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Ekloh W, Asafu-Adjaye A, Tawiah-Mensah CNL, Ayivi-Tosuh SM, Quartey NKA, Aiduenu AF, Gayi BK, Koudonu JAM, Basing LA, Yamoah JAA, Dofuor AK, Osei JHN. A comprehensive exploration of schistosomiasis: Global impact, molecular characterization, drug discovery, artificial intelligence and future prospects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33070. [PMID: 38988508 PMCID: PMC11234110 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, one of the neglected tropical diseases which affects both humans and animals, is caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma. The disease is caused by several species of Schistosoma which affect several organs such as urethra, liver, bladder, intestines, skin and bile ducts. The life cycle of the disease involves an intermediate host (snail) and a mammalian host. It affects people who are in close proximity to water bodies where the intermediate host is abundant. Common clinical manifestations of the disease at various stages include fever, chills, headache, cough, dysuria, hyperplasia and hydronephrosis. To date, most of the control strategies are dependent on effective diagnosis, chemotherapy and public health education on the biology of the vectors and parasites. Microscopy (Kato-Katz) is considered the golden standard for the detection of the parasite, while praziquantel is the drug of choice for the mass treatment of the disease since no vaccines have yet been developed. Most of the previous reviews on schistosomiasis have concentrated on epidemiology, life cycle, diagnosis, control and treatment. Thus, a comprehensive review that is in tune with modern developments is needed. Here, we extend this domain to cover historical perspectives, global impact, symptoms and detection, biochemical and molecular characterization, gene therapy, current drugs and vaccine status. We also discuss the prospects of using plants as potential and alternative sources of novel anti-schistosomal agents. Furthermore, we highlight advanced molecular techniques, imaging and artificial intelligence that may be useful in the future detection and treatment of the disease. Overall, the proper detection of schistosomiasis using state-of-the-art tools and techniques, as well as development of vaccines or new anti-schistosomal drugs may aid in the elimination of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ekloh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Andy Asafu-Adjaye
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christopher Nii Laryea Tawiah-Mensah
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Naa Kwarley-Aba Quartey
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Albert Fynn Aiduenu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Blessing Kwabena Gayi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Laud Anthony Basing
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jennifer Afua Afrifa Yamoah
- Animal Health Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Animal Research Institute, Adenta-Frafraha, Accra, Ghana
| | - Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Dos Santos M, de Faria MT, da Silva JO, Gandra IB, Ribeiro AJ, Silva KA, Nogueira LM, Machado JM, da Silveira Mariano RM, Gonçalves AAM, Ludolf F, Candia-Puma MA, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Campos-da-Paz M, Giunchetti RC, Galdino AS. A Mini-Review on Elisa-Based Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:585-598. [PMID: 37143281 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230504140828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the genus schistosoma, which affects approximately 240 million people worldwide. the diagnosis of the disease can be performed by parasitological, molecular, and/or immunological methods, however, the development of new diagnostic methods still essential to guide policy decisions, monitor disease trends and assess the effectiveness of interventions. OBJECTIVE in this sense, the current work summarizes the findings of a systematic review regarding antigens applied in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test, which were patented and published over the last ten years. METHODS the literature search strategy used medical subject heading (mesh) terms to define as descriptors. "schistosoma mansoni" was used in arrangement with the descriptors "immunoassay", "enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay", "elisa", and "antigens", using the "and" connector. the patent search was done using keywords, including diagnosis and schistosoma or schistosomiasis or schistosome. several databases were employed for the patent search, such as intellectual property national institute; european patent office; the united states patent and trademark office; patent scope, and google patents. RESULTS forty-one articles were retrieved, of which only five met the eligibility criteria. seventeen patents were taken from the databases, and a brief description of the most relevant inventions is given here. CONCLUSION schistosomiasis is considered the most important helminthic disease in worldwide. therefore, it is important to of searching for and develops diagnostic methods based on serology to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelli Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Teixeira de Faria
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Isadora Braga Gandra
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Anna Julia Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Kamila Alves Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Lais Moreira Nogueira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Martins Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | - Mariana Campos-da-Paz
- Laboratório de Bioativos & NanoBiotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
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Chala B. Advances in Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis: Focus on Challenges and Future Approaches. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:983-995. [PMID: 36967838 PMCID: PMC10032164 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s391017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the second most devastating parasite prevalent in the tropical region of the world, posing significant public health impacts in endemic areas. Presently, several disease mitigation measures have shown a decline in transmission of the infection rate in risk localities using mass drug administration (MDA) of school-based or community-wide treatments. Despite all the endeavors made, the decline in transmission of infection rate has not been attained in the entire medicated segment of the population. Perhaps the current challenges of control of the disease appear to be strongly associated with a lack of appropriate diagnostic tools. It's well known that the current diagnosis of schistosomiasis greatly relies on conventional methods. On the other hand, minor symptoms of schistosomiasis and low sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic methods are still unresolved diagnostic challenges to clinicians. Numerous scholars have reviewed various diagnostic methods of schistosomiasis and attempted to identify their strengths and weaknesses, currently on function. As a result of the known limitations of the existing diagnostic tools, the need to develop new and feasible diagnostic methods and diagnostic markers is unquestionable for more precise detection of the infection. Hence, advances in diagnostic methods have been considered part of the solution for the control and eventual elimination strategy of the disease in endemic areas. As of today, easy, cheap, and accurate diagnostics for schistosomiasis are difficult to get, and this limits the concerted efforts towards full control of schistosomiasis. While looking for new diagnostic methods and markers, it is important to simultaneously work on improving the existing diagnostic methods for better results. This review tries to give new insights to the status of the existing diagnostic methods of schistosomiasis from conventional to modern via summarizing the strengths and limitations of the methods. It also tries to recommend new, sensitive and feasible diagnostic methods for future approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayissa Chala
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Bayissa Chala, Email ;
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Koulali H, Zazour A, Khannoussi W, Kharrasse G, Ismaili Z. Colonic schistosomiasis: A case report. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 14:789-794. [PMID: 36567820 PMCID: PMC9782564 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v14.i12.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic infection endemic in many countries. Colonic schistosomiasis is a rare entity with no specific clinical manifestations or endoscopic aspects, which delays the diagnosis. Diagnosis is primarily dependent on histopathological analysis, and treatment with antihelminthics typically resolves the infection.
CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a 21-year-old male who suffered from chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain. Physical examination found no abnormalities, blood tests were normal, and stool examination was negative. A colonoscopy revealed a nodular terminal ileal mucosa, two cecal polypoid lesions with no particular surface pattern, and millimetric erosions in the rectum. The presence of Schistosoma eggs with thick peripheral capsules and viable embryos inside and numerous eosinophils surrounding the egg capsule were observed on histopathological examination. The patient received praziquantel, and his symptoms were resolved.
CONCLUSION Colonic schistosomiasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis, especially in endemic countries. Endoscopy and histopathological examination can confirm the diagnosis, and antihelminthics are an effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Koulali
- Department of Gastro-enterology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda 60050, Morocco
| | - Abdelkrim Zazour
- Department of Gastro-enterology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda 60050, Morocco
| | - Wafaa Khannoussi
- Department of Gastro-enterology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda 60050, Morocco
| | - Ghizlane Kharrasse
- Department of Gastro-enterology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda 60050, Morocco
| | - Zahi Ismaili
- Department of Gastro-enterology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda 60050, Morocco
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Lakshmanan B, Jose J, Anand A, Priya MN. A Novel PCR-RFLP to Detect and Differentiate Schistosoma spindale and S. indicum, the Pathogenic Schistosomes in Indian Cattle. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1778-1781. [PMID: 35951223 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Visceral schistosomosis is an economically important trematode infection caused by Schistosoma spindale and S. indicum in among ruminants. The lack of sensitive diagnostic tools has often led to underestimation of the prevalence in live animals. A sensitive copro-PCR targeting partial mitochondrial gene was developed to detect Schistosoma spp. However, this protocol could not differentiate between the two species. This study was conducted to explore the possibility of species differentiation using restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR products (PCR- RFLP). METHODS Polymerase chain reaction was carried out to amplify mitochondrial gene of adult S. spindale and S. indicum. Copro PCR was done with schistosome-positive faecal samples. A novel PCR-RFLP was designed targeting the Hpy166II recognition sequence in the mitochondrial gene sequence of S. indicum. RESULT The PCR using primers targeting the mitochondrial gene of S. spindale and S. indicum amplified a distinct product of approximately 454 bp with adult fluke as well as faecal DNA, which upon RFLP with Hpy166II yielded 330 bp and 124 bp products with S. indicum amplicons alone. CONCLUSION The novel PCR-RFLP possesses the potential to be used in epidemiological surveys among bovines and in snail intermediate hosts to screen for S. spindale and S. indicum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Lakshmanan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Wayanad, Kerala, 680651, India.
| | - Jain Jose
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Wayanad, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - Amrutha Anand
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Wayanad, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - M N Priya
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Wayanad, Kerala, 680651, India
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Ullah H, Arbab S, Li K, Khan MIU, Qadeer A, Muhammad N. Schistosomiasis related circulating cell-free DNA: A useful biomarker in diagnostics. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 251:111495. [PMID: 35835258 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma is a genus of trematodes causing schistosomiasis, a major neglected tropical disease infecting more than 240 million people and with 700 million people at the risk of infection in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, especially low-income countries. For the elimination of the disease, accurate diagnostic tools are needed. Besides allowing early treatment, early detection prevents environmental contamination and in turn ensures safe water sources in the endemic areas. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) biomarker detection is a relatively new tool, used for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in the early stages of infection from non-invasive clinical or experimental samples. cfDNA can be detected in Schistosoma infected host body fluids such as urine, serum, saliva and tissues, mainly in blood offering significant benefits for accurate diagnosis. In the current review, we described different characteristics of cfDNA, evidencing and supporting its potential uses in Schistosoma diagnosis and the improvement of treatment effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Ullah
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Safia Arbab
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China; Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ka Li
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Muhammad Inayat Ullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Nehaz Muhammad
- Department of Zoology, University of Swabi, Swabi 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA fragment: A possible marker for early detection of Schistosoma japonicum. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 88:104683. [PMID: 33348056 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major public health problem that is included in the neglected tropical diseases. The early diagnosis and detection of the pathogen are of critical importance in the control of the disease. The diagnostic techniques in use include the detection of worm's eggs in fecal examination or detection of circulating antigens in immunological based assays. These traditional strategies lack sensitivity in earlier detection of the schistosomiasis. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) that includes the fragments of parasitic DNA circulating in the body fluids of host offers an alternative mean for the rapid pathogen detection and thus is a useful diagnostic tool. In this study, we explored the usefulness of the mitochondrial cfDNA markers for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis from the experimentally infected hosts (rabbits and mice). In this study we found mitochondrial DNA fragment cytochrome B gene as persistent and useful cfDNA marker for the early detection of schistosomiasis. We evaluated the sensitivity of cfDNA marker with varying numbers of cercaria. Overall, our results suggest that cfDNA markers can be useful for developing a diagnostic tool for the detection of S. japonicum infection.
