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Das NC, Chakraborty P, Nandy S, Dey A, Malik T, Mukherjee S. Programmed cell death pathways as targets for developing antifilarial drugs: Lessons from the recent findings. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2819-2840. [PMID: 37605891 PMCID: PMC10538269 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
More than half a century has passed since the introduction of the National Filariasis Control Program; however, as of 2023, lymphatic filariasis (LF) still prevails globally, particularly in the tropical and subtropical regions, posing a substantial challenge to the objective of worldwide elimination. LF is affecting human beings and its economically important livestock leading to a crucial contributor to morbidities and disabilities. The current scenario has been blowing up alarms of attention to develop potent therapeutics and strategies having efficiency against the adult stage of filarial nematodes. In this context, the exploration of a suitable drug target that ensures lethality to macro and microfilariae is now our first goal to achieve. Apoptosis has been the potential target across all three stages of filarial nematodes viz. oocytes, microfilariae (mf) and adults resulting in filarial death after receiving the signal from the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and executed through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Hence, it is considered a leading target for developing antifilarial drugs. Herein, we have shown the efficacy of several natural and synthetic compounds/nanoformulations in triggering the apoptotic death of filarial parasites with little or no toxicity to the host body system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chandra Das
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansolIndia
| | - Pritha Chakraborty
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansolIndia
| | - Samapika Nandy
- Department of Life SciencePresidency UniversityKolkataIndia
- School of PharmacyGraphic Era Hill UniversityDehradunIndia
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life SciencePresidency UniversityKolkataIndia
| | | | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansolIndia
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Magnaval JF, Bouhsira E, Fillaux J. Therapy and Prevention for Human Toxocariasis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020241. [PMID: 35208697 PMCID: PMC8875715 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For the last four decades, knowledge about human toxocariasis with regard to its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical spectrum, and imaging or laboratory diagnosis has substantially progressed. Knowledge about specific therapy with anthelmintics has lagged behind. To date, only four drugs are registered for human use, and their efficacy has rarely been assessed in prospective controlled trials. It is likely that the repurposing of potent anthelmintics from veterinary medicine will improve this situation. Due to its wide availability and a lack of major side effects during short regimens, albendazole has become the drug of choice. However, its efficacy should be more precisely assessed. The role of anthelmintics in the treatment of neurological or ocular toxocariasis remains to be clarified. Prophylactic measures in humans or companion animals are efficient and represent first-line treatments for the control of this zoonosis. Unfortunately, their implementation in areas or countries where toxocariasis epidemiology is driven by poverty is quite difficult or unrealistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Magnaval
- Service de Parasitologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Toulouse, 37 Allées Jules-Guesde, 31000 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Emilie Bouhsira
- Service de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France;
| | - Judith Fillaux
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Purpan, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 330 Avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse, France;
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Hande S, Sonkar V, Bhoj P, Togre N, Goswami K, Dash D. The Role of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress of Silver Nanoparticles in Human Parasitic Helminth Brugia malayi: A Mechanistic Insight. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1212-1221. [PMID: 33884574 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mediated apoptosis is well-known but its rationale is yet to be elucidated. This study explored the mechanistic underpinning of the apoptosis in the Brugia malayi parasitic model. METHOD Silver nanoparticles were synthesized and tested against B. malayi microfilariae (Mf) to explore the role of oxidative and nitrosative stress in its apoptotic effect. RESULTS AgNPs caused significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) level and increase in both protein carbonylation and nitric oxide (NO) level indicating oxidative as well as nitrosative stress. Both GSH and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors exhibited marked reversal. Nanoparticles and NO-donor in combination but not the NO-donor alone showed significant antiparasitic effect implying the requisite of combined oxidative and nitrosative stress to induce apoptosis. Synthetically prepared peroxynitrite from NaNO2 to H2O2 showed marked antiparasitic effect in very low dose which could be achieved neither by NaNO2 or H2O2 alone. GSH reversed the effect of peroxynitrite similar to its specific inhibitor, acetaminophen. GSH also reversed the plummet in mitochondrial oxygen consumption by AgNPs. CONCLUSION We conclude that apoptosis by AgNPs is possibly mediated through peroxynitrite dependent depletion of GSH; this provides a significant insight into the pharmacological as well as toxicological impact of AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Hande
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, 442 102, India
| | - Vijay Sonkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Priyanka Bhoj
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, 442 102, India
| | - Namdev Togre
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, 442 102, India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741 245, India.
