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Recent advances on the piezoelectric, electrochemical, and optical biosensors for the detection of protozoan pathogens. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Insights into the tracking of the cysteine proteinase B COOH-terminal polypeptide of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis by surface plasmon resonance. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1249-1259. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gomes CB, -Silva FS, Charret KDS, Pereira BAS, Finkelstein LC, Santos-de-Souza R, de Castro Côrtes LM, Pereira MCS, Rodrigues de Oliveira FO, Alves CR. Increasing in cysteine proteinase B expression and enzymatic activity during in vitro differentiation of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: First evidence of modulation during morphological transition. Biochimie 2016; 133:28-36. [PMID: 27919786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis presents adaptive protease-dependent mechanisms, as cysteine proteinases B (CPB). This study investigates the expression of three cpb gene isoforms and CPB enzymatic activity during the parasite differentiation. Relative expression levels of LbrM.08.0810 gene were assessed, exhibiting a higher quantity of transcripts in the logarithmic promastigotes phase than in the stationary promastigotes phase (>1.5 times). The cbp gene tends to decrease during acid pH shock and increases when the temperature rises (>1.3 times). LbrM.08.0820 and LbrM.08.0830 genes exhibited similar expression profiles to LbrM.08.0810 gene, with lower levels being observed overall. The proteolytic activity exhibits a gradual increase during the parasite's differentiation with low levels in samples of logarithmic promastigotes phase (3.2 ± 0.08 mmol min-1 mg protein-1) to a peak of activity after 72 h of incubation at 32 °C (4.2 ± 0.026 mmol min-1 mg protein-1) followed by a subsequent decrease of 68 % of peak activity levels after 96 h of incubation at 32 °C (2.8 ± 0.37 mmol min-1 mg protein-1). These activities were also measured in the presence of selective inhibitors for cysteine proteinases, such as Z-Phe-Phe-fluoromethyl ketone and trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido(4-guanidino)butane, demonstrating their source as cathepsin-like proteinases. To the best of our knowledge, this report presents the first description of a modulation of cathepsin L-like expression during the L. (V.) braziliensis in vitro differentiation induced by acid pH and high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Bernardes Gomes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Franklin Souza -Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Karen Dos Santos Charret
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Acácio Santini Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Léa Cysne Finkelstein
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Raquel Santos-de-Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Luzia Monteiro de Castro Côrtes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Mirian Claudia Souza Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Roberto Alves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil.
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Menezes-Souza D, Mendes TADO, Gomes MDS, Bartholomeu DC, Fujiwara RT. Improving serodiagnosis of human and canine leishmaniasis with recombinant Leishmania braziliensis cathepsin l-like protein and a synthetic peptide containing its linear B-cell epitope. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e3426. [PMID: 25569432 PMCID: PMC4287388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The early and correct diagnosis of human leishmaniasis is essential for disease treatment. Another important step in the control of visceral leishmaniasis is the identification of infected dogs, which are the main domestic reservoir of L. infantum. Recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides based on Leishmania genes have emerged as valuable targets for serodiagnosis due to their increased sensitivity, specificity and potential for standardization. Cathepsin L-like genes are surface antigens that are secreted by amastigotes and have little similarity to host proteins, factors that enable this protein as a good target for serodiagnosis of the leishmaniasis. Methodology/Principal Findings We mapped a linear B-cell epitope within the Cathepsin L-like protein from L. braziliensis. A synthetic peptide containing the epitope and the recombinant protein was evaluated for serodiagnosis of human tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis, as well as canine visceral leishmaniasis. Conclusions/Significance The recombinant protein performed best for human tegumentary and canine visceral leishmaniasis, with 96.30% and 89.33% accuracy, respectively. The synthetic peptide was the best to discriminate human visceral leishmaniasis, with 97.14% specificity, 94.55% sensitivity and 96.00% accuracy. Comparison with T. cruzi-infected humans and dogs suggests that the identified epitope is specific to Leishmania parasites, which minimizes the likelihood of cross-reactions. Leishmaniasis is one of the major diseases of importance in public health and its precise diagnosis may represent one of the most relevant challenges for the control and possible eradication of the disease. In this context, recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides based on Leishmania genes have emerged as valuable targets for serodiagnosis due to their increased sensitivity, specificity and potential for standardization. Cathepsin L-like (CatL) genes are more abundant in stationary promastigotes and amastigotes, and have less than 40% identity with human proteins and more than 60% identity with other Leishmania species. We mapped a linear B-cell epitope in the CatL protein sequence and compared its performance with the recombinant protein and current serology methodologies for the diagnosis of human tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis as well as of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Both the recombinant protein and synthetic peptide showed higher specificity and sensitivity than crude preparations commonly used for other