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Diab RG, Tolba MM, Ghazala RA, Abu-Sheasha GA, Webster BL, Mady RF. Intestinal schistosomiasis: Can a urine sample decide the infection? Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102201. [PMID: 33010472 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal schistosomiasis, one of the neglected tropical diseases whose control depends on accurate diagnosis of the disease prevalence. The use of low sensitive Kato Katz (KK) fecal egg detection method as a reference gold standard is not an accurate indication especially in low transmission areas. Latent class analysis frameworks especially the Bayesian could be used instead to compare between different diagnostic tests without the use of a gold standard method as a reference. Thus, this study compared two urine-based tests for the detection of circulating antigen and cell free DNA of Schistosoma mansoni versus KK method using the Bayesian latent class analytical framework and in two models where the trace results of point of contact - assay of circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) were once estimated as positive, and as negative in the other model. The Bayesian framework in the trace CCA positive model showed an estimate of disease prevalence of 26% (95% BCI:0 to 60%). POC-CCA showed the highest sensitivity (74% with BCI: 9 to 91%) and lowest specificity for (20% with BCI: 0% to 37%) and the reverse for KK. For POC-CCA with traces considered negative, it was found that results between the three tests were moderated where the positivity for infection by Schistosoma antigen detection and PCR for cell free DNA approached that estimated by the Bayesian framework (44%), and the specificity for point of contact assay(81%; 95%BCI: 59% to 100%) rose in hand with its sensitivity(77%, 95% BCI:53% to 100%) and with results for PCR test (sensitivity = 80%; 95% BCI: 61% to 100%, specificity = 69%; 95% BIC: 47% to 100%). KK remains with the highest specificity while its sensitivity in the two models never exceeded 22%. Thus, we conclude that the use of a single urine sample could be very sensitive and highly specific in the diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis using either the trace negative model of point of contact assay, or conventional PCR, when compared to the fecal egg detection using duplicate KK. However, the use of a single tool restricts the management of the disease in areas of low endemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Galal Diab
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mona Mohamed Tolba
- Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | | | - Ghada Ahmed Abu-Sheasha
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | | | - Rasha Fadly Mady
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
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Gouveia MJ, Brindley PJ, Gärtner F, Vale N. Activity of Combinations of Antioxidants and Anthelmintic Drugs against the Adult Stage of Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:8843808. [PMID: 32832132 PMCID: PMC7429017 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8843808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a major neglected tropical disease. The treatment and control of schistosomiasis rely on a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ). Despite its efficacy, treatment with PZQ presents some major drawbacks including an inability of the chemotherapy to reverse disease-induced fibrosis and the prospect of the emergence of drug resistance. Here, we investigated a novel therapeutic approach with antioxidant biomolecules in combination with PZQ against the adult developmental stage of Schistosoma mansoni and oviposition in vitro, given that this therapeutic approach achieved synergistic/additive activity against larval schistosomes. The antioxidants curcumin and oxadiazole per se exhibited antischistosomal activity against adult worms leading to severe morphological alterations and death. Additionally, the antioxidant flavone combined with vandetanib or imatinib improved antischistosomal activity against adult forms. By contrast, however, these antioxidant-anthelmintic combinations were not as effective against adults in comparison to larval schistosomes. Nevertheless, the antioxidants alone or combined with drugs inhibited oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Gouveia
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study in Animal Science, University of Porto (CECA/ICETA), Rua de D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Han D, Li R, Shi J, Tan P, Zhang R, Li J. Liquid biopsy for infectious diseases: a focus on microbial cell-free DNA sequencing. Theranostics 2020; 10:5501-5513. [PMID: 32373224 PMCID: PMC7196304 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of microbial cell-free DNA (mcfDNA sequencing) is becoming an attractive diagnostic modality for infectious diseases, allowing broad-range pathogen detection, noninvasive sampling, and rapid diagnosis. At this key juncture in the translation of metagenomics into clinical practice, an integrative perspective is needed to understand the significance of emerging mcfDNA sequencing technology. In this review, we summarized the actual performance of the mcfDNA sequencing tests recently used in health care settings for the diagnosis of a variety of infectious diseases and further focused on the practice considerations (challenges and solutions) for improving the accuracy and clinical relevance of the results produced by this evolving technique. Such knowledge will be helpful for physicians, microbiologists and researchers to understand what is going on in this quickly progressing field of non-invasive pathogen diagnosis by mcfDNA sequencing and promote the routine implementation of this technique in the diagnosis of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Han
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, P.R. China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, P.R. China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiping Shi
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, P.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, National Center for Clinical Laboratories, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Tan
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, P.R. China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, P.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, P.R. China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
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Recent advances in nucleic acid-based methods for detection of helminth infections and the perspective of biosensors for future development. Parasitology 2019; 147:383-392. [PMID: 31840627 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic helminth infections are responsible for severe health problems and economic losses worldwide. Timely and accurate diagnosis of helminth infections is critical for adopting suitable strategies for pathogen control. Here, we review recent advances in nucleic acid-based diagnostic methods, including polymerase chain reaction, quantitative qPCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages for diagnosing helminth infections. In addition, we highlight recent advances in biosensors for the detection of nucleic acid biomarkers that can potentially be used for the diagnosis of helminth infection.
