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Khurana B, Dipankar DG, Saini N, Dubal NS. Therapeutic ayurvedic interventions for the management of rheumatoid arthritis complicated by adhesive capsulitis - a case report. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 0:jcim-2024-0063. [PMID: 38905448 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2024-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that leads to persistent symmetrical polyarthritis accompanied by systemic manifestations. It may lead to an array of deformities and even complications like rheumatoid nodules, carpal tunnel syndrome, adhesive capsulitis, cardiovascular diseases, and many more. OBJECTIVES This case report intends to discuss the ayurvedic management of Rheumatoid Arthritis which was complicated by Adhesive Capsulitis. METHODS A 73-year-old male patient was diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis. He had previously undergone allopathic treatment for a year. In June 2023, the patient sought ayurvedic treatment for his ailment and later acquired signs and symptoms of Adhesive Capsulitis. He was given ayurvedic oral medications along with external therapeutic procedures. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in the values of the Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3) score, Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), Rheumatoid Factor (Quantitative), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and improvement in the range of movement of the affected joint. CONCLUSIONS Ayurvedic medicines are effective in managing Rheumatoid Arthritis along with the complication of Adhesive Capsulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Khurana
- Kayachikitsa Department, Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Ayurved & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Digambar G Dipankar
- Kayachikitsa Department, Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Ayurved & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Saini
- Kayachikitsa Department, Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Ayurved & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Suresh Dubal
- Kayachikitsa Department, Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Ayurved & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Nadeem F, Fozia F, Aslam M, Ahmad I, Ahmad S, Ullah R, Almutairi MH, Aleya L, Abdel-Daim MM. Characterization, Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activities of Green Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nephrolepis exaltata Aqueous Extract. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154931. [PMID: 35956882 PMCID: PMC9370615 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of non-toxic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) by an aqueous plant extract has proven to be a viable and environmentally friendly method. Therefore, the present investigation is based on the FeO NPs synthesis by means of FeCl3·6H2O as a precursor, and the plant extract of Nephrolepis exaltata (N. exaltata) serves as a capping and reducing agent. Various techniques were used to examine the synthesized FeO NPs, such as UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). The FT-IR studies were used to identify different photoactive biomolecules at 3285, 2928, 1415, 1170, and 600 cm−1 in the wavenumber range from 4000 to 400 cm−1, indicating the -OH, C-H, C-O, C-C, and M-O groups, respectively. The XRD examination exhibited crystallinity, and the average diameter of the particle was 16 nm. The spherical nature of synthesized FeO NPs was recognized by SEM images, while the elemental composition of nanoparticles was identified by an EDX spectrophotometer. The antiplasmodial activity of synthesized FeO NPs was investigated against Plasmodium parasites. The antiplasmodial property of FeO NPs was evaluated by means of parasite inhibitory concentration, which showed higher efficiency (62 ± 1.3 at 25 μg/mL) against Plasmodium parasite if compared to plant extracts and precursor. The cytotoxicity of FeO NPs was also assessed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) under in vitro conditions. The lack of toxic effects through FeO NPs keeps them more effective for use in pharmaceutical and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Nadeem
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; (F.N.); (M.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Fozia Fozia
- Biochemistry Department, Khyber Medical University, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
| | - Madeeha Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; (F.N.); (M.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Ijaz Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; (F.N.); (M.A.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (R.U.)
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; (F.N.); (M.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (R.U.)
| | - Mikhlid H. Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne, Franche-Comté University, CEDEX, F-25030 Besançon, France;
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
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3
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Oguike OE, Ugwuishiwu CH, Asogwa CN, Nnadi CO, Obonga WO, Attama AA. Systematic review on the application of machine learning to quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling against Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Divers 2022; 26:3447-3462. [PMID: 35064444 PMCID: PMC8782692 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria accounts for over two million deaths globally. To flatten this curve, there is a need to develop new and high potent drugs against Plasmodium falciparum. Some major challenges include the dearth of suitable animal models for anti-P. falciparum assays, resistance to first-line drugs, lack of vaccines and the complex life cycle of Plasmodium. Gladly, newer approaches to antimalarial drug discovery have emerged due to the release of large datasets by pharmaceutical companies. This review provides insights into these new approaches to drug discovery covering different machine learning tools, which enhance the development of new compounds. It provides a systematic review on the use and prospects of machine learning in predicting, classifying and clustering IC50 values of bioactive compounds against P. falciparum. The authors identified many machine learning tools yet to be applied for this purpose. However, Random Forest and Support Vector Machines have been extensively applied though on a limited dataset of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osondu Everestus Oguike
- Machine Learning Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria.,Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chikodili Helen Ugwuishiwu
- Machine Learning Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria.,Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Caroline Ngozi Asogwa
- Machine Learning Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria.,Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Charles Okeke Nnadi
- Machine Learning Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria. .,Deprtment of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Wilfred Ofem Obonga
- Machine Learning Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria.,Deprtment of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Amaechi Attama
- Machine Learning Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Aliyu K, Mohammed Y, Abdullahi IN, Umar AA, Bashir F, Sani MN, Kabuga AI, Adamu AMY, Akande AO. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of Phyllanthus amarus against Plasmodium falciparum and evaluation of its acute toxicity effect in mouse model. Trop Parasitol 2021; 11:31-37. [PMID: 34195058 PMCID: PMC8213120 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_78_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The emergence of widespread resistance of Plasmodium species to most antimalarial drugs has led to a more vigorous and concerted research on traditional medicinal plants for the treatment of malaria. Objective of Study: The study was aimed to investigate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus amarus against clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in Northwestern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The plant was extracted using two solvents, water and ethanol, where a high yield was obtained from the aqueous extracts (11.9%) as compared to the ethanolic extract (9.64%). The extracts were evaluated in vitro at concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml, and the level of potency in each case was expressed as the concentration of the extract that exhibited a 50% reduction of the parasites relative to control (100%) parasitemia. Artemether-lumefantrine was used as a positive standard in the assay. Results: All extracts showed a significant reduction in parasite growth relative to control (P ≤ 0.05). Ethanolic extract exhibited a higher antiplasmodial activity of 76.8%, half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5.80 μg/ml, and aqueous extract had an activity of 75.3%, IC50 of 7.94 μg/ml. Both extracts exhibited very active antiplasmodial activity. Oral acute toxicity test in the doses of 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg showed no sign of toxicity on albino mice after 48 h. Conclusion: Although there was an increase in appetite after 24 and 48 h, the findings from this study show that P. amarus possesses a promising antimalarial activity which can be exploited for malaria therapy and justifies the traditional use of the plant in malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karimatu Aliyu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Science, College of Medical Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Amina Abdullahi Umar
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Fatima Bashir
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Mujahid Nura Sani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Auwal Idris Kabuga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Al-Mukhtar Yahuza Adamu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Azeez Oyebanji Akande
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
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Tamilselvi E, Karuppaiah A, Shyamala G, Shobana S, Thangaraj P, Hariharan S, Sankar V. Exploring combined herbal extract-loaded phytoniosomes for antimalarial and antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:177. [PMID: 33927968 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in the context of treating malarial infections is a major challenge in India. Home remedies such as thulasi leaves (Ocimum tenuiflorum), black pepper seeds (Piper nigrum), clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum), cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum verum), and nilavembu whole plant powder (Andrographis paniculata) were taken to explore antimalarial and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity. Among the five extracts, the best two extracts, C. verum and P. nigrum extract, showed the presence of Quercetin. Phytoniosomes were prepared by simple probe sonication with the two extracts and the resultant vesicles were in the size range of (319.7 nm). They showed significant (P < 0.001) antimalarial potency IC50 at 5.25 µg/ml against P. falciparum 3D7. In addition, their cytotoxicity (TC50) against Vero cell line was found to be > 100 µg/ml. The therapeutic index was found to be > 32 µg/ml. Phytoniosomes were converted to a capsule dosage form by lyophilization and this capsule was stable up to 90 days.
