mijiddorj
- Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Luvsantseveen Street, 5th Khoroo, 15th Khoroolol, Bayanzurkh District, Ulaanbaatar, 13343, Mongolia
| | - Renate Schafberg
- Central Natural Science Collections (ZNS), Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - William Taylor
- University of Colorado-Boulder, Museum of Natural History, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sicuro FL, Oliveira LFB, Hendges CD, Fonseca C. Quantifying bite force in coexisting tayassuids and feral suids: a comparison between morphometric functional proxies and in vivo measurements. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11948. [PMID: 34447633 PMCID: PMC8364746 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measuring mammals’ bite force in laboratory conditions is not a simple task, let alone on wild medium-sized mammals in the field. Thus, morphometric-proxies are usually used to infer morphofunctional properties of musculoskeletal features. For instance, the study of bite force-indexes suggests that different capacities to crack food items reduce the competition between coexistent collared and white-lipped peccaries (Pecari tajacu and Tayassu pecari). The presence of exotic feral hogs (Sus scrofa) in peccaries’ endemic areas gives rise to new ecological interactions between them. An example is the Brazilian Pantanal wetland, where ecomorphological mechanisms may play a role in their ecological relations. Taking this scenario as a case of study, we aimed to verify if the morphometric-proxies are de facto reliable tools, by comparing bite forces-indexes with the in vivo bite forces of these species. Methods We captured 21 collared and white-lipped peccaries and feral hogs in the Brazilian Pantanal to assess their bite force at first molar. The Bite Force Measuring Tube (BiTu) is a robust and simple mechanical device designed to be used in field conditions. Only 11 individuals successfully bit the BiTu before being released. Their body measurements were compared and correlated with their bite force. The in vivo bite forces were compared with bite force-indexes of two papers based on independent morphometric methods and datasets: Sicuro & Oliveira (2002) used classic morphometrics to infer the bite forces of these three species in the Brazilian Pantanal, and Hendges et al. (2019) used geometric morphometrics to compare bite forces-indexes and feeding habits of the extant peccary species. The results of all species were standardized (Z-curves) according to each method. Doing so, we obtained comparable dimensionless comparable values but maintaining the differences between them. Results The morphometric-proxies-based studies presented similar results: collared peccaries present weaker bites than white-lipped peccaries and feral hogs, while these two species presented no significant differences in their bite force-indexes. The in vivo bite force results suggest the same relations predicted by the morphometric models, including the high variation among the feral hogs. We found a significant correlation between the individuals’ weight (kg) and their actual bite force (N) but no significant correlations with the head length. Conclusions The BiTu proved to be a functional and low-cost tool to measure bite force in field conditions. The in vivo results presented a good correspondence with the predictions based on morphometric-proxies by Sicuro & Oliveira (2002) and Hendges et al. (2019). The results denote that these studies succeed in capturing the biomechanical signal of the three species’ skull-jaw systems. This empirical validation confirms that these morphometric-proxies analyses are reliable methods to ecomorphological and evolutionary inferences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando L Sicuro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,IBRAG-Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Museu Nacional, Departamento de Vertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Flamarion B Oliveira
- Museu Nacional, Departamento de Vertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla D Hendges
- Departamento de Ciências da Narureza, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,ForestWISE, Laboratório Colaborativo Para a Gestão Integrada da Floresta e do Fogo, Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vila-Blanco N, Varas-Quintana P, Aneiros-Ardao Á, Tomás I, Carreira MJ. Automated description of the mandible shape by deep learning. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2021; 16:2215-2224. [PMID: 34449038 PMCID: PMC8616887 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-021-02474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The shape of the mandible has been analyzed in a variety of fields, whether to diagnose conditions like osteoporosis or osteomyelitis, in forensics, to estimate biological information such as age, gender, and race or in orthognathic surgery. Although the methods employed produce encouraging results, most rely on the dry bone analyses or complex imaging techniques that, ultimately, hamper sample collection and, as a consequence, the development of large-scale studies. Thus, we proposed an objective, repeatable, and fully automatic approach to provide a quantitative description of the mandible in orthopantomographies (OPGs). METHODS We proposed the use of a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to localize a set of landmarks of the mandible contour automatically from OPGs. Furthermore, we detailed four different descriptors for the mandible shape to be used for a variety of purposes. This includes a set of linear distances and angles calculated from eight anatomical landmarks of the mandible, the centroid size, the shape variations from the mean shape, and a group of shape parameters extracted with a point distribution model. RESULTS The fully automatic digitization of the mandible contour was very accurate, with a mean point to the curve error of 0.21 mm and a standard deviation comparable to that of a trained expert. The combination of the CNN and the four shape descriptors was validated in the well-known problems of forensic sex and age estimation, obtaining 87.8% of accuracy and a mean absolute error of 1.57 years, respectively. CONCLUSION The methodology proposed, including the shape model, can be valuable in any field that requires a quantitative description of the mandible shape and a visual representation of its changes such as clinical practice, surgery management, dental research, or legal medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Vila-Blanco
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS) and Departamento de Electrónica e Computación, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Paulina Varas-Quintana
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Special Needs Unit Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialities School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ángela Aneiros-Ardao