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Comparison of Kato Katz, antibody-based ELISA and droplet digital PCR diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica: Lessons learnt from a setting of low infection intensity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007228. [PMID: 30830925 PMCID: PMC6417743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zoonotic schistosomiasis in Asia, caused by Schistosoma japonicum, remains a major public health concern in China and the Philippines. The developing epidemiological and socio-economic picture of the disease in endemic areas necessitates the development of affordable and highly accurate field diagnostics as an important component in evaluating ongoing integrated control and elimination efforts. Methods Three diagnostic methods, namely Kato-Katz (KK) stool microscopy, ELISA and droplet digital (dd) PCR assays, were compared by detecting infection in a total of 412 participants from an area moderately endemic for schistosomiasis in the Philippines. Results This comprehensive comparison further defined the diagnostic performance and features for each assay. Compared with the ddPCR assay analysing DNA from faeces (F_ddPCR), which exhibited the highest sensitivity, the SjSAP4 + Sj23-LHD-ELISA had the best accuracy (67.2%) among all five ELISA assays assessed. Schistosomiasis prevalence determined by the SjSAP4 + Sj23-LHD-ELISA and ddPCRs was similar and was at least 2.5 times higher than obtained with the KK method. However, the agreement between these assays was low. In terms of cost and logistical convenience, the SjSAP4 + Sj23-LHD-ELISA represents a cost-effective assay with considerable diagnostic merits. In contrast, although the ddPCR assays exhibited a high level of diagnostic performance, the high cost and the need for specialized equipment presents a major obstacle in their application in screening campaigns. Conclusion The SjSAP4 + Sj23-LHD-ELISA represents a cost-effective tool for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis that could prove an important component in the monitoring of integrated control measures as elimination draws closer, whereas the ddPCR assays, in addition to their high sensitivity and specificity, are capable of quantifying infection intensity. However, the high cost of ddPCR hinders its wider application in screening programs, although it could be a valuable reference in the development and improvement of other diagnostic assays. Schistosomiasis japonica remains prevalent in China and in the Philippines. The current changes in the epidemiological and socio-economic picture in the endemic areas makes it imperative that affordable and more sensitive field diagnostics are developed as an important component to evaluate ongoing integrated control and elimination efforts. Three diagnostic approaches, namely Kato-Katz stool microscopy, ELISA and droplet digital PCR assays, were compared by detecting infection in a cohort from schistosome-endemic areas in the Philippines. This comprehensive comparison further defined the diagnostic performance and features for each assay. Prevalence of schistosomiasis determined by the SjSAP4 + Sj23-LHD-ELISA and ddPCRs was at least 2.5 times higher than that by the KK method. The prevalence determined by the SjSAP4 + Sj23-LHD-ELISA and ddPCRs was similar, but low agreements between these assays were evident. The ddPCR assays showed considerable diagnostic performance but the high associated costs and the need for specialized equipment present major obstacles in their application in screening campaigns although they can serve as reference standards for evaluating other diagnostic assays. The SjSAP4 + Sj23-LHD-ELISA represents a cost-effective tool for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica and this assay could prove an important monitoring tool to evaluate the impact of integrated control measures over time.
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Diab RG, Mady RF, Tolba MM, Ghazala RA. Urinary circulating DNA and circulating antigen for diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni: a field study. Trop Med Int Health 2019; 24:371-378. [PMID: 30549391 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate three non-invasive assays for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni in an Egyptian village. METHODS Urine was collected for the detection of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) and cell-free parasite DNA (cfpd) by Point-of-contact (POC)-cassette assay and PCR, respectively. These tests were compared to Kato-Katz (KK) faecal thick smear for detection of Schistosoma mansoni eggs. RESULTS Disease prevalence by POC-CCA assay was 86%; by PCR it was 39% vs. 27% by KK. Compared to KK, the sensitivity of POC-CCA reached 100%, but its specificity was only 19.2% with 41% accuracy. Sensitivity of the PCR assay for cfpd was 55.56%, and specificity was 67.12% with 64% accuracy. A new end point was calculated for combined analysis of KK, POC-CCA assay and PCR. Sensitivity for the three tests was 52.94%, 90.2% and 76.47%; specificity was 100% for KK and PCR and 18.37% for POC-CCA. The accuracy calculated for the three tests at the end point was 76% for KK, 55% for POC-CCA assay and 88% for PCR. CONCLUSION Conventional PCR assay for detection of cfpd provides a potential screening tool for intestinal schistosomiasis with reliable specificity, reasonable accuracy and affordable financial and technical cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Galal Diab
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rasha Fadly Mady
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mona Mohamed Tolba
- Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rasha Abdelmawla Ghazala
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Abdel Gawad SS, Abu-Sarea EY, Saleh L. Epidemiological determinants correlating hepatitis C and Schistosomiasis mansoni in one of Upper Egypt governorates. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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15
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Potential of cell-free DNA as a screening marker for parasite infections in dog. Genomics 2018; 111:906-912. [PMID: 29860031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infections are common in stray dogs and accurate knowledge of parasite communities in dogs would provide insight into the epidemiology of parasitic diseases. In this study, we used Illumina sequencing technology to evaluate cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as a marker for screening of parasitic infections in dogs. Plasma samples from 14 stray dogs captured in Bangladesh were used in the experiments. An average of 2.3 million reads was obtained for each sample. BLASTn analysis identified 150 reads with high similarity with parasites from 19 different genera. In particular, we detected sequences of Babesia spp. in five dogs; consistent with this, a previous study using conventional PCR showed that four of these dogs were positive for B. gibsoni. Several reads with similarity to Leishmania and filarial nematodes were also identified. These findings indicate that cfDNA in blood can be a potential screening marker for identifying parasite diversity in dogs.