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Bhatt V, Kumari S, Upadhyay P, Agrawal P, Sahal D, Sharma U. Chemical profiling and quantification of potential active constituents responsible for the antiplasmodial activity of Cissampelos pareira. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 262:113185. [PMID: 32726676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cissampelos pareira is used traditionally in India as a remedy for the treatment of various diseases including malaria but the active ingredients responsible for antiplasmodial activity have not yet been investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY The identification and quantification of compounds responsible for antiplasmodial activity in different parts (leaf, stem and root) of C. pareira is the target of current study. MATERIAL AND METHODS The hydro ethanolic parent extracts of different parts of C. pareira and fractions prepared from these extracts were evaluated against Pf3D7 (chloroquine sensitive) and PfINDO (chloroquine resistance) strains in culture to quantify the IC50 for extracts and fractions. Promising fractions of root part of plant were subjected to silica gel column chromatography to obtain pure compounds and their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis. Pure compounds were also tested against Pf3D7 and PfINDO strains. A rapid and simple UPLC-DAD method was developed for the identification and quantification of pharmaceutically important metabolites of C. pareira. RESULTS Among different extracts, the hydro ethanolic extract of root part of C. pareira was found most active with IC50 values (μg/ml) of 1.42 and 1.15 against Pf 3D7 and Pf INDO, respectively. Tested against Pf 3D7 the most potent fractions were root ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 4.0 μg/ml), stem water fraction (IC50 4.4 μg/ml), and root water fraction (IC50 8.5 μg/ml). Further, phytochemical investigation of active fractions of root part led to the isolation and characterization of a new isoquinoline alkaloid, namely pareirarine (8), along with five known compounds magnoflorine (5), magnocurarine (10), salutaridine (11), cissamine (13) and hayatinine (15). Hayatinine (15), a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, isolated from root ethyl acetate fraction was most promising compound with IC50 of 0.41 μM (Pf INDO) and 0.509 μM (Pf 3D7). Magnocurarine (10) and cissamine (13) were also found active with IC50 values of 12.51 and 47.34 μM against Pf INDO and 12.54 and 8.76 μM against Pf 3D7, respectively. A total of thirty compounds were detected in studied extracts and fractions, structures were assigned to 15 of these and five of these biologically important compounds were quantified. Isolation of saluteridine (11) from C. pareira and the evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of pure compound from C. pariera is disclosed for the first time. CONCLUSION This study concludes that the antimalarial potential of C. pareira may be attributed to isoquinoline type alkaloids present in this plant and also provides the scientific evidence for the traditional use of this plant in treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Bhatt
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division and AcSIR, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India
| | - Surekha Kumari
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division and AcSIR, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India
| | - Pooja Upadhyay
- Malaria Drug Discovery Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Prakhar Agrawal
- Malaria Drug Discovery Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Drug Discovery Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Upendra Sharma
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division and AcSIR, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India.
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Tan SP, Tan ENY, Lim QY, Nafiah MA. Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 253:112610. [PMID: 31991202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels is not only used for its edible fruits but also used to treat a wide spectrum of diseases such as inflammatory, rheumatism, bronchitis, asthma, respiratory disorder, hepatic diseases and diabetes in India, Asia, the Caribbean region, and Central and South America. This paper aims to discuss the current understanding regarding the traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological studies of P. acidus, and their possible research opportunities. MATERIALS AND METHODS All information on P. acidus was collected from various electronic database (ACS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SciFinder, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer, Wiley, Taylor and Mendeley) and also from those published materials (Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations and books) by using a combination of various meaningful keywords. RESULTS Phytochemical analyses on barks, leaves, roots and fruits of P. acidus identified triterpene, diterpene, sesquiterpene, and glycosides as predominant classes of bioactive substances found in this plant. P. acidus was reported with various pharmacological activities such as in vivo hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic, in vitro anti-oxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. However, none of these studies are with clinical research. Some of the studies were performed with only a single set of experiments or with a high dose of extract, and thus the validity of the experimental data may be questionable. In addition, most of the studies described were without identifying the effective components. Some of the assays were even without a positive control for comparison which makes results questionable. CONCLUSION Although P. acidus has been proven as a valuable medicinal source from its traditional uses. However, the pharmacological experiments conducted were not sufficient to verify its traditional uses. More investigation is required to confirm the traditional claims such as bioassay-guided isolation of bioactive compounds, detailed pharmacological investigations, clinical studies, and its toxicity investigation. Additionally, an experimental design with sufficient data replication, the use of controls and authenticated research materials, and the selection of a rationale dose or concentration for the analysis are keys to providing reproducible experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siow-Ping Tan
- Department of Physical Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, 53300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Eric Nyak-Yong Tan
- Department of Physical Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, 53300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Qian-Yu Lim
- Department of Physical Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, 53300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Azlan Nafiah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900, Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia.
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Nigam M, Mishra AP, Adhikari-Devkota A, Dirar AI, Hassan MM, Adhikari A, Belwal T, Devkota HP. Fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz.: A review on traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2518-2533. [PMID: 32307775 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) are widely used as crude drugs in various traditional medicine systems. The aim of this article is to review the available scientific information regarding the traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and the pharmacological activities of T. chebula. Numerous researches conducted on T. chebula have confirmed the presence of wide range of the phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids and other bioactive compounds. T. chebula is also widely studied regarding its pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory activities among others. However, more in vivo and clinical studies for mechanism-based pharmacological evaluation should be conducted in future to provide stronger scientific evidences for their traditional uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Abhay P Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | | | - Amina Ibrahim Dirar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Md Mahadi Hassan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuwan University, Kritipur, Nepal
| | - Tarun Belwal
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Wahyuni DK, Purnobasuki H, Kuncoro EP, Ekasari W. CALLUS INDUCTION OF Sonchus arvensis L. AND ITS ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITY. Afr J Infect Dis 2020; 14:1-7. [PMID: 32064450 PMCID: PMC7011161 DOI: 10.21010/ajid.v14i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a global health problem that requires urgent need for new drugs. Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis L.) possesses many potential medicinal compounds. As the plant is originally found wild, it is important to reproduce its secondary metabolites by tissue culture. The objectives of this study were to look for effective methods to induce callus from leaf explants of Sonchus arvensis L. and to test its in vitro antiplasmodial activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The leaves and petioles of the plant were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) solid medium supplemented with indole acetic-3-acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and benzyl amino purine (BAP), in light and dark incubations. The best results obtained from callus induction were then treated by with several concentrations of sucrose (1- 5%). The best results from callus induction were then extracted with methanol for antiplasmodial test by Trager and Jensen's method. It was also tested against 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. RESULTS The combination of 1mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP in dark incubation was the best treatment for callus induction of tempuyung. It produced the best quality of callus and the shortest period for callusing. Sucrose treatment had various effects on leaves callusing, but had no effect on petioles callusing, whereby 4% sucrose was the best treatment for leaves callusing in dark incubation. The methanol extract of the best callus had anti-plasmodial activity with IC50=0.343 µg/mL. CONCLUSION Methanol extract of tempuyung callus shows potential as an antimalarial drug but more studies would be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Kusuma Wahyuni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Hery Purnobasuki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Eko Prasetyo Kuncoro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Wiwied Ekasari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
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Emblica officinalis (Amla) with a Particular Focus on Its Antimicrobial Potentials: A Review. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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11
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Camara A, Haddad M, Reybier K, Traoré MS, Baldé MA, Royo J, Baldé AO, Batigne P, Haidara M, Baldé ES, Coste A, Baldé AM, Aubouy A. Terminalia albida treatment improves survival in experimental cerebral malaria through reactive oxygen species scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties. Malar J 2019; 18:431. [PMID: 31852507 PMCID: PMC6921526 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of Plasmodium resistance to the last effective anti-malarial drugs necessitates the urgent development of new anti-malarial therapeutic strategies. To this end, plants are an important source of new molecules. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-malarial effects of Terminalia albida, a plant used in Guinean traditional medicine, as well as its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may be useful in treating cases of severe malaria. Methods In vitro antiplasmodial activity was evaluated on a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum (K-1). In vivo efficacy of the plant extract was measured in the experimental cerebral malaria model based on Plasmodium berghei (strain ANKA) infection. Mice brains were harvested on Day 7–8 post-infection, and T cells recruitment to the brain, expression levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers were measured by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR and ELISA. Non-malarial in vitro models of inflammation and oxidative response were used to confirm Terminalia albida effects. Constituents of Terminalia albida extract were characterized by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Top ranked compounds were putatively identified using plant databases and in silico fragmentation patterns. Results In vitro antiplasmodial activity of Terminalia albida was confirmed with an IC50 of 1.5 μg/mL. In vivo, Terminalia albida treatment greatly increased survival rates in P. berghei-infected mice. Treated mice were all alive until Day 12, and the survival rate was 50% on Day 20. Terminalia albida treatment also significantly decreased parasitaemia by 100% on Day 4 and 89% on Day 7 post-infection. In vivo anti-malarial activity was related to anti-inflammatory properties, as Terminalia albida treatment decreased T lymphocyte recruitment and expression of pro-inflammatory markers in brains of treated mice. These properties were confirmed in vitro in the non-malarial model. In vitro, Terminalia albida also demonstrated a remarkable dose-dependent neutralization activity of reactive oxygen species. Twelve compounds were putatively identified in Terminalia albida stem bark. Among them, several molecules already identified may be responsible for the different biological activities observed, especially tannins and triterpenoids. Conclusion The traditional use of Terminalia albida in the treatment of malaria was validated through the combination of in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissata Camara
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France. .,Institute for Research and Development of Medicinal and Food Plants of Guinea (IRDPMAG), Dubréka, Guinea.
