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Rezende-Gondim MM, da Silva AV, Dubey JP, Schares GRM, Gondim LFP. Immunomagnetic separation of Toxoplasma gondii and Hammondia spp. tissue cysts generated in cell culture. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1033380. [PMID: 36311681 PMCID: PMC9606798 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1033380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is commonly transmitted among animals and humans by ingestion of infected animal tissues or by consumption of food and water contaminated with environmentally-resistant oocysts excreted by cats. Tissue cysts and oocysts have different walls, whose structures and compositions are poorly known. Herein, we describe an immunomagnetic separation (IMS) method that was successfully used for purification of T. gondii tissue cysts generated in cell culture. We used an IgG monoclonal antibody (mAb) that reacts against antigens in tissue cyst walls. Many in vitro produced cysts were obtained by this IMS; >2,000 T. gondii cysts were isolated from a single culture flask of 25 cm2. Tissue cysts from two Hammondia spp., H. hammondi, and H. heydorni, produced in cell culture were also separated using this method. As a reference, purification of tissue cysts by Percoll gradients was used. Percoll was able to separate T. gondii tissue cysts produced in mice but was not suitable for purifying T. gondii tissue cysts produced in vitro. The IMS described here should favor proteomic studies involving tissue cysts of T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M. Rezende-Gondim
- Departamento de Anatomia, Patologia e Clínicas, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Aristeu V. da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jitender P. Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Gereon R. M. Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Luís F. P. Gondim
- Departamento de Anatomia, Patologia e Clínicas, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil,*Correspondence: Luís F. P. Gondim
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López Ureña NM, Chaudhry U, Calero Bernal R, Cano Alsua S, Messina D, Evangelista F, Betson M, Lalle M, Jokelainen P, Ortega Mora LM, Álvarez García G. Contamination of Soil, Water, Fresh Produce, and Bivalve Mollusks with Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:517. [PMID: 35336093 PMCID: PMC8954419 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a major foodborne pathogen capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Although oocyst-associated toxoplasmosis outbreaks have been documented, the relevance of the environmental transmission route remains poorly investigated. Thus, we carried out an extensive systematic review on T. gondii oocyst contamination of soil, water, fresh produce, and mollusk bivalves, following the PRISMA guidelines. Studies published up to the end of 2020 were searched for in public databases and screened. The reference sections of the selected articles were examined to identify additional studies. A total of 102 out of 3201 articles were selected: 34 articles focused on soil, 40 focused on water, 23 focused on fresh produce (vegetables/fruits), and 21 focused on bivalve mollusks. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were found in all matrices worldwide, with detection rates ranging from 0.09% (1/1109) to 100% (8/8) using bioassay or PCR-based detection methods. There was a high heterogeneity (I2 = 98.9%), which was influenced by both the sampling strategy (e.g., sampling site and sample type, sample composition, sample origin, season, number of samples, cat presence) and methodology (recovery and detection methods). Harmonized approaches are needed for the detection of T. gondii in different environmental matrices in order to obtain robust and comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia María López Ureña
- SALUVET Research Group, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.L.U.); (R.C.B.); (L.M.O.M.)
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (U.C.); or (D.M.); (F.E.); (M.B.)
| | - Rafael Calero Bernal
- SALUVET Research Group, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.L.U.); (R.C.B.); (L.M.O.M.)
| | - Santiago Cano Alsua
- Computing Services, Research Support Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Davide Messina
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (U.C.); or (D.M.); (F.E.); (M.B.)
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Francisco Evangelista
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (U.C.); or (D.M.); (F.E.); (M.B.)
| | - Martha Betson
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (U.C.); or (D.M.); (F.E.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Lalle
- Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy;
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega Mora
- SALUVET Research Group, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.L.U.); (R.C.B.); (L.M.O.M.)
| | - Gema Álvarez García
- SALUVET Research Group, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.L.U.); (R.C.B.); (L.M.O.M.)
