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A Broad Spectrum Antiparasitic Activity of Organotin (IV) Derivatives and Its Untargeted Proteomic Profiling Using Leishmania donovani. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121424. [PMID: 36558759 PMCID: PMC9785441 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals have been used in medicine since ancient times for the treatment of different ailments with various elements such as iron, gold and arsenic. Metal complexes have also been reported to show antibiotic and antiparasitic activity. In this context, we tested the antiparasitic potential of 10 organotin (IV) derivatives from 4-(4-methoxyphenylamino)-4 oxobutanoic acid (MS26) against seven eukaryotic pathogens of medical importance: Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Naegleria fowleri and Schistosoma mansoni. Among the compounds with and without antiparasitic activity, compound MS26Et3 stood out with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 0.21 and 0.19 µM against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of L. donovani, respectively, 0.24 µM against intracellular amastigotes of T. cruzi, 0.09 µM against T. brucei, 1.4 µM against N. fowleri and impaired adult S. mansoni viability at 1.25 µM. In terms of host/pathogen selectivity, MS26Et3 demonstrated relatively mild cytotoxicity toward host cells with a 50% viability concentration of 4.87 µM against B10R cells (mouse monocyte cell line), 2.79 µM against C2C12 cells (mouse myoblast cell line) and 1.24 µM against HEK923 cells (human embryonic kidney cell line). The selectivity index supports this molecule as a therapeutic starting point for a broad spectrum antiparasitic alternative. Proteomic analysis of host cells infected with L. donovani after exposure to MS26Et3 showed a reduced expression of Rab7, which may affect the fusion of the endosome with the lysosome, and, consequently, impairing the differentiation of L. donovani to the amastigote form. Future studies to investigate the molecular target(s) and mechanism of action of MS26Et3 will support its chemical optimization.
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Syed Annuar SN, Kamaludin NF, Awang N, Chan KM. Cellular Basis of Organotin(IV) Derivatives as Anticancer Metallodrugs: A Review. Front Chem 2021; 9:657599. [PMID: 34368075 PMCID: PMC8342812 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.657599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotin(IV) compounds have wide applications in industrial and agricultural fields owing to their ability to act as poly(vinyl chloride) stabilizers and catalytic agents as well as their medicinal properties. Moreover, organotin(IV) compounds may have applications as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, or antimicrobial agents based on the observation of synergistic effects following the binding of their respective ligands, resulting in the enhancement of their biological activities. In this review, we describe the antiproliferative activities of organotin(IV) compounds in various human cancer cell lines based on different types of ligands. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms through which organotin(IV) compounds induce cell death via apoptosis through the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway. Finally, we present the mechanisms of cell cycle arrest induced by organotin(IV) compounds. Our report provides a basis for studies of the antitumor activities of organotin(IV) compounds and highlights the potential applications of these compounds as anticancer metallodrugs with low toxicity and few side effects.
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Etaiw SEH, Abdou SN. New organotin supramolecular complexes based on copper cyanide and auxiliary N‐donor ligands as potent inhibitors of cancer cell lines: In vitro and antioxidant experiments. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Safaa N. Abdou
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Science, Tanta University Tanta Egypt
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Nath M, Vats M, Roy P. Mode of action of tin-based anti-proliferative agents: Biological studies of organotin(IV) derivatives of fatty acids. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 148:88-100. [PMID: 25900554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Some organotin(IV) carboxylates of the general formula RnSn(L)m [n=3, m=1, R=Me, Pr, Bu and Ph; n=2, m=2, R=Me, Bu and Oct; L=anion of lauric (HLA), stearic (HSA) and myristic acid (HMA)] have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic studies. Tri- and diorganotin(IV) carboxylates adopt trigonal-bipyramidal and octahedral geometry around tin atom, respectively. They have been screened in vitro for anti-tumor activity against cancer cell lines of human origin, viz. MCF-7 (mammary), HEK-293 (kidney), PC-3 (prostate), HCT-15 (colon) and HepG-2 (liver). Enzyme assays viz. lipid peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and total glutathione assay have been carried out to explore the cause of their cytotoxiciy. The results indicate that ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation may be responsible for their cytotoxicity but elevation in LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) suggests that necrosis cannot be excluded. Further, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fragmentation, acridine orange and comet assay support the fact that the apoptosis is the main cause of cytotoxicity of organotin(IV) carboxylates, whereas the necrosis plays a minor role. The anti-inflammatory activity evaluation shows that the complexes possess moderate activity. Results of acute toxicity of the complexes have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