| | - Mohamed Haddad
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Karine Reybier
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mohamed Sahar Traoré
- Institute for Research and Development of Medicinal and Food Plants of Guinea (IRDPMAG), Dubréka, Guinea.,Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mamadou Aliou Baldé
- Institute for Research and Development of Medicinal and Food Plants of Guinea (IRDPMAG), Dubréka, Guinea.,Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Jade Royo
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alpha Omar Baldé
- Institute for Research and Development of Medicinal and Food Plants of Guinea (IRDPMAG), Dubréka, Guinea.,Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Philippe Batigne
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mahamane Haidara
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Sciences, Technics and Technologies (USTTB) of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Elhadj Saidou Baldé
- Institute for Research and Development of Medicinal and Food Plants of Guinea (IRDPMAG), Dubréka, Guinea.,Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Agnès Coste
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Aliou Mamadou Baldé
- Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Agnès Aubouy
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Antiplasmodial Properties and Cytotoxicity of Endophytic Fungi from Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae). J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4020070. [PMID: 29895768 PMCID: PMC6023428 DOI: 10.3390/jof4020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is continuing need for new and improved drugs to tackle malaria, which remains a major public health problem, especially in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Natural products represent credible sources of new antiplasmodial agents for antimalarial drug development. Endophytes that widely colonize healthy tissues of plants have been shown to synthesize a great variety of secondary metabolites that might possess antiplasmodial benefits. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antiplasmodial potential of extracts from endophytic fungi isolated from Symphonia globulifera against a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum (PfINDO). Sixty-one fungal isolates with infection frequency of 67.77% were obtained from the bark of S. globulifera. Twelve selected isolates were classified into six different genera including Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor, and Bipolaris. Extracts from the 12 isolates were tested against PfINDO, and nine showed good activity (IC50 < 10 μg·mL−1) with three fungi including Paecilomyces lilacinus (IC50 = 0.44 μg·mL−1), Penicillium janthinellum (IC50 = 0.2 μg·mL−1), and Paecilomyces sp. (IC50 = 0.55 μg·mL−1) showing the highest promise. These three isolates were found to be less cytotoxic against the HEK293T cell line with selectivity indices ranging from 24.52 to 70.56. Results from this study indicate that endophytic fungi from Symphonia globulifera are promising sources of hit compounds that might be further investigated as novel drugs against malaria. The chemical investigation of active extracts is ongoing.
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Mbouna CDJ, Kouipou RMT, Keumoe R, Tchokouaha LRY, Fokou PVT, Tali BMT, Sahal D, Boyom FF. Potent antiplasmodial extracts and fractions from Terminalia mantaly and Terminalia superba. Malar J 2018; 17:142. [PMID: 29615047 PMCID: PMC5883263 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence and spread of malaria parasites resistant to artemisinin-based combination therapy stresses the need for novel drugs against malaria. Investigating plants used in traditional medicine to treat malaria remains a credible option for new anti-malarial drug development. This study was aimed at investigating the antiplasmodial activity and selectivity of extracts and fractions from Terminalia mantaly and Terminalia superba (Combretaceae) that are used in Cameroon to treat malaria. Methods Twelve methanolic (m) and water (w) extracts obtained by maceration of powdered dried leaves (l), stem bark (sb) and root (r) of Terminalia mantaly (Tm) and Terminalia superba (Ts) and 12 derived fractions of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and 4 final residues of selected extracts were assessed for antiplasmodial potential in vitro against the chloroquine-resistant PfINDO and the chloroquine-sensitive Pf3D7 strains of Plasmodium falciparum using the SYBR green I-based fluorescence assay. The cytotoxicity of potent extracts and fractions was evaluated in vitro using the MTT assay on HEK239T cell line. Results The antiplasmodial IC50 of extracts from both plants ranged from 0.26 to > 25 µg/mL. Apart from the extracts Tmrm and Tsrw that exerted moderate antiplasmodial activities (IC50: 5–20 µg/mL) and Tmrw that was found to be non-active at the tested concentrations (IC50 > 25 µg/mL), all other tested crude extracts exhibited potent activities with IC50 < 5 µg/mL. The aqueous extracts from the stem bark of Terminalia mantaly (Tmsbw) and the leaf of Terminalia superba (Tslw) displayed the highest antiplasmodial activities (IC50: 0.26–1.26 µg/mL) and selectivity (SI > 158) on both resistant PfINDO and sensitive Pf3D7 strains. Four fractions upon further extraction with chloroform and ethyl acetate (TmlwChl, TmsbwChl, TmsbwEA, TsrmEA) afforded from three selected crude extracts (Tmlw, Tmsbw, Tsrm) exhibited highly potent activities against both P. falciparum strains (IC50 < 2 µg/mL) and high selectivity (SI > 109). Conclusions The results achieved in this work validate the reported traditional use of Terminalia mantaly and Terminalia superba to treat malaria. Moreover, the highly potent and selective fractions warrant further investigation to characterize the active antiplasmodial principles and progress them to rodent malaria models studies if activity and selectivity are evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric D J Mbouna
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rufin M T Kouipou
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Malaria Research Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rodrigue Keumoe
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lauve R Y Tchokouaha
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Institute for Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patrick V T Fokou
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Brice M T Tali
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Research Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Fabrice F Boyom
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Murugan K, Suresh U, Panneerselvam C, Rajaganesh R, Roni M, Aziz AT, Hwang JS, Sathishkumar K, Rajasekar A, Kumar S, Alarfaj AA, Higuchi A, Benelli G. Managing wastes as green resources: cigarette butt-synthesized pesticides are highly toxic to malaria vectors with little impact on predatory copepods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:10456-10470. [PMID: 28913784 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel mosquito control tools is a key prerequisite to build effective and reliable Integrated Vector Management strategies. Here, we proposed a novel method using cigarette butts for the synthesis of Ag nanostructures toxic to young instars of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, chloroquine (CQ)-resistant malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and microbial pathogens. The non-target impact of these nanomaterials in the aquatic environment was evaluated testing them at sub-lethal doses on the predatory copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis. Cigarette butt-synthesized Ag nanostructures were characterized by UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy, as well as by EDX, SEM and XRD analyses. Low doses of cigarette butt extracts (with and without tobacco) showed larvicidal and pupicidal toxicity on An. stephensi. The LC50 of cigarette butt-synthesized Ag nanostructures ranged from 4.505 ppm (I instar larvae) to 8.070 ppm (pupae) using smoked cigarette butts with tobacco, and from 3.571 (I instar larvae) to 6.143 ppm (pupae) using unsmoked cigarette butts without tobacco. Smoke toxicity experiments conducted against adults showed that unsmoked cigarette butts-based coils led to mortality comparable to permethrin-based positive control (84.2 and 91.2%, respectively). A single treatment with cigarette butts extracts and Ag nanostructures significantly reduced egg hatchability of An. stephensi. Furthermore, the antiplasmodial activity of cigarette butt extracts (with and without tobacco) and synthesized Ag nanostructures was evaluated against CQ-resistant (CQ-r) and CQ-sensitive (CQ-s) strains of P. falciparum. The lowest IC50 values were achieved by cigarette butt extracts without tobacco, they were 54.63 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 63.26 μg/ml (CQ-r); while Ag nanostructure IC50 values were 72.13 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 77.33 μg/ml (CQ-r). In MIC assays, low doses of the Ag nanostructures inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi. Finally, the predation efficiency of copepod M. aspericornis towards larvae of An. stephensi did not decrease in a nanoparticle-contaminated environment, if compared to control predation assays. Overall, the present research would suggest that an abundant hazardous waste, such as cigarette butts, can be turned to an important resource for nanosynthesis of highly effective antiplasmodials and insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadarkarai Murugan
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, 632 115, India
| | - Udaiyan Suresh
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
| | | | | | - Mathath Roni
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