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Abdullah A, Merza N, Merza A. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in contaminated soils using polymerase chain reaction analysis in Duhok City Iraq. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF BABYLON 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/mjbl.mjbl_29_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Evaluation of real-time qPCR-based methods to detect the DNA of the three protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii in the tissue and hemolymph of blue mussels (M. edulis). Food Microbiol 2021; 102:103870. [PMID: 34809958 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted to humans through shellfish consumption. No standardized methods are available for their detection in these foods, and the performance of the applied methods are rarely described in occurrence studies. Through spiking experiments, we characterized different performance criteria (e.g. sensitivity, estimated limit of detection (eLD95METH), parasite DNA recovery rates (DNA-RR)) of real-time qPCR based-methods for the detection of the three protozoa in mussel's tissues and hemolymph. Digestion of mussels tissues by trypsin instead of pepsin and the use of large buffer volumes was the most efficient for processing 50g-sample. Trypsin digestion followed by lipids removal and DNA extraction by thermal shocks and a BOOM-based technique performed poorly (e.g. eLD95METH from 30 to >3000 parasites/g). But trypsin digestion and direct DNA extraction by bead-beating and FastPrep homogenizer achieved higher performance (e.g. eLD95METH: 4-400 parasites/g, DNA-RR: 19-80%). Direct DNA recovery from concentrated hemolymph, by thermal shocks and cell lysis products removal was not efficient to sensitively detect the protozoa (e.g. eLD95METH: 10-1000 parasites/ml, DNA-RR ≤ 24%). The bead-beating DNA extraction based method is a rapid and simple approach to sensitively detect the three protozoa in mussels using tissues, that can be standardized to different food matrices. However, quantification in mussels remains an issue.
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Sousa S, Almeida A, Delgado L, Conceição A, Marques C, da Costa JMC, Castro A. rTgOWP1-f, a specific biomarker for Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7947. [PMID: 32409659 PMCID: PMC7224171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii oocyst wall protein 1 (TgOWP1) integrates a family of seven proteins, consensually assumed as specific antigens of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst stage, located in the outer layer of the oocyst wall. Herein, we notice the expression of a recombinant antigen, rTgOWP1-f, derived from a fragment selected on basis of its structural homology with Plasmodium MSP1-19. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies anti-rTgOWP1-f evidence ability for specific identification of environmental T. gondii oocysts. We assume, rTgOWP1-f, as a possible biomarker of oocysts. In addition, we present findings supporting this vision, including the development of an immunodetection method for T. gondii oocysts identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Sousa
- Center for Parasite Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal.
- Center for the Study of Animal Science (CECA)/Institute for Agricultural and Agro-Alimentary Science and Technology (ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - André Almeida
- Center for the Study of Animal Science (CECA)/Institute for Agricultural and Agro-Alimentary Science and Technology (ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Delgado
- Center for Parasite Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Cláudia Marques
- Center for Parasite Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science (CECA)/Institute for Agricultural and Agro-Alimentary Science and Technology (ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Correia da Costa
- Center for Parasite Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science (CECA)/Institute for Agricultural and Agro-Alimentary Science and Technology (ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Castro
- Center for Parasite Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science (CECA)/Institute for Agricultural and Agro-Alimentary Science and Technology (ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Wong ZS, Borrelli SLS, Coyne CC, Boyle JP. Cell type- and species-specific host responses to Toxoplasma gondii and its near relatives. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:423-431. [PMID: 32407716 PMCID: PMC8281328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is remarkably unique in its ability to successfully infect vertebrate hosts from multiple phyla and can successfully infect most cells within these organisms. The infection outcome in each of these species is determined by the complex interaction between parasite and host genotype. As techniques to quantify global changes in cell function become more readily available and precise, new data are coming to light about how (i) different host cell types respond to parasitic infection and (ii) different parasite species impact the host. Here we focus on recent studies comparing the response to intracellular parasitism by different cell types and insights into understanding host-parasite interactions from comparative studies on T. gondii and its close extant relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhee S Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sarah L Sokol Borrelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Carolyn C Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jon P Boyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Shapiro K, Bahia-Oliveira L, Dixon B, Dumètre A, de Wit LA, VanWormer E, Villena I. Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: Oocysts in water, soil and food. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 15:e00049. [PMID: 32095620 PMCID: PMC7033973 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that can cause morbidity and mortality in humans, domestic animals, and terrestrial and aquatic wildlife. The environmentally robust oocyst stage of T. gondii is fundamentally critical to the parasite's success, both in terms of its worldwide distribution as well as the extensive range of infected intermediate hosts. Despite the limited definitive host species (domestic and wild felids), infections have been reported on every continent, and in terrestrial as well as aquatic environments. The remarkable resistance of the oocyst wall enables dissemination of T. gondii through watersheds and ecosystems, and long-term persistence in diverse foods such as shellfish and fresh produce. Here, we review the key attributes of oocyst biophysical properties that confer their ability to disseminate and survive in the environment, as well as the epidemiological dynamics of oocyst sources including domestic and wild felids. This manuscript further provides a comprehensive review of the pathways by which T. gondii oocysts can infect animals and people through the environment, including in contaminated foods, water or soil. We conclude by identifying critical control points for reducing risk of exposure to oocysts as well as opportunities for future synergies and new directions for research aimed at reducing the burden of oocyst-borne toxoplasmosis in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Shapiro