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16
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Hinz R, Schwarz NG, Hahn A, Frickmann H. Serological approaches for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis - A review. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 31:2-21. [PMID: 27986555 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a common disease in endemic areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Asia. It is rare in Europe, mainly imported from endemic countries due to travelling or human migration. Available methods for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis comprise microscopic, molecular and serological approaches, with the latter detecting antigens or antibodies associated with Schistosoma spp. infection. The serological approach is a valuable screening tool in low-endemicity settings and for travel medicine, though the interpretation of any diagnostic results requires knowledge of test characteristics and a patient's history. Specific antibody detection by most currently used assays is only possible in a relatively late stage of infection and does not allow for the differentiation of acute from previous infections for therapeutic control or the discrimination between persisting infection and re-infection. Throughout the last decades, new target antigens have been identified, and assays with improved performance and suitability for use in the field have been developed. For numerous assays, large-scale studies are still required to reliably characterise assay characteristics alone and in association with other available methods for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Apart from S. mansoni, S. haematobium and S. japonicum, for which most available tests were developed, other species of Schistosoma that occur less frequently need to be taken into account. This narrative review describes and critically discusses the results of published studies on the evaluation of serological assays that detect antibodies against different Schistosoma species of humans. It provides insights into the diagnostic performance and an overview of available assays and their suitability for large-scale use or individual diagnosis, and thus sets the scene for serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis and the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hinz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Andreas Hahn
- Takeda Pharma Vertrieb GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Germany
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He P, Song LG, Xie H, Liang JY, Yuan DY, Wu ZD, Lv ZY. Nucleic acid detection in the diagnosis and prevention of schistosomiasis. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:25. [PMID: 27025210 PMCID: PMC4812660 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease that causes serious harms to humans and animals. Surveillance and diagnosis play key roles in schistosomiasis control, however, current techniques for surveillance and diagnosis of the disease have limitations. As genome data for parasites are increasing, novel techniques for detection incorporating nucleotide sequences are receiving widespread attention. These sensitive, specific, and rapid detection methods are particularly important in the diagnosis of low-grade and early infections, and may prove to have clinical significance. This paper reviews the progress of nucleic acid detection in the diagnosis and prevention of schistosomiasis, including such aspects as the selection of target genes, and development and application of nucleic acid detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, China
| | - Lan-Gui Song
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jin-Yi Liang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dong-Ya Yuan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, China
| | - Zhong-Dao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhi-Yue Lv
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease that afflicts more than 240 million people, including many children and young adults, in the tropics and subtropics. The disease is characterized by chronic infections with significant residual morbidity and is of considerable public health importance, with substantial socioeconomic impacts on impoverished communities. Morbidity reduction and eventual elimination through integrated intervention measures are the focuses of current schistosomiasis control programs. Precise diagnosis of schistosome infections, in both mammalian and snail intermediate hosts, will play a pivotal role in achieving these goals. Nevertheless, despite extensive efforts over several decades, the search for sensitive and specific diagnostics for schistosomiasis is ongoing. Here we review the area, paying attention to earlier approaches but emphasizing recent developments in the search for new diagnostics for schistosomiasis with practical applications in the research laboratory, the clinic, and the field. Careful and rigorous validation of these assays and their cost-effectiveness will be needed, however, prior to their adoption in support of policy decisions for national public health programs aimed at the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.