| | - Al Thabiani Aziz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiang-Shiou Hwang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | | | - Aruliah Rajasekar
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, 632 115, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 23, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah A Alarfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
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Kolla JN, Kulkarni NM, Kura RR, Theepireddy SKR. Terminalia chebula Retz. – an important medicinal plant. HERBA POLONICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/hepo-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Ayurveda, whispered to be the ancient practice of healthcare existed and contributes a holistic approach to health, healing and longevity. Terminalia chebula Retz. is a popular plant and widely spread all over southern Asia. T. chebula is a native plant of India and its dried fruit is extensively used in various types of home remedies. Dried fruit of T. chebula contains high quantities phenolic compounds that consist of ellagic acid, gallic acid and chebulic acid. The fruit extract of T. chebula is known to display different biological properties like anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-protozoal, antimicrobial, hepato and renal protective activities, and in the management of metabolic syndrome. The phenolic active compounds might play vital role in the influence of biological activity. Fruit extract of T. chebula is widely employed as an important ingredient in various ayurvedic preparations like ‘Triphala’. This formulation is beneficial as detoxifying agent of the colon, purgative in chronic constipation, aids in digestion and as a body rejuvenator. The fruit has great medicinal significance and conventionally applied for the management of various illness conditions, such as sore throat, high cough, asthma, ulcers, gout, heart burn, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, bleeding piles and bladder diseases. It is also utilized as mild laxative, antispasmodic and stomachic. Because of these enormous medicinal properties, T. chebula is commonly termed as ‘King of Medicine’ in Tibet and can be called as a ‘wonder herb’. In the present review, recent advances in medicinal properties of T. chebula are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagaraj M. Kulkarni
- Hetero Research Foundation Plot No B80 & 81, A.P.I.E. Balanagar, Hyderabad-500018 Telangana , India
| | - Rathanakar Reddy Kura
- Hetero Research Foundation Plot No B80 & 81, A.P.I.E. Balanagar, Hyderabad-500018 Telangana , India
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Garcia AR, Amaral ACF, Azevedo MMB, Corte-Real S, Lopes RC, Alviano CS, Pinheiro AS, Vermelho AB, Rodrigues IA. Cytotoxicity and anti-Leishmania amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis leaf extracts. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1780-1786. [PMID: 28524774 PMCID: PMC6130762 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1325380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Leishmania amazonensis is the main agent of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease characterized by lesional polymorphism and the commitment of skin surface. Previous reports demonstrated that the Citrus genus possess antimicrobial activity. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the anti-L. amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Citrus sinensis dried leaves were subjected to maceration with hexane (CH), ethyl acetate (CEA), dichloromethane/ethanol (CD/Et - 1:1) or ethanol/water (CEt/W - 7:3). Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes were treated with C. sinensis extracts (1-525 μg/mL) for 120 h at 27 °C. Ultrastructure alterations of treated parasites were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed on RAW 264.7 and J774.G8 macrophages after 48-h treatment at 37 °C using the tetrazolium assay. In addition, Leishmania-infected macrophages were treated with CH and CD/Et (10-80 μg/mL). RESULTS CH, CD/Et and CEA displayed antileishmanial activity with 50% inhibitory activity (IC50) of 25.91 ± 4.87, 54.23 ± 3.78 and 62.74 ± 5.04 μg/mL, respectively. Parasites treated with CD/Et (131.2 μg/mL) presented severe alterations including mitochondrial swelling, lipid body formation and intense cytoplasmic vacuolization. CH and CD/Et demonstrated cytotoxic effects similar to that of amphotericin B in the anti-amastigote assays (SI of 2.16, 1.98 and 1.35, respectively). Triterpene amyrins were the main substances in CH and CD/Et extracts. In addition, 80 μg/mL of CD/Et reduced the number of intracellular amastigotes and the percentage of infected macrophages in 63% and 36%, respectively. CONCLUSION The results presented here highlight C. sinensis as a promising source of antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza R. Garcia
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana M. B. Azevedo
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Suzana Corte-Real
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Electron Microscopy Platform Rudolf Barth, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosana C. Lopes
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Celuta S. Alviano
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson S. Pinheiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alane B. Vermelho
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Igor A. Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Cordeiro TDM, Borghetti F, Caldas Oliveira SC, Bastos IMD, de Santana JM, Grellier P, Charneau S. Brazilian Cerrado Qualea grandiflora Mart. Leaves Exhibit Antiplasmodial and Trypanocidal Activities In vitro. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:668-672. [PMID: 29200731 PMCID: PMC5701409 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_100_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid spread of drug-resistant strains of protozoan parasites required the urgent need for new effective drugs. Natural products offer a variety of chemical structures, which make them a valuable source of lead compounds for the development of such new drugs. Cerrado is the second largest biome in Brazil and has the richest flora of all the world savannahs. We selected Qualea grandiflora, a plant species known for its proprieties in folk medicine and its antibacterial activity. Objective However, its antiprotozoal activity was not yet explored. Materials and Methods We investigated the activities of fractions from the ethyl acetate extract of Q. grandiflora leaves against human life forms of Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and for its cytotoxicity upon the rat L6-myoblast cell line. Ten fractions were produced by ethyl acetate:hexane chromatography. Results and Conclusion The fractions showed no cytotoxicity against L-6 cells (IC50 > 100 μg/mL) and no hemolysis propriety. Three fractions had a moderate activity against P. falciparum, anyone was active against T. cruzi but four fractions demonstrated a high activity against bloodstream forms of T. brucei gambiense (8.0< IC50 <15 μg/mL). Identification and characterization of the active compounds are currently under investigation. SUMMARY Qualea grandiflora is an endemic tree of the Brazilian Cerrado, which presents medicinal propertiesTen fractions of the ethyl acetate extract of Q. grandiflora leaves were assessed against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma Cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei gambienseNo fraction showed relevant cytotoxicity and hemolysis activityAll the fractions presented antiplasmodial and trypanocidal activitiesThree fractions with moderate antiplasmodial activity (49< IC50 <56 μg/mL)Four fractions with high activity against bloodstream forms of T. brucei gambiense (8.0< IC50 <15 μg/mL). Abbreviations used: CQ: Chloroquine, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, HMI: Modified Iscove's medium, IC50: Concentration inhibiting 50% of parasite growth, IC90: Concentration inhibiting 90% of parasite growth, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, RPMI: Roswell Park Memorial Institute, SD: Standard deviation, SI: Ratio of cytotoxicity to biological activity - TC50/IC50, TC50: Concentration causing 50% of cell growth inhibition, TC90: Concentration causing 90% of cell growth inhibition, TLC: Thin-layer chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuany de Moura Cordeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Darcy Ribeiro Campus, 70910-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Fabian Borghetti
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Thermobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Darcy Ribeiro Campus, 70910-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Sarah C Caldas Oliveira
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Allelopathy, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Izabela Marques Dourado Bastos
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Darcy Ribeiro Campus, 70910-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Jaime Martins de Santana
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Darcy Ribeiro Campus, 70910-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Philippe Grellier
- UMR 7245 CNRS, Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Microorganisms, CP 52, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 PARIS CEDEX 05, France
| | - Sébastien Charneau
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Darcy Ribeiro Campus, 70910-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