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Ave, 4206 VM3A, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - Lillian Bahia-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Brent Dixon
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, A.L. 2204E, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Aurélien Dumètre
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 257, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Luz A. de Wit
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95050, USA
| | - Elizabeth VanWormer
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, VBS 111, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Isabelle Villena
- EA 7510, UFR Medicine, University Reims Champagne-Ardenne, National Reference Center on Toxoplasmosis, Hospital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
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Harito JB, Campbell AT, Tysnes KR, Robertson LJ. Use of lectin-magnetic separation (LMS) for detecting Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental water samples. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 127:68-76. [PMID: 29031801 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Proof-of-principle of lectin-magnetic separation (LMS) for isolating Toxoplasma oocysts (pre-treated with 0.5% acidified pepsin (AP)) from water for subsequent detection by microscopy or molecular methods has been shown. However, application of this technique in the routine water-analysis laboratory requires that the method is tested, modified, and optimized. The current study describes attempts to apply the LMS technique on supernatants from water samples previously analyzed for contamination with Cryptosporidium and Giardia using standard methods, and the supernatant following immunomagnetic separation (IMS) retained. Experiments on AP-treatment of Toxoplasma oocysts in situ in such samples demonstrated that overnight incubation at 37 °C was adequate, but excess AP had to be removed before continuing to LMS; neutralization in sodium hydroxide and a single wash step was found to be suitable. Mucilaginous material in post-IMS samples that had been stored at room temperature without washing, which was found to be probably an exudate from bacterial and fungal overgrowth, hampered the isolation of T. gondii oocysts by LMS beads. For detection, microscopy was successful only for clean samples, as debris occluded viewing in dirtier samples. Although qPCR was successful, for some samples non-specific inhibition occurred, as demonstrated by inhibition of an internal amplification control in the qPCR reaction. For some, but not all, samples this could be addressed by dilution. Finally, the optimized methodology was used for a pilot project in which 23 post-IMS water sample concentrates were analyzed. Of these, only 20 provided interpretable results (without qPCR inhibition) of which one sample was positive, and confirmed by sequencing of PCR product, indicating that Toxoplasma oocysts occur in Norwegian drinking water samples. In conclusion, we suggest that post-IMS samples may be suitable for analysis for Toxoplasma oocysts using LMS, only if freshly processed or washed before being refrigerated. In addition, application of AP treatment requires a neutralization step before proceeding to LMS. For detection, qPCR, rather than microscopy, is the most appropriate approach, although some inhibition may still occur, and therefore inclusion of an internal amplification control is important. Our study indicates that, despite some limitations, this approach would be appropriate for further large-scale analysis of samples of raw and treated drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemere Bekele Harito
- Parasitology, Section for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adamstuen Campus, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway; College of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 1337, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Kristoffer R Tysnes
- Parasitology, Section for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adamstuen Campus, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology, Section for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adamstuen Campus, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Importance of serological cross-reactivity among Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia spp., Neospora spp., Sarcocystis spp. and Besnoitia besnoiti. Parasitology 2017; 144:851-868. [PMID: 28241894 PMCID: PMC5471829 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp., Sarcocystis spp., Hammondia spp. and Besnoitia besnoiti are genetically related cyst-forming coccidia. Serology is frequently used for the identification of T. gondii, Neospora spp. and B. besnoiti-exposed individuals. Serologic cross-reactions occur in different tests among animals infected with T. gondii and H. hammondi, as well as among animals infected by T. gondii and N. caninum. Infections caused by N. caninum and N. hughesi are almost indistinguishable by serology. Neospora caninum, B. besnoiti and Sarcocystis spp. infections in cattle show some degree of serologic cross-reactivity. Antibody cross-reactivity between Neospora spp. and H. heydorni-infected animals is suspected, but not proven to occur. We review serologic cross-reactivity among animals and/or humans infected with T. gondii, Neospora spp., Sarcocystis spp., Hammondia spp. and B. besnoiti. Emphasis is laid upon antigens and serological methods for N. caninum diagnosis which were tested for cross-reactivity with related protozoa. Species-specific antigens, as well as stage-specific proteins have been identified in some of these parasites and have promising use for diagnosis and epidemiological surveys.