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Kalenda YDJ, Kato K, Goto Y, Fujii Y, Hamano S. Tandem repeat recombinant proteins as potential antigens for the sero-diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:503-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Detection of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium by Real-Time PCR with High Resolution Melting Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:16085-103. [PMID: 26193254 PMCID: PMC4519940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes a real-time PCR approach with high resolution melting-curve (HRM) assay developed for the detection and differentiation of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in fecal and urine samples collected from rural Yemen. The samples were screened by microscopy and PCR for the Schistosoma species infection. A pair of degenerate primers were designed targeting partial regions in the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene of S. mansoni and S. haematobium using real-time PCR-HRM assay. The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 31.8%; 23.8% of the participants were infected with S. haematobium and 9.3% were infected with S. mansoni. With regards to the intensity of infections, 22.1% and 77.9% of S. haematobium infections were of heavy and light intensities, respectively. Likewise, 8.1%, 40.5% and 51.4% of S. mansoni infections were of heavy, moderate and light intensities, respectively. The melting points were distinctive for S. mansoni and S. haematobium, categorized by peaks of 76.49 ± 0.25 °C and 75.43 ± 0.26 °C, respectively. HRM analysis showed high detection capability through the amplification of Schistosoma DNA with as low as 0.0001 ng/µL. Significant negative correlations were reported between the real-time PCR-HRM cycle threshold (Ct) values and microscopic egg counts for both S. mansoni in stool and S. haematobium in urine (p < 0.01). In conclusion, this closed-tube HRM protocol provides a potentially powerful screening molecular tool for the detection of S. mansoni and S. haematobium. It is a simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective method. Hence, this method is a good alternative approach to probe-based PCR assays.
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Oi M, Sato Y, Nakagaki K, Nogami S. Detection of Dirofilaria immitis DNA in host serum by nested PCR. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3645-8. [PMID: 26109256 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The heartworm Dirofilaria immitis is the causative agent of dirofilariasis in dogs. Studies have shown that parasite-derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can be detected in host blood and may be a promising diagnostic marker for parasitic infections. Thus, our aim was to detect D. immitis-derived cfDNA in host serum by nested PCR. Sera were collected from 12 dogs with natural D. immitis infections; eight were microfilaria (mf)-positive, and the remaining four were mf-negative. Culture fluids derived from single-sex adult D. immitis worms (mf-producing females and males) were also tested for cfDNA. All mf-positive sera were positive by nested PCR, whereas no amplification products were detected in mf-negative sera. The culture fluid of mf-producing females was positive by nested PCR but that of males was negative. All products amplified by nested PCR were sequenced to confirm that the amplicons were those of D. immitis. These results indicate that D. immitis DNA circulates freely in dog serum, except in mf-negative dogs. Additionally, D. immitis cfDNA may primarily be derived from the mf, and adult worms appeared to be minor contributors of cfDNA concentrations in serum; however, the contribution of D. immitis cfDNA derived from larvae of other developmental stages is unclear. An evaluation of the kinetics of D. immitis cfDNA in host serum throughout the parasite life cycle could facilitate the development of early molecular diagnostic techniques. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the detection of mitochondrial DNA from a filarial parasite in host serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Oi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan,
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Zhang M, Fu Z, Li C, Han Y, Cao X, Han H, Liu Y, Lu K, Hong Y, Lin J. Screening diagnostic candidates for schistosomiasis from tegument proteins of adult Schistosoma japonicum using an immunoproteomic approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003454. [PMID: 25706299 PMCID: PMC4338221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is one of the world's most prevalent zoonotic diseases and a serious worldwide public health problem. Since the tegument (TG) of Schistosoma japonicum is in direct contact with the host and induces a host immune response against infection, the identification of immune response target molecules in the schistosome TG is crucial for screening diagnostic antigens for this disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, an immunoproteomics approach used TG proteins as screening antigens to identify potential diagnostic molecules of S. japonicum. Ten spots corresponding to six proteins were identified that immunoreacted with sera from S. japonicum-infected rabbits but not sera from uninfected rabbits and their specific IgG antibody levels declined quickly after praziquantel treatment. Recombinant phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) and UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog B (RAD23) proteins were expressed and their diagnostic potential for schistosomiasis was evaluated and compared with schistosome soluble egg antigen (SEA) using ELISA. The results showed high sensitivity and specificity and low crossreactivity when rSjPGM-ELISA and rSjRAD23-ELISA were used to detect water buffalo schistosomiasis. Moreover, antibodies to rSjPGM and rSjRAD23 might be short-lived since they declined quickly after chemotherapy. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Therefore, the two schistosome TG proteins SjPGM and SjRAD23 were identified as potential diagnostic markers for the disease. The two recombinant proteins might have the potential to evaluate the effectiveness of drug treatments and for distinguishing between current and past infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Changjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhui Han