| | - Monika Vats
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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Basu Baul TS, Paul A, Pellerito L, Scopelliti M, Duthie A, de Vos D, Verma RP, Englert U. An in vitro comparative assessment with a series of new triphenyltin(IV) 2-/4-[(E)-2-(aryl)-1-diazenyl]benzoates endowed with anticancer activities: Structural modifications, analysis of efficacy and cytotoxicity involving human tumor cell lines. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 107:119-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Basu Baul TS, de Vos D. In vitro cytotoxic evaluation of novel dichlorodiorgano[N-(2-pyridylmethylene)arylamine]tin(IV) derivatives in human tumor cell lines. Invest New Drugs 2009; 28:609-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Triphenyltin(IV) 2-[(E)-2-(aryl)-1-diazenyl]benzoates as anticancer drugs: synthesis, structural characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity and study of its influence towards the mechanistic role of some key enzymes. Invest New Drugs 2009; 28:587-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ahmad MS, Mirza B, Hussain M, Hanif M, Ali S, Walsh MJ, Martin FL. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy detects alterations induced by organotin(IV) carboxylates in MCF-7 cells at sub-cytotoxic/-genotoxic concentrations. PMC BIOPHYSICS 2008; 1:3. [PMID: 19351425 PMCID: PMC2666631 DOI: 10.1186/1757-5036-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The environmental impact of metal complexes such as organotin(IV) compounds is of increasing concern. Genotoxic effects of organotin(IV) compounds (0.01 mug/ml, 0.1 mug/ml or 1.0 mug/ml) were measured using the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay to measure DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay to determine micronucleus formation. Biochemical-cell signatures were also ascertained using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. In the comet assay, organotin(IV) carboxylates induced significantly-elevated levels of DNA SSBs. Elevated micronucleus-forming activities were also observed. Following interrogation using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, infrared spectra in the biomolecular range (900 cm-1 - 1800 cm-1) derived from organotin-treated MCF-7 cells exhibited clear alterations in their biochemical-cell fingerprint compared to control-cell populations following exposures as low as 0.0001 mug/ml. Mono-, di- or tri-organotin(IV) carboxylates (0.1 mug/ml, 1.0 mug/ml or 10.0 mug/ml) were markedly cytotoxic as determined by the clonogenic assay following treatment of MCF-7 cells with >/= 1.0 mug/ml. Our results demonstrate that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy can be applied to detect molecular alterations induced by organotin(IV) compounds at sub-cytotoxic and sub-genotoxic concentrations. This biophysical approach points to a novel means of assessing risk associated with environmental contaminants.PACS codes: 87.15.-v, 87.17.-d, 87.18.-h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Ahmad
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Amino acetate functionalized Schiff base organotin(IV) complexes as anticancer drugs: synthesis, structural characterization, and in vitro cytotoxicity studies. Invest New Drugs 2008; 27:419-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-008-9189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Basu Baul TS, Mizar A, Chandra AK, Song X, Eng G, Jirásko R, Holcapek M, de Vos D, Linden A. Synthesis, crystal structures, cytotoxicity and qualitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) of cis-bis{5-[(E)-2-(aryl)-1-diazenyl]quinolinolato}di-n-butyltin(IV) complexes, (n)Bu2Sn(L)2. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1719-30. [PMID: 18571240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of cis-bis{5-[(E)-2-(aryl)-1-diazenyl]quinolinolato}di-n-butyltin(IV) complexes has been synthesized and characterized by (1)H-, (13)C-, (119)Sn NMR, ESI-MS (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry), IR and (119m)Sn Mössbauer spectroscopic techniques in combination with elemental analyses. The structures of four di-n-butyltin(IV) complexes, viz., (n)Bu(2)Sn(L(3))(2) (3), (n)Bu(2)Sn(L(4))(2) (4), (n)Bu(2)Sn(L(5))(2) (5) and (n)Bu(2)Sn(L(7))(2).0.5C(6)H(6) (7) (LH=5-[(E)-2-(aryl)-1-diazenyl)quinolin-8-ol) were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In general, the complexes were found to adopt a distorted cis-octahedral arrangement around the tin atom. These complexes retain their solid-state structure in non-coordinating solvent as evidenced by (119)Sn and (13)C NMR spectroscopic results. The in vitro cytotoxicity of di-n-butyltin(IV) complexes (3-8) is reported against seven well characterized human tumour cell lines. The basicity of the two quinolinolato donor N and O atoms of the ligands are discussed in relation to the cytotoxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar S Basu Baul
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, NEHU Permanent Campus, Umshing, Shillong, Meghalaya 793 022, India.