antigens, and thus, they are valuable targets to compose an antigen panel that could significantly improve leishmaniasis diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus de Souza Gomes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Hernández HM, Marcet R, Sarracent J. Biological roles of cysteine proteinases in the pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:54. [PMID: 25348828 PMCID: PMC4209856 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human trichomonosis, infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease in the world. The host-parasite interaction and pathophysiological processes of trichomonosis remain incompletely understood. This review focuses on the advancements reached in the area of the pathogenesis of T. vaginalis, especially in the role of the cysteine proteinases. It highlights various approaches made in this field and lists a group of trichomonad cysteine proteinases involved in diverse processes such as invasion of the mucous layer, cytoadherence, cytotoxicity, cytoskeleton disruption of red blood cells, hemolysis, and evasion of the host immune response. A better understanding of the biological roles of cysteine proteinases in the pathogenesis of this parasite could be used in the identification of new chemotherapeutic targets. An additional advantage could be the development of a vaccine in order to reduce transmission of T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda M Hernández
- Parasitology Department, "Pedro Kourí" Tropical Medicine Institute, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Ricardo Marcet
- Parasitology Department, "Pedro Kourí" Tropical Medicine Institute, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Jorge Sarracent
- Parasitology Department, "Pedro Kourí" Tropical Medicine Institute, Havana 10400, Cuba
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Why strategies to control Leishmania spp. multiplication based on the use of proteinase inhibitors should consider multiple targets and not only a single enzyme. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2465. [PMID: 25296889 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of proteinases as targets to develop novel chemotherapies against Leishmania spp. infections is a very promising strategy. Based on a previous study by Goyal et al. [J Mol Model (2014) 20:2099], we discuss herein the idea that only a combined treatment with distinct proteinase inhibitors would be an effective antileishmanial therapy.
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Silva-Almeida M, Pereira BAS, Ribeiro-Guimarães ML, Alves CR. Proteinases as virulence factors in Leishmania spp. infection in mammals. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:160. [PMID: 22871236 PMCID: PMC3436776 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites cause human tegumentary and visceral infections that are commonly referred to as leishmaniasis. Despite the high incidence and prevalence of cases, leishmaniasis has been a neglected disease because it mainly affects developing countries. The data obtained from the analysis of patients' biological samples and from assays with animal models confirm the involvement of an array of the parasite's components in its survival inside the mammalian host. These components are classified as virulence factors. In this review, we focus on studies that have explored the role of proteinases as virulence factors that promote parasite survival and immune modulation in the mammalian host. Additionally, the direct involvement of proteinases from the host in lesion evolution is analyzed. The gathered data shows that both parasite and host proteinases are involved in the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis. It is interesting to note that although the majority of the classes of proteinases are present in Leishmania spp., only cysteine-proteinases, metalloproteinases and, to a lesser scale, serine-proteinases have been adequately studied. Members from these classes have been implicated in tissue invasion, survival in macrophages and immune modulation by parasites. This review reinforces the importance of the parasite proteinases, which are interesting candidates for new chemo or immunotherapies, in the clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Silva-Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, IOC, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365 Manguinhos Pavilhão Leônidas Deane-Sala 209, CEP: 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: insights on subcellular distribution and biochemical properties of heparin-binding proteins. Parasitology 2011; 139:200-7. [PMID: 22053722 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011001910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease and an important public health issue. Glycosaminoglycan ligands in Leishmania parasites are potential targets for new strategies to control this disease. We report the subcellular distribution of heparin-binding proteins (HBPs) in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and specific biochemical characteristics of L. (V.) braziliensis HBPs. Promastigotes were fractionated, and flagella and membrane samples were applied to HiTrap Heparin affinity chromatography columns. Heparin-bound fractions from flagella and membrane samples were designated HBP Ff and HBP Mf, respectively. Fraction HBP Ff presented a higher concentration of HBPs relative to HBP Mf, and SDS-PAGE analyses showed 2 major protein bands in both fractions (65 and 55 kDa). The 65 kDa band showed gelatinolytic activity and was sensitive to inhibition by 1,10-phenanthroline. The localization of HBPs on the promastigote surfaces was confirmed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor analysis by binding the parasites to a heparin-coated sensor chip; that was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by pre-incubating the parasites with variable concentrations of heparin, thus indicating distinct heparin-binding capacities for the two fractions. In conclusion, protein fractions isolated from either the flagella or membranes of L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes have characteristics of metallo-proteinases and are able to bind to glycosaminoglycans.