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Satish P, Sunita K. Antimalarial efficacy of Pongamia pinnata (L) Pierre against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain) and Plasmodium berghei (ANKA). BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:458. [PMID: 28893216 PMCID: PMC5594526 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1958-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The objective of the current study was to assess the in vitro antiplasmodial activities of leaf, bark, flower, and the root of Pongamia pinnata against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain), cytotoxicity against Brine shrimp larvae and THP-1 cell line. For in vivo study, the plant extract which has shown potent in vitro antimalarial activity was tested against Plasmodium berghei (ANKA strain). Methods The plant Pongamia pinnata was collected from the herbal garden of Acharya Nagarjuna University of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Sequentially crude extracts of methanol (polar), chloroform (non-polar), hexane (non-polar), ethyl acetate (non-polar) and aqueous (polar) of dried leaves, bark, flowers and roots of Pongamia pinnata were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were screened for in vitro antimalarial activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain. The cytotoxicity studies of crude extracts were conducted against Brine shrimp larvae and THP-1 cell line. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts was carried out by following the standard methods. The chemical injury to erythrocytes due to the plant extracts was checked. The in vivo study was conducted on P. berghei (ANKA) infected BALB/c albino mice by following 4-Day Suppressive, Repository, and Curative tests. Results Out of all the tested extracts, the methanol extract of the bark of Pongamia pinnata had shown an IC50 value of 11.67 μg/mL with potent in vitro antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that this extract was not toxic against Brine shrimp and THP-1 cells. The injury to erythrocytes analysis had not shown any morphological alterations and damage to the erythrocytes after 48 h of incubation. Because methanolic bark extract of Pongamia pinnata has shown good antimalarial activity in vitro, it was also tested in vivo. So the extract had exhibited an excellent activity against P. berghei malaria parasite while decrement of parasite counts was moderately low and dose-dependent (P < 0.05) when compared to the control groups, which shown a daily increase of parasitemia, unlike the CQ-treated groups. The highest concentration of the extract (1000 mg/kg b.wt./day) had shown 83.90, 87.47 and 94.67% of chemo-suppression during Suppressive, Repository, and Curative tests respectively which is almost nearer to the standard drug Chloroquine (5 mg/kg b.wt./day). Thus, the study has revealed that the methanolic bark extract had shown promisingly high ((P < 0.05) and dose-dependent chemo-suppression. The phytochemical screening of the crude extracts had shown the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins, carbohydrates, phenols, coumarins, saponins, phlobatannins and steroids. Conclusions The present study is useful to develop new antimalarial drugs in the scenario of the growing resistance to the existing antimalarials. Thus, additional research is needed to characterize the bioactive molecules of the extracts of Pongamia pinnata that are responsible for inhibition of malaria parasite.
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Exploring Alternative Use of Medicinal Plants for Sustainable Weed Management. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9081468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mao X, Wu LF, Guo HL, Chen WJ, Cui YP, Qi Q, Li S, Liang WY, Yang GH, Shao YY, Zhu D, She GM, You Y, Zhang LZ. The Genus Phyllanthus: An Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:7584952. [PMID: 27200104 PMCID: PMC4854999 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7584952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The plants of the genus Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) have been used as traditional medicinal materials for a long time in China, India, Brazil, and the Southeast Asian countries. They can be used for the treatment of digestive disease, jaundice, and renal calculus. This review discusses the ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacological studies of Phyllanthus over the past few decades. More than 510 compounds have been isolated, the majority of which are lignins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. The researches of their remarkable antiviral, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities have become hot topics. More pharmacological screenings and phytochemical investigations are required to support the traditional uses and develop leading compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ling-Fang Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Hong-Ling Guo
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Jing Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ya-Ping Cui
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Qi Qi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Shi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Wen-Yi Liang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Guang-Hui Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yan-Yan Shao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Gai-Mei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yun You
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Key laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lan-Zhen Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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Subramaniam J, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Kovendan K, Madhiyazhagan P, Dinesh D, Kumar PM, Chandramohan B, Suresh U, Rajaganesh R, Alsalhi MS, Devanesan S, Nicoletti M, Canale A, Benelli G. Multipurpose effectiveness of Couroupita guianensis-synthesized gold nanoparticles: high antiplasmodial potential, field efficacy against malaria vectors and synergy with Aplocheilus lineatus predators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:7543-7558. [PMID: 26732702 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-6007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases represent a deadly threat for millions of people worldwide. According to recent estimates, about 3.2 billion people, almost half of the world's population, are at risk of malaria. Malaria control is particularly challenging due to a growing number of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium and pesticide-resistant Anopheles vectors. Newer and safer control tools are required. In this research, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were biosynthesized using a cheap flower extract of Couroupita guianensis as reducing and stabilizing agent. The biofabrication of AuNP was confirmed by UV-vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential, and particle size analysis. AuNP showed different shapes including spheres, ovals, and triangles. AuNPs were crystalline in nature with face-centered cubic geometry; mean size was 29.2-43.8 nm. In laboratory conditions, AuNPs were toxic against Anopheles stephensi larvae, pupae, and adults. LC50 was 17.36 ppm (larva I), 19.79 ppm (larva II), 21.69 ppm (larva III), 24.57 ppm (larva IV), 28.78 ppm (pupa), and 11.23 ppm (adult). In the field, a single treatment with C. guianensis flower extract and AuNP (10 × LC50) led to complete larval mortality after 72 h. In standard laboratory conditions, the predation efficiency of golden wonder killifish, Aplocheilus lineatus, against A. stephensi IV instar larvae was 56.38 %, while in an aquatic environment treated with sub-lethal doses of the flower extract or AuNP, predation efficiency was boosted to 83.98 and 98.04 %, respectively. Lastly, the antiplasmodial activity of C. guianensis flower extract and AuNP was evaluated against CQ-resistant (CQ-r) and CQ-sensitive (CQ-s) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. IC50 of C. guianensis flower extract was 43.21 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 51.16 μg/ml (CQ-r). AuNP IC50 was 69.47 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 76.33 μg/ml (CQ-r). Overall, our results showed the multipurpose effectiveness of C. guianensis-synthesized AuNPs, since they may be proposed as newer and safer tools in the fight against CQ-r strains of P. falciparum and for field control of malaria vectors, in synergy with wonder killifish predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayapal Subramaniam
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chellasamy Panneerselvam
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kalimuthu Kovendan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pari Madhiyazhagan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devakumar Dinesh
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Mahesh Kumar
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balamurugan Chandramohan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Udaiyan Suresh
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajapandian Rajaganesh
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohamad Saleh Alsalhi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancer, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandhanasamy Devanesan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancer, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcello Nicoletti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Chemistry and Pharmacology of Citrus sinensis. Molecules 2016; 21:247. [PMID: 26907240 PMCID: PMC6273684 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently the search for new drugs from natural resources is of growing interest to the pharmaceutical industry. Natural products have been the source of new drugs since ancient times. Plants are a good source of secondary metabolites which have been found to have beneficial properties. The present study is a review of the chemistry and pharmacology of Citrus sinensis. This review reveals the therapeutic potential of C. sinensis as a source of natural compounds with important activities that are beneficial for human health that could be used to develop new drugs.