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de Souza CZ, Rafael K, Sanders AP, Tiyo BT, Marchioro AA, Colli CM, Gomes ML, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. An alternative method to recover Toxoplasma gondii from greenery and fruits. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2016; 26:600-5. [PMID: 27604245 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2016.1227960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are an important form of contamination with a high dispersion in the environment, but their detection is still a challenge. This study evaluated the recovery of oocysts from strawberries and crisphead lettuce. Samples (250 g of strawberries or one head of lettuce) were experimentally inoculated with 10, 10(2), 10(3) and 10(4) T. gondii oocysts, by two separate processes, spot dripping and immersion. Then, 50 g of each sample was washed, filtered through a cellulose ester membrane, and concentrated by centrifugation. Three aliquots were taken for DNA extraction in a direct way, after freeze-thaw (FT) cycles or ultrasound (US), followed by PCR (B22-B23 and Tox4-Tox5 primers). The T. gondii DNA was amplified with the primers B22-B23 in all samples contaminated by dripping and when DNA extraction was carried out after FT or US. These techniques may be useful in epidemiological surveillance in the control of this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zangari de Souza
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Katyelle Rafael
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Sanders
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Bruna Tiaki Tiyo
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Ariella Andrade Marchioro
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Cristiane Maria Colli
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Mônica Lúcia Gomes
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Falavigna-Guilherme
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
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Simultaneous detection of the protozoan parasites Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium and Giardia in food matrices and their persistence on basil leaves. Food Microbiol 2016; 57:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gondim LFP, Wolf A, Vrhovec MG, Pantchev N, Bauer C, Langenmayer MC, Bohne W, Teifke JP, Dubey JP, Conraths FJ, Schares G. Characterization of an IgG monoclonal antibody targeted to both tissue cyst and sporocyst walls of Toxoplasma gondii. Exp Parasitol 2016; 163:46-56. [PMID: 26836446 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infects animals habiting terrestrial and aquatic environments. Its oocysts and tissue cysts are important for the horizontal transmission of this parasite. The oocyst and tissue cyst walls are crucial for the ability of the parasite to persist in the environment or in animal tissues, respectively. However, the composition of these walls is not well understood. We report the generation of monoclonal antibodies directed against wall components using mice immunized with oocyst antigens of T. gondii. One monoclonal antibody (mAb) G1/19 reacted solely with T. gondii sporozoites. The respective antigen had a relative molecular weight (Mr) of 30 kDa. MAb G1/19 failed to react with sporozoites of any other coccidian parasite species tested (Hammondia hammondi, Hammondia heydorni, Cystoisospora felis, Eimeria bovis, Sarcocystis sp.). Another mAb, designated K8/15-15, recognized antigens in sporocyst walls of the parasite and in the walls of in vivo or in vitro produced tissue cysts, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and immunoblot assays. Antigens of 80 to a high molecular weight protein of about 350 kDa Mr were recognized by this antibody using antigen extracts from sporocysts, and from in vitro or in vivo generated tissue cysts of the parasite. Tissue cyst and sporocyst walls of H. hammondi and H. heydorni, and tissue cysts of Neospora caninum were also recognized by mAb K8/15-15. Sporocyst walls of C. felis also reacted to this mAb. The cyst walls of Sarcocystis sp. and Besnoitia besnoiti were not recognized by mAb K8/15-15. Reactivity by a single mAb against T. gondii antigens in tissue cysts and sporocysts had not been reported previously. MAb K8/15-15 may be a practical tool for the identification of both cysts and sporocysts of the parasite, and may also be potentially employed in proteomic studies on the identification of new components of the cyst and sporocyst walls of T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F P Gondim
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Anatomia, Patologia e Clínicas, Av. Adhemar de Barros 500, 40170-110, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Wolf
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian Bauer
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin C Langenmayer
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bohne
- Department of Microbiology, University of Gottingen, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens P Teifke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jitender P Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gereon Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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13
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Shapiro K, VanWormer E, Aguilar B, Conrad PA. Surveillance forToxoplasma gondiiin California mussels (Mytilus californianus) reveals transmission of atypical genotypes from land to sea. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:4177-88. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Shapiro
- One Health Institute; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Elizabeth VanWormer
- One Health Institute; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Beatriz Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Patricia A. Conrad
- One Health Institute; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
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14
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Hohweyer J, Dumètre A, Aubert D, Azas N, Villena I. Tools and methods for detecting and characterizing giardia, cryptosporidium, and toxoplasma parasites in marine mollusks. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1649-57. [PMID: 23992514 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne infections are of public health importance and deeply impact the global economy. Consumption of bivalve mollusks generates risk for humans because these filtering aquatic invertebrates often concentrate microbial pathogens from their environment. Among them, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Toxoplasma are major parasites of humans and animals that may retain their infectivity in raw or undercooked mollusks. This review aims to detail current and future tools and methods for ascertaining the load and potential infectivity of these parasites in marine bivalve mollusks, including sampling strategies, parasite extraction procedures, and their characterization by using microscopy and/or molecular techniques. Method standardization should lead to better risk assessment of mollusks as a source of these major environmental parasitic pathogens and to the development of safety regulations, similar to those existing for bacterial and viral pathogens encountered in the same mollusk species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Hohweyer