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaodan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yantao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Eraky MA, Aly NSM. Diagnostic and prognostic value of cell free circulating Schistosoma mansoni DNA: an experimental study. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:1014-20. [PMID: 27605830 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Searching for a more sensitive and accurate marker for schistosomiasis diagnosis and treatment follow up is a potential necessity. Hereby, we evaluated usefulness of circulating free DNA as a marker for schistosomiasis diagnosis, assessing drug efficacy and monitoring the control interventions impact using SYBR green real-time PCR. A batch of mice were infected by 90 ± 10 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Starting from the 2nd day post infection (p.i.), groups of 2 or 3 mice were sacrificed every 3 days until 30 days p.i. The remaining animals were treated by a single dose of 400 mg/kg mefloquine and sacrificed in group at 5, 10, 21 days post treatment (35, 40, 51 days p.i.). Using SYBR green real time qPCR, pooled sera DNA were extracted and amplified. The results showed that, circulating free S. mansoni DNA was detected from the 2nd day post infection (p.i.) onwards with gradual decrease in the cycle threshold value Ct which indicates the gradual elevation of the DNA level (Log quantity was 2.6-3.1 IU/ml), As the infection progressed, DNA quantity was increased(Log quantity was 6.29 IU/ml). Initial increase of circulating free DNA was observed 10 days post treatment (40 days p.i.) (Log quantity was 7.38 IU/ml). That was followed by a progressive decrease in DNA level by the end of 21st day, post treatment (51 p.i.) (Log quantity 4.35 IU/ml). In conclusion, circulating free S. mansoni DNA is a reliable marker in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis and for assessing drug efficacy and monitoring the impact of control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Ahmad Eraky
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518 Egypt
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Espírito-Santo MCC, Alvarado-Mora MV, Pinto PLS, de Brito T, Botelho-Lima L, Heath AR, Amorim MG, Dias-Neto E, Chieffi PP, Pinho JRR, Carrilho FJ, Luna EJA, Gryschek RCB. Detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection by TaqMan® Real-Time PCR in a hamster model. Exp Parasitol 2014; 143:83-9. [PMID: 24858959 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An experimental study in hamsters was performed to evaluate the capability for detecting Schistosoma mansoni DNA in serum and fecal samples during the pre and post-egg-laying periods of infection using TaqMan® Real-Time PCR system (qPCR), was compared with the circumoval precipitin test (COPT) and the Kato-Katz technique, especially among individuals with low parasitic burden. Twenty-four hamsters were infected with cercariae. Three hamsters were sacrificed per week under anesthesia, from 7 days post infection (DPI) up to 56 DPI. A serum sample and a pool of feces were collected from each hamster. The presence of S. mansoni eggs in fecal samples was evaluated by Kato-Katz method and in the hamsters gutby histopathology. Detection of S. mansoni DNA was performed using qPCR and S. mansoni antibody using COPT. The first detection of eggs in feces by Kato-Katz method and S. mansoni DNA in feces by qPCR occurred 49 DPI. Nevertheless, S. mansoni DNA was detected in serum samples from 14 up to 56 DPI. COPT was positive at 35 DPI. The results not only confirm the reliability of S. mansoni DNA detection by qPCR, but also demonstrate that serum is a trustworthy source of DNA in the pre patent infection period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mónica Viviana Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Silva Pinto
- Department of Enteroparasites of the Center of Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thales de Brito
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases and Laboratory of Medical Investigation 6, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Botelho-Lima
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Galli Amorim
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Center for International Research and Education (CIPE), Hospital AC Camargo, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Center for International Research and Education (CIPE), Hospital AC Camargo, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurociencies (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Chieffi
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flair José Carrilho
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Cesar Borges Gryschek
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases and Laboratory of Medical Investigation 6, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Wong SSY, Fung KSC, Chau S, Poon RWS, Wong SCY, Yuen KY. Molecular diagnosis in clinical parasitology: When and why? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1443-60. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370214523880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopic detection and morphological identification of parasites from clinical specimens are the gold standards for the laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections. The limitations of such diagnostic assays include insufficient sensitivity and operator dependence. Immunoassays for parasitic antigens are not available for most parasitic infections and have not significantly improved the sensitivity of laboratory detection. Advances in molecular detection by nucleic acid amplification may improve the detection in asymptomatic infections with low parasitic burden. Rapidly accumulating genomic data on parasites allow the design of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers directed towards multi-copy gene targets, such as the ribosomal and mitochondrial genes, which further improve the sensitivity. Parasitic cell or its free circulating parasitic DNA can be shed from parasites into blood and excreta which may allow its detection without the whole parasite being present within the portion of clinical sample used for DNA extraction. Multiplex nucleic acid amplification technology allows the simultaneous detection of many parasitic species within a single clinical specimen. In addition to improved sensitivity, nucleic acid amplification with sequencing can help to differentiate different parasitic species at different stages with similar morphology, detect and speciate parasites from fixed histopathological sections and identify anti-parasitic drug resistance. The use of consensus primer and PCR sequencing may even help to identify novel parasitic species. The key limitation of molecular detection is the technological expertise and expense which are usually lacking in the field setting at highly endemic areas. However, such tests can be useful for screening important parasitic infections in asymptomatic patients, donors or recipients coming from endemic areas in the settings of transfusion service or tertiary institutions with transplantation service. Such tests can also be used for monitoring these recipients or highly immunosuppressed patients, so that early preemptive treatment can be given for reactivated parasitic infections while the parasitic burden is still low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson SY Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Kitty SC Fung
- Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong of New Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sandy Chau
- Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong of New Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Rosana WS Poon