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Ghosh Tarafdar R, Nath S, Das Talukdar A, Dutta Choudhury M. Cicca acida L.: phytochemistry and pharmacological studies. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:148-58. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Cicca acida L., is reported with traditional and pharmacological uses, and a good number of pure compounds have been isolated from its different parts. But published information is sporadic and fragmentary in nature. Therefore, it is imperative to have a comprehensive account of all of its medicinal potentialities with critical analysis. In this review, the traditional reports, phytochemical and pharmacology studies associated with Cicca acida have been compiled to figure out the net possibilities for its application in modern medicine.
Key findings
Careful scrutiny reveals that the plant possesses a huge range of medicinal properties, but published report analysis suggests that the plant is effectively used as antibacterial, hepatoprotective, anticonceptive and antidiabetic purposes. The published papers revealed the bioactivity of only 04 compounds. This indicates that a good number of isolated major compounds of this plant are yet to be pharmacologically investigated.
Conclusion
Intensive study of Cicca acida showed that despite of its plentiful isolated molecules, the effort leading to final product stage seems to be less. Therefore, the plant and its compounds need concentrated effort towards establishment of its therapeutic potentialities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramananda Ghosh Tarafdar
- Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Sushmita Nath
- Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Anupam Das Talukdar
- Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Manabendra Dutta Choudhury
- Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
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In vitro antiplasmodial efficacy of mangrove plant, Ipomoea pes-caprae against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain). ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Murugan K, Aarthi N, Kovendan K, Panneerselvam C, Chandramohan B, Kumar PM, Amerasan D, Paulpandi M, Chandirasekar R, Dinesh D, Suresh U, Subramaniam J, Higuchi A, Alarfaj AA, Nicoletti M, Mehlhorn H, Benelli G. Mosquitocidal and antiplasmodial activity of Senna occidentalis (Cassiae) and Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) from Maruthamalai hills against Anopheles stephensi and Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3657-64. [PMID: 26122992 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Each year, mosquito-borne diseases infect nearly 700 million people, resulting to more than 1 million deaths. In this study, we evaluated the larvicidal, pupicidal, and smoke toxicity of Senna occidentalis and Ocimum basilicum leaf extracts against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. Furthermore, the antiplasmodial activity of plant extracts was evaluated against chloroquine (CQ)-resistant (CQ-r) and CQ-sensitive (CQ-s) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. In larvicidal and pupicidal experiments, S. occidentalis LC50 ranged from 31.05 (I instar larvae) to 75.15 ppm (pupae), and O. basilicum LC50 ranged from 29.69 (I instar larvae) to 69 ppm (pupae). Smoke toxicity experiments conducted against adults showed that S. occidentalis and O. basilicum coils evoked mortality rates comparable to the pyrethrin-based positive control (38, 52, and 42%, respectively). In antiplasmodial assays, Senna occidentalis 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) were 48.80 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 54.28 μg/ml (CQ-r), while O. basilicum IC50 were 68.14 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 67.27 μg/ml (CQ-r). Overall, these botanicals could be considered as potential sources of metabolites to build newer and safer malaria control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadarkarai Murugan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ghosh Tarafdar R, Nath S, Das Talukdar A, Dutta Choudhury M. Antidiabetic plants used among the ethnic communities of Unakoti district of Tripura, India. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 160:219-226. [PMID: 25457986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A large group of ethnic communities living in Unakoti district of Tripura, India is still dependent on traditional herbal remedies for treatment of diabetes. Valuable information collected from these communities in the present investigation is important in maintaining their indigenous knowledge of folklore medicine. METHODS Systematic and extensive field surveys were conducted during 2011-2013 among the ethnic inhabitants of Unokati district, Tripura, India covering all the seasons to collect information on their traditional herbal medication system for treatment of diabetes. Obtained data were analysed through fidelity level (FL), use value (UV) and relative frequency of citation (RFC) to authenticate the uniqueness of the species being used for diabetes treatment. RESULTS In this current study a total of 39 medicinal plant species belonging to 37 genera and 28 families were presented, used by the traditional healers of Unakoti district, Tripura, India for diabetes treatment. FL, UV and RFC values of collected plants for the selected study area ranges between 06% and 100%, 0.07% and 2.64% and 0.02% and 0.51% respectively. Out of 39 collected plants, 11, 5 and 3 plant species have showed significant (<50%) FL, UV and RFC values respectively. CONCLUSION Like many other ethnic communities of the world, inhabitants of Unakoti district depend on a traditional medication system to treat diabetes. Documented floras are locally available and need proper further pharmacological validation to endorse their traditional use in a modern health care system. This will help in the development of effective herbal antidiabetic medicines in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramananda Ghosh Tarafdar
- Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India.
| | - Sushmita Nath
- Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
| | - Anupam Das Talukdar
- Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
| | - Manabendra Dutta Choudhury
- Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
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Jadhav P, Lal H, Kshirsagar N. Assessment of potency of PC-complexed Ocimum sanctum methanol extract in embryonated eggs against Influenza virus (H1N1). Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S86-91. [PMID: 24914314 PMCID: PMC4047570 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.127352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite of new vaccines, the threat of influenza infection persists. In addition, availability, cost, duration of protection rendered and effectiveness of vaccines additional to the need of effective drug therapy makes influenza a challenge, which the globe faces. Traditionally used herbs and their decoctions are used for ages to cure symptoms similar to influenza. Tulsi or Ocimum sanctum is one of these major herbs used for influenza-like disease treatment. We attempted to explore a new methodology for assessing phosphatidyl choline (PC)-complexed O. sanctum methanol extract in embryonated vaccine quality eggs model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PC-complexed O. sanctum methanol extract was prepared and standardized using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). (Data not provided here) Nine to 11 days embryonated eggs were inoculated with the virus and drug mixture and then harvested to perform a hemagglutination (HA) test on the allantoic fluid. The experiments were performed at three different concentrations of ursolic acid with various virus concentration and dose levels of drugs. The HA titer was calculated from all experiments and observed for any inhibition of virus. RESULTS In initial experiments, matrix method for drug and virus concentration was employed. It was observed that the drug exhibited some response for 3log EID50 (egg infective dose) in few samples at 1:2 HA titer, but no response was observed at 4log EID50. In subsequent experiment, all the virus titers from 7log EID50 to 2log EID50 demonstrated positive HA titer of 1:64. However, the drug failed to exhibit any significant inhibition at any level of demonstrable virus titer. At all the concentrations, O. sanctum extracts were found to be safe. CONCLUSION The embryonated egg model may be utilized further to screen other drugs, which possess direct inhibitory properties like neuraminidase inhibition, and O. sanctum does not inhibit the influenza virus in this model at the given concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Jadhav
- University Department of Infectious Diseases and University Department of Interpathy Research and Technology, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, K.E.M. Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Nilima Kshirsagar
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India ; Employees' State Insurance Corporation's, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science and Research Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Evaluation of the in vitro antiplasmodial, antileishmanial, and antitrypanosomal activity of medicinal plants used in saudi and yemeni traditional medicine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:905639. [PMID: 24963330 PMCID: PMC4055400 DOI: 10.1155/2014/905639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The antiplasmodial, antileishmanial, and antitrypanosomal activity of twenty-five medicinal plants distributed in Saudi Arabia and Yemen was evaluated. The plants were extracted with methanol and screened in vitro against erythrocytic schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum, intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi, and free trypomastigotes of T. brucei. To assess selectivity, cytotoxicity was determined on MRC-5 cells. Criteria for activity were an IC50 < 10 μg/mL and high selectivity (SI). Seven plants showed interesting antiprotozoal activity in one or more models. Extracts of Caralluma penicillata and Acalypha ciliata showed fairly good activity against P. falciparum with IC50 of 6.7 and 10.8 μg/mL and adequate selectivity (SI > 9.6 and >5.9). Interesting activity against L. infantum was obtained with Verbascum bottae (IC50 of 3.2 μg/mL, SI 10.2) and Solanum glabratum (IC50 8.1 μg/mL, SI 3.4). The extracts of C. penicillata, Leucas virgata, Loranthus regularis, and V. bottae exhibited moderate activity against T. brucei (IC50 8.5, 8.1, 8.3, and 2.3 μg/mL; SI > 7.6, 7.7, 4.3, and >14.1). These results partly support the traditional use of some of the selected medicinal plants and warrant further investigations into the putative active constituents.