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 3800, Protozooses Transmises par l'Alimentation, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap-Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims, France
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15
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Abstract
The ability of microorganisms to survive under extreme conditions is closely related to the physicochemical properties of their wall. In the ubiquitous protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, the oocyst stage possesses a bilayered wall that protects the dormant but potentially infective parasites from harsh environmental conditions until their ingestion by the host. None of the common disinfectants are effective in killing the parasite because the oocyst wall acts as a primary barrier to physical and chemical attacks. Here, we address the structure and chemistry of the wall of the T. gondii oocyst by combining wall surface treatments, fluorescence imaging, EM, and measurements of its mechanical characteristics by using atomic force microscopy. Elasticity and indentation measurements indicated that the oocyst wall resembles common plastic materials, based on the Young moduli, E, evaluated by atomic force microscopy. Our study demonstrates that the inner layer is as robust as the bilayered wall itself. Besides wall mechanics, our results suggest important differences regarding the nonspecific adhesive properties of each layer. All together, these findings suggest a key biological role for the oocyst wall mechanics in maintaining the integrity of the T. gondii oocysts in the environment or after exposure to disinfectants, and therefore their potential infectivity to humans and animals.
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16
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VanWormer E, Fritz H, Shapiro K, Mazet JAK, Conrad PA. Molecules to modeling: Toxoplasma gondii oocysts at the human-animal-environment interface. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:217-31. [PMID: 23218130 PMCID: PMC3779781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental transmission of extremely resistant Toxoplasma gondii oocysts has resulted in infection of diverse species around the world, leading to severe disease and deaths in human and animal populations. This review explores T. gondii oocyst shedding, survival, and transmission, emphasizing the importance of linking laboratory and landscape from molecular characterization of oocysts to watershed-level models of oocyst loading and transport in terrestrial and aquatic systems. Building on discipline-specific studies, a One Health approach incorporating tools and perspectives from diverse fields and stakeholders has contributed to an advanced understanding of T. gondii and is addressing transmission at the rapidly changing human-animal-environment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth VanWormer
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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17
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Karanis P, Aldeyarbi HM, Mirhashemi ME, Khalil KM. The impact of the waterborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii and analysis efforts for water detection: an overview and update. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:86-99. [PMID: 22990578 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous protozoa Toxoplasma gondii is now the subject of renewed interest, due to the spread of oocysts via water causing waterborne outbreaks of toxoplasmosis in different parts of the world. This overview discusses the different methods for detection of Toxoplasma in drinking and environmental water. It includes a combination of conventional and molecular tools for effective oocyst recovery and detection in water sources as well as factors hindering the detection of this parasite and shedding light on a promising new molecular assay for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma in environmental samples. Hopefully, this attempt will facilitate future approaches for better recovery, concentration, and detection of Toxoplasma oocysts in environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Karanis
- Medical and Molecular Parasitology, University Clinics of Cologne, Center of Anatomy, Institute II, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str 9, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
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18
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Magnetic techniques for the detection and determination of xenobiotics and cells in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1257-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Robert-Gangneux F, Dardé ML. Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:264-96. [PMID: 22491772 PMCID: PMC3346298 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.05013-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 987] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii was discovered a little over 100 years ago, but knowledge of its biological life cycle and its medical importance has grown in the last 40 years. This obligate intracellular parasite was identified early as a pathogen responsible for congenital infection, but its clinical expression and the importance of reactivations of infections in immunocompromised patients were recognized later, in the era of organ transplantation and HIV infection. Recent knowledge of host cell-parasite interactions and of parasite virulence has brought new insights into the comprehension of the pathophysiology of infection. In this review, we focus on epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, putting them in perspective with current knowledge of parasite genotypes. In particular, we provide critical information on diagnostic methods according to the patient's background and discuss the implementation of screening tools for congenital toxoplasmosis according to health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Robert-Gangneux
- Service de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France.