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Sally CY Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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Kongklieng A, Kaewkong W, Intapan PM, Sanpool O, Janwan P, Thanchomnang T, Lulitanond V, Sri-Aroon P, Limpanont Y, Maleewong W. Molecular differentiation of Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mekongi by real-time PCR with high resolution melting analysis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:651-6. [PMID: 24516269 PMCID: PMC3916453 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mekongi is a chronic and debilitating helminthic disease still prevalent in several countries of Asia. Due to morphological similarities of cercariae and eggs of these 2 species, microscopic differentiation is difficult. High resolution melting (HRM) real-time PCR is developed as an alternative tool for the detection and differentiation of these 2 species. A primer pair was designed for targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene to generate PCR products of 156 base pairs for both species. The melting points of S. japonicum and S. mekongi PCR products were 84.5±0.07℃ and 85.7±0.07℃, respectively. The method permits amplification from a single cercaria or an egg. The HRM real-time PCR is a rapid and simple tool for differentiation of S. japonicum and S. mekongi in the intermediate and final hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amornmas Kongklieng
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Worasak Kaewkong
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000 Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Penchom Janwan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Viraphong Lulitanond
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pusadee Sri-Aroon
- Applied Malacology Center, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Applied Malacology Center, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Cnops L, Soentjens P, Clerinx J, Van Esbroeck M. A Schistosoma haematobium-specific real-time PCR for diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis in serum samples of international travelers and migrants. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2413. [PMID: 24009791 PMCID: PMC3757062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis by microscopy and serological tests may be elusive in travelers due to low egg load and the absence of seroconversion upon arrival. There is need for a more sensitive diagnostic test. Therefore, we developed a real-time PCR targeting the Schistosoma haematobium-specific Dra1 sequence. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The PCR was evaluated on urine (n = 111), stool (n = 84) and serum samples (n = 135), and one biopsy from travelers and migrants with confirmed or suspected schistosomiasis. PCR revealed a positive result in 7/7 urine samples, 11/11 stool samples and 1/1 biopsy containing S. haematobium eggs as demonstrated by microscopy and in 22/23 serum samples from patients with a parasitological confirmed S. haematobium infection. S. haematobium DNA was additionally detected by PCR in 7 urine, 3 stool and 5 serum samples of patients suspected of having schistosomiasis without egg excretion in urine and feces. None of these suspected patients demonstrated other parasitic infections except one with Blastocystis hominis and Entamoeba cyst in a fecal sample. The PCR was negative in all stool samples containing S. mansoni eggs (n = 21) and in all serum samples of patients with a microscopically confirmed S. mansoni (n = 22), Ascaris lumbricoides (n = 1), Ancylostomidae (n = 1), Strongyloides stercoralis (n = 1) or Trichuris trichuria infection (n = 1). The PCR demonstrated a high specificity, reproducibility and analytical sensitivity (0.5 eggs per gram of feces). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The real-time PCR targeting the Dra1 sequence for S. haematobium-specific detection in urine, feces, and particularly serum, is a promising tool to confirm the diagnosis, also during the acute phase of urogenital schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte Cnops
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Pyrosequencing for rapid molecular identification of Schistosoma japonicum and S. mekongi eggs and cercariae. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:148-52. [PMID: 23831037 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, which is caused by Schistosoma japonicum and S. mekongi, is a chronic and dangerous widespread disease affecting several countries in Asia. Differentiation between S. japonicum and S. mekongi eggs and/or cercariae via microscopic examination is difficult due to morphological similarities. It is important to identify these etiological agents isolated from animals and humans at the species or genotype level. In this study, a pyrosequencing assay designed to detect S. japonicum and S. mekongi DNA in fecal samples and infected snails was developed and evaluated as an alternative tool to diagnose schistosomiasis. New primers targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene were designated for specific amplification. S. japonicum and S. mekongi were identified using a 43-nucleotide pattern of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene and were differentiated using 7 nucleotides within this region. S. japonicum and S. mekongi-infected snails and fecal samples derived from infected mice and rats were differentially detected within a short period of time. The analytical sensitivity of the method enabled the identification of as little as a single cercaria artificially introduced into a pool of 10 non-infected snails and 2 eggs inoculated in 100mg of non-infected fecal sample. To evaluate the comparative efficacy of the assay, identical samples were also analyzed via microscopy and Sanger sequencing. The pyrosequencing technique was found to be superior to the microscopy method and more rapid than the Sanger sequencing method. These results suggest that the pyrosequencing assay is rapid, simple, sensitive and accurate in identifying S. japonicum and S. mekongi in intermediate hosts and fecal samples of the final host.
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Elbaz T, Esmat G. Hepatic and intestinal schistosomiasis: review. J Adv Res 2013; 4:445-52. [PMID: 25685451 PMCID: PMC4293886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an endemic disease in Egypt caused by the trematode Schistosoma which has different species. Hepatic schistosomiasis represents the best known form of chronic disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations. The pathogenesis of schistosomiasis is related to the host cellular immune response. This leads to granuloma formation and neo angiogenesis with subsequent periportal fibrosis manifested as portal hypertension, splenomegaly and esophageal varices. Intestinal schistosomiasis is another well identified form of chronic schistosomal affection. Egg deposition and granuloma formation eventually leads to acute then chronic schistosomal colitis and is commonly associated with polyp formation. It frequently presents as abdominal pain, diarrhea, tenesmus and anal pain. Definite diagnosis of schistosomiasis disease depends on microscopy and egg identification. Marked progress regarding serologic diagnosis occurred with development of recent PCR techniques that can confirm schistosomal affection at any stage. Many antischistosomal drugs have been described for treatment, praziquantel being the most safe and efficient drug. Still ongoing studies try to develop effective vaccines with identification of many target antigens. Preventive programs are highly needed to control the disease morbidity and to break the cycle of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Elbaz
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Gamal Esmat
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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