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Special Needs Unit Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialities School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Tomás
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Special Needs Unit Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialities School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - María J Carreira
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS) and Departamento de Electrónica e Computación, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rolfe S, Pieper S, Porto A, Diamond K, Winchester J, Shan S, Kirveslahti H, Boyer D, Summers A, Maga AM. SlicerMorph: An open and extensible platform to retrieve, visualize and analyse 3D morphology. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rolfe
- Friday Harbor Marine LaboratoriesUniversity of Washington San Juan WA USA
- Seattle Children's Research Institute Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Seattle WA USA
| | | | - Arthur Porto
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
- Center for Computation and Technology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - Kelly Diamond
- Seattle Children's Research Institute Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Seattle WA USA
| | - Julie Winchester
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University Durham NC USA
| | - Shan Shan
- Department of Mathematics Mount Holyoke College South Hadley MA USA
| | | | - Doug Boyer
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - Adam Summers
- Friday Harbor Marine LaboratoriesUniversity of Washington San Juan WA USA
| | - A. Murat Maga
- Seattle Children's Research Institute Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Seattle WA USA
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Craniofacial Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Milella M, Franklin D, Belcastro MG, Cardini A. Sexual differences in human cranial morphology: Is one sex more variable or one region more dimorphic? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:2789-2810. [PMID: 33773067 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of cranial sexual dimorphism (CSD) among modern humans is relevant in evolutionary studies of morphological variation and in a forensic context. Despite the abundance of quantitative studies of CSD, few have specifically examined intra-sex variability. Here we quantify CSD in a geographically homogeneous sample of adult crania, which includes Italian individuals from the 19th and 20th centuries. Cranial morphology is described with 92 3D landmarks analyzed using Procrustean geometric morphometrics (PGMM). Size and shape variables are used to compare morphological variance between sexes in the whole cranium and four individual regions. The same variables, plus Procrustes form, are used to quantify average sex differences and explore classification accuracy. Our results indicate that: (a) as predicted by Wainer's rule, males present overall more variance in size and shape, albeit this is statistically significant only for total cranial size; (b) differences between sexes are dominated by size and to a lesser extent by Procrustes form; (c) shape only accounts for a minor proportion of variance; (d) the cranial base shows almost no dimorphism for shape; and (e) facial Procrustes form is the most accurate predictor of skeletal sex. Overall, this study suggests developmental factors underlying differences in CSD among cranial regions; stresses the need for population-specific models that describe craniofacial variation as the basis for models that facilitate the estimation of sex in unidentified skeletal remains; and provides one of the first confirmations of "Wainer's rule" in relation to sexual dimorphism in mammals specific to the human cranium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Milella
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Franklin
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Cardini
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
On the Misidentification of Species: Sampling Error in Primates and Other Mammals Using Geometric Morphometrics in More Than 4000 Individuals. Evol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-021-09531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
21
|
Evin A, Bonhomme V, Claude J. Optimizing digitalization effort in morphometrics. Biol Methods Protoc 2020; 5:bpaa023. [PMID: 33324759 PMCID: PMC7723759 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying phenotypes is a common practice for addressing questions regarding morphological variation. The time dedicated to data acquisition can vary greatly depending on methods and on the required quantity of information. Optimizing digitization effort can be done either by pooling datasets among users, by automatizing data collection, or by reducing the number of measurements. Pooling datasets among users is not without risk since potential errors arising from multiple operators in data acquisition prevent combining morphometric datasets. We present an analytical workflow to estimate within and among operator biases and to assess whether morphometric datasets can be pooled. We show that pooling and sharing data requires careful examination of the errors occurring during data acquisition, that the choice of morphometric approach influences amount of error, and that in some cases pooling data should be avoided. The demonstration is based on a worked example (Sus scrofa teeth) using a combinations of 18 morphometric approaches and datasets for which we identified and quantified several potential sources of errors in the workflow. We show that it is possible to estimate the analytical power of a study using a small subset of data to select the best morphometric protocol and to optimize the number of variables necessary for analysis. In particular, we focus on semi-landmarks, which often produce an inflation of variables in contrast to the number of available observations use in statistical testing. We show how the workflow can be used for optimizing digitization efforts and provide recommendations for best practices in error management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allowen Evin
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution-Montpellier, UMR 5554-ISEM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, 2 place Eugène Bataillon, CC065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Vincent Bonhomme
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution-Montpellier, UMR 5554-ISEM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, 2 place Eugène Bataillon, CC065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Julien Claude
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution-Montpellier, UMR 5554-ISEM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, 2 place Eugène Bataillon, CC065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rohlf FJ. Why Clusters and Other Patterns Can Seem to be Found in Analyses of High-Dimensional Data. Evol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-020-09518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|