| | - Debabrata Dash
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
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Role of Glutathione in Chalcone Derivative Induced Apoptosis of Brugia malayi and its Possible Therapeutic Implication. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:406-415. [PMID: 33037957 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative stress is an essential component of innate response against microbes. The oxidative impact has a very subtle connection with apoptosis. Our previous work indicated presumptive evidence of apoptosis by the chalcone derivatives against the human lymphatic filarial parasite. Evidence suggests the involvement of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the mechanism of action of chalcone drugs. In the present study, we explored the implications of redox status in apoptosis of the parasite by this drug. RESULTS Treatment with the representative drug, 4t, significantly decreased GSH level and increased GST activity in the Brugia malayi microfilariae (Mf) in comparison to Mf without 4t treatment. Drug-induced loss of motility of the parasites was reversed by the treatment with GSH (41%) and NAC (19%). A significant fall in rGST activity was observed due to drug addition, which could be reversed by the addition of GSH co-substrate, but not with the re-addition of rGST, indicating a vital role of GSH. In silico study demonstrated a favorable drug-GST enzyme interaction. Oxidative stress was reflected by increased protein carbonylation and intracellular reactive oxygen species level, in the drug-treated parasite. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was reduced by the drug, which was reversed on the addition of GSH. Mitochondrial dysfunction was confirmed by MTT and cytochrome c assay. Apoptosis was confirmed by the inhibition in PARP activity. CONCLUSION We conclude that the depletion of GSH by chalcone with concomitant mitochondrial dysfunction revealed a novel rationale of apoptosis in the parasite. Such a mechanism might have wide therapeutic implications.
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Fragoso IT, Ribeiro EL, Gomes FODS, Donato MAM, Silva AKS, Oliveira ACOD, Araújo SMDR, Barbosa KPS, Santos LAM, Peixoto CA. Diethylcarbamazine attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice by apoptosis of inflammatory cells. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:81-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Anti-inflammatory effects of diethylcarbamazine: A review. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 734:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Strode C, de Melo-Santos M, Magalhães T, Araújo A, Ayres C. Expression profile of genes during resistance reversal in a temephos selected strain of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39439. [PMID: 22870187 PMCID: PMC3411583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mosquito Aedes aegypti is one of the most important disease vectors because it transmits two major arboviruses, dengue and yellow fever, which cause significant global morbidity and mortality. Chemical insecticides form the cornerstone of vector control. The organophosphate temephos a larvicide recommended by WHO for controlling Ae. aegypti, however, resistance to this compound has been reported in many countries, including Brazil. Methodology/Principal Findings The aim of this study was to identify genes implicated in metabolic resistance in an Ae. aegypti temephos resistant strain, named RecR, through microarray analysis. We utilized a custom ‘Ae. aegypti detox chip’ and validated microarray data through RT-PCR comparing susceptible and resistant individuals. In addition, we analyzed gene expression in 4th instar larvae from a reversed susceptible strain (RecRev), exposed and unexposed to temephos. The results obtained revealed a set of 13 and 6 genes significantly over expressed in resistant adult mosquitoes and larvae, respectively. One of these genes, the cytochrome P450 CYP6N12, was up-regulated in both stages. RT-PCR confirmed the microarray results and, additionally, showed no difference in gene expression between temephos exposed and unexposed RecRev mosquitoes. This suggested that the differences in the transcript profiles among the strains are heritable due to a selection process and are not caused by immediate insecticide exposure. Reversal of temephos resistance was demonstrated and, importantly, there was a positive correlation between a decrease in the resistance ratio and an accompanying decrease in the expression levels of previously over expressed genes. Some of the genes identified here have also been implicated in metabolic resistance in other mosquito species and insecticide resistant populations of Ae. aegypti. Conclusions/Significance The identification of gene expression signatures associated to insecticide resistance and their suppression could greatly aid the development of improved strategies of vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Strode