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Bleischwitz M, Albert M, Fuchsbauer HL, Kaldenhoff R. Significance of Cuscutain, a cysteine protease from Cuscuta reflexa, in host-parasite interactions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:227. [PMID: 20964874 PMCID: PMC3017850 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant infestation with parasitic weeds like Cuscuta reflexa induces morphological as well as biochemical changes in the host and the parasite. These modifications could be caused by a change in protein or gene activity. Using a comparative macroarray approach Cuscuta genes specifically upregulated at the host attachment site were identified. RESULTS One of the infestation specific Cuscuta genes encodes a cysteine protease. The protein and its intrinsic inhibitory peptide were heterologously expressed, purified and biochemically characterized. The haustoria specific enzyme was named cuscutain in accordance with similar proteins from other plants, e.g. papaya. The role of cuscutain and its inhibitor during the host parasite interaction was studied by external application of an inhibitor suspension, which induced a significant reduction of successful infection events. CONCLUSIONS The study provides new information about molecular events during the parasitic plant--host interaction. Inhibition of cuscutain cysteine proteinase could provide means for antagonizing parasitic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bleischwitz
- Pathology of Forest Trees, TU Munich, Am Hochanger 13, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- ZMBP, Forschungsgruppe Pflanzenbiochemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Lothar Fuchsbauer
- University of Applied Sciences, Chemistry and Biotechnology, Schnittspahnstr. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ralf Kaldenhoff
- Darmstadt University of Technology, Applied Plant Science, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Rebello KM, Britto C, Pereira BAS, Pita-Pereira DD, Moraes MO, Ferreira ABR, Cysne-Finkelstein L, Otto TD, Côrtes LMDC, da-Silva GG, Alves CR. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: influence of successive in vitro cultivation on the expression of promastigote proteinases. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:570-6. [PMID: 20553928 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases are an important virulence factor in Leishmania parasites. In this study we analyzed the cysteine proteinase expression of infective Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes, examining the expression induced by successive in vitro passages in culture. We observed that this parasite presents a decrease in its virulence over BALB/c macrophages, after successive passages in culture, but still they present proteinase activity, being capable of hydrolyzing the substrate pGlu-Phe-Leu-p Nitroanilide at pH 7.0. This proteinase activity also decreases in the course of the successive passages. Additionally, the decrease in the amount of CPB proteins following successive passages of promastigotes was verified by immunoblotting assays, using an anti-CPB antiserum. Real-time PCR assays were performed to assess the relative cpb expression when compared to a housekeeping gene in promastigote cDNA preparations from the first, fourth and seventh passages. Interestingly, the data indicate a relative increase in cpb gene transcripts as the promastigotes were maintained under in vitro culture: 2.2 times higher for fourth and 2.7 times higher for seventh passages when compared to the first passage. Thus, the information gathered here shows that the expression of cysteine proteinases is modified during in vitro cultivation of L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Mastropasqua Rebello
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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