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20
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Lélu M, Gilot-Fromont E, Aubert D, Richaume A, Afonso E, Dupuis E, Gotteland C, Marnef F, Poulle ML, Dumètre A, Thulliez P, Dardé ML, Villena I. Development of a sensitive method for Toxoplasma gondii oocyst extraction in soil. Vet Parasitol 2011; 183:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Lass A, Pietkiewicz H, Szostakowska B, Myjak P. The first detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in environmental fruits and vegetables samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 31:1101-8. [PMID: 21948336 PMCID: PMC3346938 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are prevalent in humans and animals all over the world. The aim of the study was to estimate the occurrence of T. gondii oocysts in fruits and vegetables and determine the genotype of the parasites. A total number of 216 fruits and vegetables samples were taken from shops and home gardens located in the area of northern Poland. Oocysts were recovered with the flocculation method. Then, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the B1 gene was used for specific T. gondii detection and quantification. Toxoplasma DNA was found in 21 samples. Genotyping at the SAG2 locus showed SAG2 type I and SAG2 type II. This is the first investigation describing T. gondii DNA identification in a large number of fruits and vegetables samples with rapid molecular detection methods. The results showed that fruits and vegetables contaminated with T. gondii may play a role in the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lass
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Interfaculty Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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22
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Possenti A, Cherchi S, Bertuccini L, Pozio E, Dubey J, Spano F. Molecular characterisation of a novel family of cysteine-rich proteins of Toxoplasma gondii and ultrastructural evidence of oocyst wall localisation. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1639-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Moulin L, Richard F, Stefania S, Goulet M, Gosselin S, Gonçalves A, Rocher V, Paffoni C, Dumètre A. Contribution of treated wastewater to the microbiological quality of Seine River in Paris. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:5222-5231. [PMID: 20630555 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Urban part of Seine River serving as drinking water supply in Paris can be heavily contaminated by Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. In the absence of agricultural practice in this highly urbanized area, we investigated herein the contribution of treated wastewater to the microbiological quality of this river focusing on these two parasites. Other microorganisms such as faecal bacterial indicators, enteroviruses and oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii were assessed concurrently. Raw wastewaters were heavily contaminated by Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts, whereas concentrations of both protozoa in treated wastewater were lower. Treated wastewater, flowed into Seine River, had a parasite concentration closed to the one found along the river, in particular at the entry of a drinking water plant (DWP). Even if faecal bacteria were reliable indicators of a reduction in parasite concentrations during the wastewater treatment, they were not correlated to protozoal contamination of wastewater and river water. Oocysts of T. gondii were not found in both raw and treated wastewater, or in Seine River. Parasitic contamination was shown to be constant in the Seine River up to 40 km upstream Paris. Altogether, these results strongly suggest that treated wastewater does not contribute to the main parasitic contamination of the Seine River usually observed in this urbanized area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Moulin
- EAU DE PARIS, 144 Avenue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 75014 Paris, France.
