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Kubina S, Costa D, Favennec L, Gargala G, Rousseau A, Villena I, La Carbona S, Razakandrainibe R. Detection of Infectious Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts from Lamb's Lettuce: CC-qPCR's Intake. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020215. [PMID: 33494236 PMCID: PMC7909830 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. is responsible for several food and waterborne disease outbreaks worldwide. Healthier lifestyles attract consumers to eat, notably, fresh food like fruits and vegetables. The consumption of raw or under-cooked food increases the risk of foodborne transmission of Cryptosporidiosis. The assessment of the consumer’s exposure to Cryptosporidium danger is crucial for public health. Still, the standardized method to detect this parasite in fresh leafy greens and berry fruits has only been available since 2016 and suffers from weaknesses. Consequently, in this study, we propose a method with minimum processing steps that combines cell culture and the quantitative PCR (CC–qPCR) for detecting infectious C. parvum oocysts recovered from lamb’s lettuce. This CC–qPCR is a rapid and easy method that can detect up to one oocyst, whereas it is undetectable by classic qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kubina
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50 000 Saint-Lô, France; (A.R.); (S.L.C.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76 000 Rouen, France; (D.C.); (L.F.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Damien Costa
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76 000 Rouen, France; (D.C.); (L.F.); (G.G.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, 76 000 Rouen, France
| | - Loïc Favennec
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76 000 Rouen, France; (D.C.); (L.F.); (G.G.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, 76 000 Rouen, France
| | - Gilles Gargala
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76 000 Rouen, France; (D.C.); (L.F.); (G.G.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, 76 000 Rouen, France
| | - Angélique Rousseau
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50 000 Saint-Lô, France; (A.R.); (S.L.C.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 7510, SFR CAP-Santé, Université Reims-Champagne Ardenne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, 51 000 Reims, France;
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 7510, SFR CAP-Santé, Université Reims-Champagne Ardenne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, 51 000 Reims, France;
| | - Stéphanie La Carbona
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50 000 Saint-Lô, France; (A.R.); (S.L.C.)
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76 000 Rouen, France; (D.C.); (L.F.); (G.G.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, 76 000 Rouen, France
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (R.R.)
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Miller CN, Panagos CG, Mosedale WRT, Kváč M, Howard MJ, Tsaousis AD. NMR metabolomics reveals effects of Cryptosporidium infections on host cell metabolome. Gut Pathog 2019; 11:13. [PMID: 30984292 PMCID: PMC6446323 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium is an important gut microbe whose contributions towards infant and immunocompromise patient mortality rates are steadily increasing. Over the last decade, we have seen the development of various tools and methods for studying Cryptosporidium infection and its interactions with their hosts. One area that is sorely overlooked is the effect infection has on host metabolic processes. Results Using a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance approach to metabolomics, we have explored the nature of the mouse gut metabolome as well as providing the first insight into the metabolome of an infected cell line. Statistical analysis and predictive modelling demonstrated new understandings of the effects of a Cryptosporidium infection, while verifying the presence of known metabolic changes. Of note is the potential contribution of host derived taurine to the diarrhoeal aspects of the disease previously attributed to a solely parasite-based alteration of the gut environment, in addition to other metabolites involved with host cell catabolism. Conclusion This approach will spearhead our understanding of the Cryptosporidium-host metabolic exchange and provide novel targets for tackling this deadly parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Miller
- 1Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Charalampos G Panagos
- 2Biomolecular NMR Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,5Present Address: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - William R T Mosedale
- 1Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Martin Kváč
- 3Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,4Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mark J Howard
- 2Biomolecular NMR Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,6Present Address: School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Anastasios D Tsaousis
- 1Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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Pecková R, Stuart PD, Sak B, Květoňová D, Kváč M, Foitová I. Statistical comparison of excystation methods in Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Vet Parasitol 2016; 230:1-5. [PMID: 27884435 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Excystation of sporozoites of Cryptosporidium parvum from oocysts is essential for successful in vitro assays. It has also been traditionally used as a measure for oocyst viability and infectivity. Laboratories use various excystation protocols so there is a need to clarify which method is the best. In this study, six different protocols for in vitro excystation of C. parvum oocysts were compared to find the most efficient excystation method (expressed as percentage excystation). Tested protocols differed in chemical pre-incubation steps, excystation media or time of incubation. There were significant differences in percentage of excysted oocysts among groups excysted by different methods. There were also significant differences in percentage of excysted oocysts between methods using pre-incubation with sodium hypochlorite and those without. The other variables examined; the presence of trypsin, kind of excystation medium and the incubation time, did not show statistical differences in percentage excystation among groups. Pre-incubation steps which included sodium hypochlorite, enhancing the permeability of the oocysts were found to increase the excystation ratio and methods using this step were the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Pecková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter D Stuart
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Dana Květoňová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivona Foitová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
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The fine structure of sexual stage development and sporogony of Cryptosporidium parvum in cell-free culture. Parasitology 2016; 143:749-61. [PMID: 26935529 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The sexual stages and new oocysts development of Cryptosporidium parvum were investigated in a cell-free culture system using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sexual development was extremely rapid after inoculation of oocysts into the medium. The process began within 1/2-12 h and was completed with new oocyst formation 120 h post-inoculation. The macrogamonts were bounded by two membranes and had amylopectin granules and two distinct types of wall-forming bodies. The microgamonts had a large nucleus showing lobe projections and condensation of chromatin, giving rise to peripherally budding microgametes. The microgametes contained a large area of granular substance containing groups of microtubules surrounding the electron-dense nucleus. In some instances, the dividing microgamy was observed in cell-free cultures with no preceding merogonic process. Fertilization was observed with the bullet-shaped microgamete penetrating an immature macrogamont at 24 and 216 h. The new thin- and thick-walled oocysts had a large residuum with polysaccharide granules and sporogony noted inside these oocysts. Novel immature four-layer walled thick oocysts with irregular knob-like protrusions on the outer layer resembling the immature Eimeria oocysts were also observed. The present study confirms the gametogony and sporogony of C. parvum in cell-free culture and describes their ultra-structure for the first time.
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In vitro excystation of Cryptosporidium muris oocysts and viability of released sporozoites in different incubation media. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:1113-21. [PMID: 26678654 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate and document the excystation process of Cryptosporidium muris oocysts in various incubation media, and to monitor the behaviour of excysting and freshly excysted sporozoites. A test of oocyst viability, using fluorescent double staining with fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide, was performed prior to each experimental assay. Light microscope observations confirmed that relatively often only three sporozoites were released; the fourth one either left the oocyst later together with a residual body or remained trapped within the oocyst wall. These results suggest that successful oocyst excystation is not limited by the viability of all four sporozoites. Darkening of oocysts to opaque and their specific movement (the so-called "oocyst dancing") preceded the final excystation and liberation of sporozoites, while the dormant oocysts appeared refractive. The process of excystation in C. muris is not gradual as generally described in cryptosporidia but very rapid in an eruptive manner. Experiments were performed using oocysts stored at 4 °C for various time periods, as well as oocysts freshly shed from host rodents (Mastomys coucha) of different ages. The most suitable medium supporting high excystation rate (76 %) and prolonged motility of sporozoites was RPMI 1640, enriched with 5 % bovine serum albumin (BSA). Our results emphasize that to reliably evaluate the success of in vitro excystation of cryptosporidia, not only the number of released sporozoites in a set time period should be taken into consideration but also their subsequent activity (motility), as it is expected to be essential for the invasion of host cells.
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