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Medina-De la Garza CE, Guerrero-Ramírez G, García-Hernández M, Castro-Corona MA, Torres-López E, Brattig NW, Salinas-Carmona MC. Immunomodulatory activity of diethylcarbamazine on humoral, cellular cytokine response and respiratory burst in BALB/c mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:477-83. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.630008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE The currently available drug repertoire against lymphatic filariasis, a major health hazard in the developing world, is inadequate and is fraught with serious limitations. Thus, the development of an effective antifilarial strategy has become a global research thrust mandated by the World Health Organization. Nanoparticles of silver endowed with antibacterial potency are known to induce apoptosis in eukaryotic cells. The present study was designed to investigate the possible microfilaricidal efficacy of silver nanoparticles and to establish the validity of apoptotic rationale in antifilarial drug designing. METHODS This report analyzed the effect of nanoparticles of silver as well as gold (size range: 10-15 nm) on the microfilariae of Brugia malayi obtained from the lavage of peritoneal cavities of infected jirds (Meriones unguiculatus). The study included a microfilarial motility assay, a trypan blue exclusion test, a poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase activity study, ethidium bromide/acridine orange differential staining, and transmission, as well as scanning electron microscopic evaluation of ultrastructural changes in microfilariae. RESULTS The study demonstrates that nanoparticles of silver, but not of gold, elicited significant loss in microfilarial motility. Differential staining of parasites with ethidium bromide and acridine orange, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase activity in microfilarial lysate, and electron microscopic findings underscored apoptotic death of parasites attributable to nanosilver. In a trypan blue exclusion test, the 50% lethal dose of nanosilver was measured to be 101.2 μM, which was higher than the recorded complete inhibitory concentration value (50.6 μM), thus supporting nanosilver as a potential drug candidate against lymphatic filariasis. CONCLUSION The present report provides the first ever conclusive proof in support of apoptosis as a novel stratagem in antifilarial drug designing and nanoscale silver as a valid lead in research on antifilarial therapeutics. The main embargo about the current drug diethylcarbamazine citrate is its empirical use without rationale. Effective microfilaricidal activity of nanosilver at relatively low concentrations as reported in this study, with evidence of the induction of apoptosis in microfilariae, projects nanosilver as a potential drug adjuvant against lymphatic filariasis. The much higher 50% lethal dose value of nanosilver compared to the complete inhibitory concentration value reported in this study argues in favor of a safe therapeutic window of this agent in its antifilarial efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, India
| | - Richa D Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, India
| | - Maryada VR Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, India
| | - Debabrata Dash
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
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Current evidence on the use of antifilarial agents in the management of bancroftian filariasis. J Trop Med 2010; 2011:175941. [PMID: 21234244 PMCID: PMC3018634 DOI: 10.1155/2011/175941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many trials have explored the efficacy of individual drugs and drug combinations to treat bancroftian filariasis. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence for drug management of bancroftian filariasis.
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) remains the prime antifilarial agent with a well-established microfilaricidal and some macrofilaricidal effects. Ivermectin (IVM) is highly microfilaricidal but minimally macrofilaricidal. The role of albendazole (ALB) in treatment regimens is not well established though the drug has a microfilaricidal effect. The combination of DEC+ALB has a better long-term impact than IVM+ALB. Recent trials have shown that doxycycline therapy against Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium of the parasite, is capable of reducing microfilaria rates and adult worm activity. Followup studies on mass drug administration (MDA) are yet to show a complete interruption of transmission, though the infection rates are reduced to a very low level.
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Sharma RD, Petare S, Shinde GB, Kalyan G, Reddy MVR. Novel drug designing rationale against Brugia malayi microfilariae using herbal extracts. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(10)60204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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