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24
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Ware MW, Augustine SAJ, Erisman DO, See MJ, Wymer L, Hayes SL, Dubey JP, Villegas EN. Determining UV inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by using cell culture and a mouse bioassay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:5140-7. [PMID: 20543052 PMCID: PMC2916465 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00153-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of UV exposure on Toxoplasma gondii oocysts has not been completely defined for use in water disinfection. This study evaluated UV-irradiated oocysts by three assays: a SCID mouse bioassay, an in vitro T. gondii oocyst plaque (TOP) assay, and a quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assay. The results from the animal bioassay show that 1- and 3-log(10) inactivation is achieved with 4 mJ/cm(2) UV and 10 mJ/cm(2) low-pressure UV, respectively. TOP assay results, but not RT-qPCR results, correlate well with bioassay results. In conclusion, a 3-log(10) inactivation of T. gondii oocysts is achieved by 10-mJ/cm(2) low-pressure UV, and the in vitro TOP assay is a promising alternative to the mouse bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Ware
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, Department of Biological Sciences, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Swinburne A. J. Augustine
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, Department of Biological Sciences, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - David O. Erisman
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, Department of Biological Sciences, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Mary Jean See
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, Department of Biological Sciences, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Larry Wymer
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, Department of Biological Sciences, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Samuel L. Hayes
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, Department of Biological Sciences, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - J. P. Dubey
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, Department of Biological Sciences, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Eric N. Villegas
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, Department of Biological Sciences, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
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26
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Borchardt M, Spencer S, Bertz P, Ware M, Dubey J, Alan Lindquist H. Concentrating Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis from surface water and drinking water by continuous separation channel centrifugation. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1089-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water sample concentrates by real-time PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3477-83. [PMID: 19363083 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00285-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PCR techniques in combination with conventional parasite concentration procedures have potential for the sensitive and specific detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water. Three real-time PCR assays based on the B1 gene and a 529-bp repetitive element were analyzed for the detection of T. gondii tachyzoites and oocysts. Lower sensitivity and specificity were obtained with the B1 gene-based PCR than with the 529-bp repeat-based PCR. New procedures for the real-time PCR detection of T. gondii oocysts in concentrates of surface water were developed and tested in conjunction with a method for the direct extraction of inhibitor-free DNA from water. This technique detected as few as one oocyst seeded to 0.5 ml of packed pellets from water samples concentrated by Envirocheck filters. Thus, this real-time PCR may provide a detection method alternative to the traditional mouse assay and microscopy.
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28
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Waterborne toxoplasmosis--recent developments. Exp Parasitol 2009; 124:10-25. [PMID: 19324041 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Humans become infected with Toxoplasma gondii mainly by ingesting uncooked meat containing viable tissue cysts or by ingesting food or water contaminated with oocysts from the feces of infected cats. Circumstantial evidence suggests that oocyst-induced infections in humans are clinically more severe than tissue cyst-acquired infections. Until recently, waterborne transmission of T. gondii was considered uncommon, but a large human outbreak linked to contamination of a municipal water reservoir in Canada by wild felids and the widespread infection of marine mammals in the USA provided reasons to question this view. The present paper examines the possible importance of T. gondii transmission by water.
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29
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Aubert D, Villena I. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water: proposition of a strategy and evaluation in Champagne-Ardenne Region, France. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:290-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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30
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Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental soil samples using molecular methods. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 28:599-605. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-008-0681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Sotiriadou I, Karanis P. Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water samples and comparative findings by polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence test (IFT). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 62:357-65. [PMID: 18715739 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The development and evaluation of a 1-step single-tube accelerated loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the rapid detection of Toxoplasma in water samples is described. The method has been evaluated based on the amplification of B1 and TgOWP Toxoplasma genes, and it demonstrated a sensitivity detection limit of 0.1 tachyzoites' DNA for both genes. LAMP detection was evaluated and compared with nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 26 water sample pellets spiked with known numbers of Toxoplasma oocysts. After DNA extraction, the detection sensitivity in spiked pellets was 100% by LAMP and 53.8% by PCR. Subsequently, 52 natural water samples of different origin were directly investigated by 3 assays: LAMP, PCR, and immunofluorescence test (IFT). Twenty-five (48%) of 52 have been found positive for Toxoplasma DNA by LAMP, whereas nested PCR products were generated in 7 of 52 (13.5%) water samples. All 52 water samples were negative for Toxoplasma by IFT. These data clearly indicate LAMP as a rapid, specific, and sensitive tool for the detection of Toxoplasma contamination in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaia Sotiriadou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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32
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Schares G, Herrmann D, Beckert A, Schares S, Hosseininejad M, Pantchev N, Globokar Vrhovec M, Conraths F. Characterization of a repetitive DNA fragment in Hammondia hammondi and its utility for the specific differentiation of H. hammondi from Toxoplasma gondii by PCR. Mol Cell Probes 2008; 22:244-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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