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Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Roopan SM, Bagavan A, Elango G, Zahir AA, Rajakumar G, Jayaseelan C, Santhoshkumar T, Marimuthu S, Kirthi AV. Bioassay-guided isolation and characterization of active antiplasmodial compounds from Murraya koenigii extracts against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1657-72. [PMID: 24638906 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an overwhelming impact in the poorest countries in the world due to their prevalence, virulence and drug resistance ability. Currently, there is inadequate armoury of drugs for the treatment of malaria. This underscores the continuing need for the discovery and development of new effective and safe antimalarial drugs. To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of the leaf ethyl acetate extract of Murraya koenigii, bioassay-guided chromatographic fractionation was employed for the isolation and purification of antimalarial compounds. The in vitro antimalarial activity was assayed by the erythrocytic stages of chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) in culture using the fluorescence-based SYBR Green I assay. The in vivo assay was done by administering mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (NK65) four consecutive daily doses of the extracts through oral route following Peter's 4-day curative standard test. The percentage suppression of parasitaemia was calculated for each dose level by comparing the parasitaemia in untreated control with those of treated mice. Cytotoxicity was determined against HeLa cells using MTT assay. Histopathology was studied in kidney, liver and spleen of isolated compound-treated Swiss albino mice. The leaf crude ethyl acetate extract of M. koenigii showed good in vitro antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum. The in vivo test of the leaf crude ethyl acetate extract (600 mg/kg) showed reduced malaria parasitaemia by 86.6% against P. berghei in mice. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the leaf ethyl acetate extract of M. koenigii led to the isolation of two purified fractions C3B2 (2.84 g) and C3B4 (1.97 g). The purified fractions C3B2 and C3B4 were found to be active with IC50 values of 10.5 ± 0.8 and 8.25 ± 0.2 μg/mL against P. falciparum, and in vivo activity significantly reduced parasitaemia by 82.6 and 88.2% at 100 mg/kg/body weight on day 4 against P. berghei, respectively. The isolated fractions C3B2 and C3B4 were monitored by thin-layer chromatography until a single spot was obtained with R f values of 0.36 and 0.52, respectively. The pure compounds obtained in the present investigation were subjected to UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transformer infrared spectroscopy, 1D and 2D (1)H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), (13)C NMR, DEPT, COSY and Mass spectral analysis. Based on the spectral analysis, it is concluded that the isolated compounds were myristic acid (C3B2) and β-caryophyllene (C3B4). The cytotoxic effect of myristic acid and β-caryophyllene showed the TC50 values of >100 and 80.5 μg/mL, respectively against HeLa cell line. The histopathology study showed that protection against nephrotoxicity of kidney, hepatic damage of liver and splenocytes protection in spleen was achieved with the highest dose tested at 100 mg/kg/body weight. The present study provides evidence of antiplasmodial compounds from M. koenigii and is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
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Bag A, Bhattacharyya SK, Chattopadhyay RR. The development of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) in clinical research. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:244-52. [PMID: 23620847 PMCID: PMC3631759 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to combat diseases from the dawn of civilization. Terminalia chebula Retz. (Fam. Combretaceae), is called the 'King of Medicine' in Tibet and is always listed at the top of the list of 'Ayurvedic Materia Medica' because of its extraordinary power of healing. The whole plant possesses high medicinal value and traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments for human beings. Some of the folklore people used this plant in the treatment of asthma, sore throat, vomiting, hiccough, diarrhea, dysentery, bleeding piles, ulcers, gout, heart and bladder diseases. The plant has been demonstrated to possess multiple pharmacological and medicinal activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, radioprotective, cardioprotective, antiarthritic, anticaries, gastrointestinal motility and wound healing activity. But no systematic updated information on the therapeutic effectiveness of Terminalia chebula, a popular herbal remedy in India and South-East Asia has so far been reported. This review highlights an updated information particularly on the phytochemistry and various pharmacological and medicinal properties of Terminalia chebula Retz. and some of its isolated compounds, along with their safety evaluation. This may provide incentive for proper evaluation of the plant as medicinal agent against the human diseases and also to bridge the lacunae in the existing literature and future scope which may offer immense opportunity for researchers engaged in validation of the traditional claims and development of safe and effective botanical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rabi Ranjan Chattopadhyay
- *Corresponding author: Rabi Ranjan Chattopadhyay, Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road Kolkata-700 108, India. Tel: +91-33-2575 3275 Fax: +91-33-2577 3049 E-mail: ;
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Keluskar P, Ingle S. Ethnopharmacology guided screening of traditional Indian herbs for selective inhibition of Plasmodium specific lactate dehydrogenase. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:201-207. [PMID: 22982392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal plants traditionally used to treat malaria can provide quality leads towards identifying novel anti-malarial drugs. Here we combined this approach with target based drug discovery and explored Plasmodium specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) inhibitory activity of 8 Indian plants which are ethnically used to treat malaria. METHODS LDH from Indian Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax strains, were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, followed by purification of recombinant enzymes (rPfLDH and rPvLDH respectively). Extracts of 8 plants in different organic and aqueous solvents, were screened for their inhibitory activity on rPfLDH, rPvLDH and mammalian LDHs. Phyllanthus amarus aqueous extract was further tested for in vitro parasiticidal activity. RESULTS Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn. and chloroform extract of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. exhibited profound and exclusive inhibitory effect on Plasmodium falciparum LDH (IC(50)=11.2 μg/ml ± 0.4) and Plasmodium vivax LDH (IC(50)=6.0 μg/ml ± 0.6) respectively. Moreover, Phyllanthus amarus aqueous extract also demonstrated antiplasmodial activity in vitro, on Chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum (IC(50)=7.1 μg/ml ± 0.5 and 6.9 μg/ml ± 0.7 respectively). CONCLUSION Target specific screening of traditional herbs used in malaria treatment has proffered Phyllanthus amarus and Murraya koenigii extracts as hits which can optimistically provide novel antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshan Keluskar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science, M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, India
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Venkatesalu V, Gopalan N, Pillai CR, Singh V, Chandrasekaran M, Senthilkumar A, Chandramouli N. In vitro anti-plasmodial activity of some traditionally used medicinal plants against Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:497-501. [PMID: 22290450 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The anti-plasmodial activity of different solvent extracts of Adhatoda vasica (root), Caesalpinia pulcherrima (leaf), Carica papaya (pulp), Erythroxylum monogynum (leaf), Lantana camara (whole plant), Ocimum sanctum (root) and Phyllanthus niruri (whole plant) were studied against Plasmodium falciparum. Of the 35 extracts tested, seven extracts showed good anti-plasmodial activity. Methanol extract of C. pulcherrima showed the lowest IC50 value (10.96 μg/mL) followed by methanol extract of A. vasica (IC(50)=11.1 μg/mL), chloroform extract of O. sanctum (IC(50)=11.47 μg/mL), methanol extract of E. monogynum (IC(50)=12.23 μg/mL), acetone extract of C. pulcherrima (IC(50)=12.49 μg/mL), methanol extract of O. sanctum and acetone extract of A. vasica (IC(50)=14.04 μg/mL). The results of the present study justify the use of these medicinal plants in traditional practice, and also, a further study on the isolation of anti-plasmodial molecules from their active crude extracts is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Venkatesalu
- Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002 Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kamaraj C, Kaushik NK, Rahuman AA, Mohanakrishnan D, Bagavan A, Elango G, Zahir AA, Santhoshkumar T, Marimuthu S, Jayaseelan C, Kirthi AV, Rajakumar G, Velayutham K, Sahal D. Antimalarial activities of medicinal plants traditionally used in the villages of Dharmapuri regions of South India. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:796-802. [PMID: 22433533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE An ethnopharmacological investigation of medicinal plants traditionally used to treat diseases associated with fevers in Dharmapuri region of South India was undertaken. Twenty four plants were identified and evaluated for their in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum and assessed for cytotoxicity against HeLa cell line. AIM OF THE STUDY This antimalarial in vitro study was planned to correlate and validate the traditional usage of medicinal plants against malaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ethnobotanical survey was made in Dharmapuri region, Tamil Nadu, India to identify plants used in traditional medicine against fevers. Selected plants were extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol and evaluated for antimalarial activity against erythrocytic stages of chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive 3D7 and CQ-resistant INDO strains of Plasmodium falciparum in culture using the fluorescence-based SYBR Green I assay. Cytotoxicity was determined against HeLa cells using MTT assay. RESULTS Promising antiplasmodial activity was found in Aegle marmelos [leaf methanol extract (ME) (IC(50)=7 μg/mL] and good activities were found in Lantana camara [leaf ethyl acetate extract (EAE) IC(50)=19 μg/mL], Leucas aspera (flower EAE IC(50)=12.5 μg/mL), Momordica charantia (leaf EAE IC(50)=17.5 μg/mL), Phyllanthus amarus (leaf ME IC(50)=15 μg/mL) and Piper nigrum (seed EAE IC(50)=12.5 μg/mL). The leaf ME of Aegle marmelos which showed the highest activity against Plasmodium falciparum elicited low cytotoxicity (therapeutic index>13). CONCLUSION These results provide validation for the traditional usage of some medicinal plants against malaria in Dharmapuri region, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
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In vitro antiplasmodial effect of ethanolic extracts of traditional medicinal plant Ocimum species against Plasmodium falciparum. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 5:103-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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In vitro determination of anticryptosporidial activity of phytogenic extracts and compounds. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:231-40. [PMID: 22278729 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2824-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium spp. is an important diarrhoeal disease observed in farm animals and humans, especially in young or immunocompromised individuals. A novel cell culture assay for testing extracts and pure compounds against Cryptosporidium parvum in 96-well microplate format was established and evaluated. It is based on previously described indirect fluorescent antibody techniques and was optimised for higher sample throughput. Rapid assessment of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was done by checking each well microscopically for the presence or absence of parasite stages. As a novelty, parasite development was quantified by enumeration of clusters of secondary infection (CSI), which typically appeared upon infection with a distinct parasite inoculum after a defined incubation time. Host cell (HCT-8) viability was measured by an integrated non-destructive water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay (WST-1), which facilitated discrimination of antiparasitic activity from possible cytotoxic effects of a test compound against the host cells. Host cell viability was regarded unimpaired when cultures had 75% or more viability when compared to control cultures without test substance. In this study, a maximum density of distinguishable CSI was obtained when cultures were infected with 2.5 × 10(3) oocysts and incubated for 48 h. The applicable inoculum has to be optimised for each batch of oocysts and before each experimental series. Parasite development was inhibited completely by monensin at 134 nM and silymarin at 50 mg/mL. These concentrations were non-toxic to the host cells and comparable to literature data. The percentages of parasite inhibition were determined for monensin and a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 36.6 nM (27.4-45.5) and a 90% inhibitory concentration of 65.9 nM (54.8-90.2) were calculated. The introduced assay is economic because relatively low parasite numbers may be used. If MICs are determined, evaluation is fast, as each well is viewed only briefly under the fluorescence microscope for presence or absence of CSI. Furthermore it is highly critical because only full parasite inhibition is assessed. Counting of CSI is more laborious and time-consuming, but it allows calculation of parasite inhibition rates and parameters like the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)). This assay shall be used to assess anticryptosporidial activities of various plant waste materials and by-products from the food and the pharmaceutical industries in the course of the EU project SAFEWASTES. Comparison with in vivo models should be performed to further corroborate the results. Automated evaluation by flow cytometry might facilitate higher sample throughput and reduce operator bias.
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Arjunan N, Murugan K, Madhiyazhagan P, Kovendan K, Prasannakumar K, Thangamani S, Barnard DR. Mosquitocidal and water purification properties of Cynodon dactylon, Aloe vera, Hemidesmus indicus and Coleus amboinicus leaf extracts against the mosquito vectors. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1435-43. [PMID: 21947308 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethanolic extracts of Cynodon dactylon, Aloe vera, Hemidesmus indicus and Coleus amboinicus were tested for their toxicity effect on the third-instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. The leaves of C. dactylon, A. vera, H. indicus and C. amboinicus were collected from natural habitats (forests) in Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 250 g of fresh, mature leaves were rinsed with distilled water and dried in shade. The dried leaves were put in Soxhlet apparatus and extract prepared using 100% ethanol for 72 h at 30-40°C. Dried residues were obtained from 100 g of extract evaporated to dryness in rotary vacuum evaporator. Larvicidal properties of ethanolic leaf extracts showed that the extracts are effective as mosquito control agents. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h exposure. No mortality was observed in the control. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) values observed for the larvicidal activities are 0.44%, 0.51%, 0.59% and 0.68% for extracts of C. dactylon, A. vera, H. indicus and C. amboinicus, respectively. The observed mortality were statistically significant at P < 0.05 level. C. dactylon showed the highest mortality rate against the three species of mosquito larvae in laboratory and field. The selected plants were shown to exhibit water purification properties. Water quality parameters such as turbidity, pH and water clarity were analyzed in the water samples (pre-treatment and post-treatment of plant extracts) taken from the different breeding sites of mosquitoes. Water colour, turbidity and pH were reduced significantly after treatment with C. dactylon (13 HU, 31.5 mg/l and 6.9), H. indicus (13.8 HU, 33 mg/l and 7.1), A. vera (16 HU, 33.8 mg/l and 7.4) and C. amboinicus (21 HU, 35 mg/l and 7.5) extracts. The study proved that the extracts of C. dactylon, A. vera, H. indicus and C. amboinicus have both mosquitocidal and water sedimentation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareshkumar Arjunan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046 Tamil Nadu, India.
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Lu C, Zhang HY, Ji J, Wang GX. In vivo anthelmintic activity of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Kochia scoparia, and Polygala tenuifolia against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monogenea) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1085-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kovendan K, Murugan K, Vincent S, Barnard DR. Studies on larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Leucas aspera Willd. (Lamiaceae) and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus sphaericus, against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2011; 110:195-203. [PMID: 21626422 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of whole plant extracts of Leucas aspera and Bacillus sphaericus has been proven against larvicidal and pupicidal activities of the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi. The present study investigated the larvicidal and pupicidal activity against the first to fourth instar lavae and pupae of the laboratory-reared mosquitoes, A. stephensi. The medicinal plants were collected from the area around Maruthamalai hills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. L. aspera whole plant was washed with tap water and shade dried at room temperature. The dried plant materials were powdered by an electric blender. From the powder, 100 g of the plant materials was extracted with 300 ml of organic solvents of ethanol for 8 h using a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were filtered through a Buchner funnel with Whatman number 1 filter paper. The crude plant extracts were evaporated to dryness in a rotary vacuum evaporator. The plant extract showed larvicidal and pupicidal effects after 24 h of exposure. All larval instars and pupae have considerably moderate mortality; however, the highest larval mortality was the ethanolic extract of whole plant L. aspera against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae values of LC(50) = I instar was 9.695%, II instar was 10.272%, III instar was 10.823%, and IV instar was 11.303%, and pupae was 12.732%. B. spaericus against the first to fouth instar larvae and pupae had the following values: I instar was 0.051%, II instar was 0.057%, III instar was 0.062%, IV instar was 0.066%, and for the pupae was 0.073%. No mortality was observed in the control. The present results suggest that the ethanolic extracts of L. aspera and B. sphaericus provided an excellent potential for controlling of malarial vector, A. stephensi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalimuthu Kovendan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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