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Desrivot J, Waikedre J, Cabalion P, Herrenknecht C, Bories C, Hocquemiller R, Fournet A. Antiparasitic activity of some New Caledonian medicinal plants. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 112:7-12. [PMID: 17329051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-nine extracts of 18 medicinal plants used in New Caledonia by traditional healers to treat inflammation, fever and in cicatrizing remedies were evaluated in vitro against several parasites (Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trichomonas vaginalis and Caenorhabditis elegans). Among the selected plants, Scaevola balansae and Premna serratifolia L. were the most active against Leishmania donovani with IC(50) values between 5 and 10microg/ml. The almond and aril extracts from Myristica fatua had an IC(50) value of 0.5-5microg/ml against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Only Scaevola balansae extract presented a weak activity against Trichomonas vaginalis. The almond extract from Myristica fatua presented significant activity against Caenorhabditis elegans (IC(50) value of 6.6+/-1.2microg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Desrivot
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie (UMR CNRS 8076-BioCIS), Université Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Barrett MP, Gilbert IH. Targeting of toxic compounds to the trypanosome's interior. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2006; 63:125-83. [PMID: 17134653 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(06)63002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Drugs can be targeted into African trypanosomes by exploiting carrier proteins at the surface of these parasites. This has been clearly demonstrated in the case of the melamine-based arsenical and the diamidine classes of drug that are already in use in the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. These drugs can enter via an aminopurine transporter, termed P2, encoded by the TbAT1 gene. Other toxic compounds have also been designed to enter via this transporter. Some of these compounds enter almost exclusively through the P2 transporter, and hence loss of the P2 transporter leads to significant resistance to these particular compounds. It now appears, however, that some diamidines and melaminophenylarsenicals may also be taken up by other routes (of yet unknown function). These too may be exploited to target new drugs into trypanosomes. Additional purine nucleoside and nucleobase transporters have also been subverted to deliver toxic agents to trypanosomes. Glucose and amino acid transporters too have been investigated with a view to manipulating them to carry toxins into Trypanosoma brucei, and recent work has demonstrated that aquaglyceroporins may also have considerable potential for drug-targeting. Transporters, including those that carry lipids and vitamins such as folate and other pterins also deserve more attention in this regard. Some drugs, for example suramin, appear to enter via routes other than plasma-membrane-mediated transport. Receptor-mediated endocytosis has been proposed as a possible way in for suramin. Endocytosis also appears to be crucial in targeting natural trypanocides, such as trypanosome lytic factor (TLF) (apolipoprotein L1), into trypanosomes and this offers an alternative means of selectively targeting toxins to the trypanosome's interior. Other compounds may be induced to enter by increasing their capacity to diffuse over cell membranes; in this case depending exclusively on selective activity within the cell rather than selective uptake to impart selective toxicity. This review outlines studies that have aimed to exploit trypanosome nutrient uptake routes to selectively carry toxins into these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Barrett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Tabassum S, Pettinari C. Chemical and biotechnological developments in organotin cancer chemotherapy. J Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Comini MA, Guerrero SA, Haile S, Menge U, Lünsdorf H, Flohé L. Validation of Trypanosoma brucei trypanothione synthetase as drug target. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:1289-302. [PMID: 15110394 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Revised: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In trypanosomes, the parasite-specific thiol trypanothione [T(SH)2] fulfills various functions, the best established being detoxification of H2O2 and organic hydroperoxides and ribonucleotide reduction. Recently, a trypanothione synthetase (Tb-TryS) gene from Trypanosoma brucei was isolated and the heterologously expressed Tb-TryS catalyzed the entire synthesis of T(SH)2 from glutathione (GSH) and spermidine in vitro. To confirm the in situ function of the complex Tb-TryS activities and to evaluate the importance of T(SH)2 metabolism in T. brucei, TryS suppression by double-stranded RNA interference was performed. Knockdown of TryS led to depletion of both T(SH)2 and glutathionylspermidine (Gsp) and accumulation of GSH, while concomitantly impairment of viability and arrest of proliferation were observed. TryS-downregulated cells displayed a significantly increased sensitivity to H2O2 and tert.-butyl hydroperoxide. These data verify the hypothesis that in T. brucei, a single enzyme synthesizes the spermidine-conjugated thiols (Gsp and T(SH)2) and further confirms the significance of trypanothione in the defense against oxidative stress and the maintenance of viability and proliferation in unstressed parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A Comini
- Department of Biochemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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