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Juárez A, García YM, Sauza RP, Morales Luna JC, Samour J. Prevalence of Caryospora (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) Oocysts in the Environment of a Gyrfalcon ( Falco rusticolus) Breeding Center in the United Arab Emirates. J Avian Med Surg 2021; 34:152-157. [PMID: 32702954 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.2.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 356 gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) fecal, fomite, and environmental samples were collected from a breeding center located in the United Arab Emirates to assess the prevalence of Caryospora species oocysts in the environment. These included 136 samples (38%) from fomites and fecal samples from chicks at 0 to 10 days old, 29 samples (8%) at 15 days old, 23 samples (6%) at 60 days old, 7 samples (2%) at 67 days old, and 24 samples (7%) at 70 days old. In addition, 105 samples (29%) were collected from the environment of 13 breeding chambers, and 32 samples (9%) from the environment of 17 juvenile falcons. The prevalence of Caryospora species oocysts in fomites and fecal samples from the chicks had negative results from 10 to 60 days old. However, at 67 and 70 days old, the prevalence increased to 71.42% (5 of 7) and 95.83% (23 of 24), respectively. The prevalence of Caryospora species in the environment of 13 pairs of falcons housed in 13 breeding chambers was 0.15 oocyst/m2 in the sand, whereas, in the environment of 17 juvenile falcons housed in the free-flying aviary, the prevalence was 0.00086 oocyst/m2 in the sand and 0.15 oocyst/L in contaminated water. These results indicate that oocysts of Caryospora species may be found in the environment and in areas of poor and substandard hygiene. Caryospora species is an important protozoon parasite affecting captive falcons maintained in breeding centers and those used for falconry in the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Juárez
- Pet Bird Clinic Santa Fe, Calle Chilenos 7, María G. García Ruíz, CP 01220, México City, México
| | - Yasmín Martinez García
- Veterinary Science Department, Wildlife Division, Al Taf, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rosario Perez Sauza
- Veterinary Science Department, Wildlife Division, Al Taf, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Juan Carlos Morales Luna
- Clínica y Hospital de Aves de Compañía, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04360, Mexico City, México
| | - Jaime Samour
- Veterinary Science Department, Wildlife Division, Al Taf, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,
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Chou S, Izawa N, Ike K, Tokiwa T. Detection of Eumonospora henryae (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) from Falco columbarius (Falconiformes: Aves): Comparison of host-parasite phylogram and comments on the family Sarcocystidae Poche, 1913. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 14:75-83. [PMID: 33537204 PMCID: PMC7843366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The genus Eumonospora Allen, 1933 (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae), an avian coccidia, is characterized by monosporocystic and octasporozoic oocysts without Stieda and substieda bodies. Some members of Eumonospora, which infect several raptor species, exhibit high levels of pathogenicity, making eumonosporiosis the leading cause of death in captive-bred raptors. The host specificity of these species appears to be mesostenoxenous, as evidenced by unsuccessful transmission between different orders of avian hosts. However, several studies have detected Eumonospora spp. in taxonomically distant avian hosts, indicating that some of these species may be euryxenous. In the current study, diarrheic fecal examination of a captive-bred juvenile merlin (Falconiformes: Aves) in Tokyo, Japan, was conducted, and a large number of oocysts were morphologically and molecularly identified as E. henryae (Yakimoff and Matschulsky, 1932), a coccidia species reported only in Strigiformes. This is a new recorded host for this coccidia. Phylogenetic analyses via Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods using concatenated genomic datasets consisting of nuclear 18S rDNA, nuclear 28S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 gene, revealed a well-supported monophyletic clade of Eumonospora spp. belonging to the family Sarcocystidae Poche 1913, which largely corresponded to the avian host phylogram. Therefore, based on distinguishable oocyst morphology, a new subfamily, Eumonosporinae, within the family Sarcocystidae, is proposed, and a reconsideration of the definition of Sarcocystidae is suggested. Further molecular characterization of this emerging pathogen, as well as clarification of its complete life cycle, including cyst-forming ability, is required for more appropriate generic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyun Chou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-0023, Japan
| | - Nobumoto Izawa
- Bird and Little Animal Clinic FALCONEST, Senjunakaicho, Adachi, Tokyo, 120-0035, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-0023, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tokiwa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-0023, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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Alfaleh F, Alyousif M, Elhaig M. The emergence of Caryospora neofalconis in falcons in Central Saudi Arabia. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:530-536. [PMID: 33005680 PMCID: PMC7521802 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to examine the occurrence of Caryospora (C.) neofalconis in falcons from the central region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Materials and methods: Fecal samples (n = 149) from 149 healthy falcons including 56 saker falcons (Falco cherrug), 13 lanner falcons (F. biarmicus), 18 peregrine falcons (F. peregrinus), 40 Barbary falcons (F. pelegrinoides), and 22 gyrfalcons (F. rusticolus) were collected between October 2018 and May 2019. The fecal samples were examined for the presence of C. neofalconis by microscopic examination followed by confirmation by polymerase chain reaction targeting 18S rRNA genes and their phylogenetic analyses. Results: The overall prevalence of C. neofalconis in the falcons was recorded as 10.7% (16/149) by microscopic examination. The highest prevalence was found in F. peregrinus (6/18, 33.3%), followed by F. rusticolus (3/22, 13.6%), F. cherrug (5/56, 8.9 %) and F. pelegrinoides (2/40, 5.0%). There was no C. neofalconis infection observed in F. biamicus. The 18S rRNA gene could be amplified in eight samples. The phylogenetic analysis of two C. neofalconis isolates exhibited a close relationship with the Mexican isolate (KT03081) with a 99.7% identity. Conclusion: To our knowledge, based on the microscopic and molecular analysis, this is the first report of C. neofalconis in F. cherrug, F. rusticolus, F. pelegrinoides, and F. peregrinus from the central region of the KSA and it emphasize the value of adopting preventive measures to limit the spread of C. neofalconis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faleh Alfaleh
- Department of Biology, College of Science Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al majmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Alyousif
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Elhaig
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Chou S, Tokiwa T, Hadano S, Izawa N, Ueda M, Kojima A, Ike K. Resurrection of the genus Eumonospora (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) for Caryospora species without Stieda body. Parasitol Int 2020; 77:102101. [PMID: 32147506 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The coccidian genus Eumonospora Allen, 1933 is re-established. Despite morphological features and host preference among species, coccidian with octasporozoic and monosporocystic oocysts are traditionally consider to belonging in the genus Caryospora Léger, 1904 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae). Recently, the genus Avispora Schuster et al., 2016 was proposed for above caryosporoids parasitizing birds based on combined morphological and phylogenetic analyses. However, diagnostic morphological characters of the genus Avispora, the absence of Stieda and substieda bodies, has already been mentioned in the description of the genus Eumonospora Allen, 1933 (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae), and thus Avispora is considered to be a junior synonym of Eumonospora. In this study, caryosporoid coccidians were detected from five owl species; Bubo scandiacus, Ptilopsis leucotis, Athene noctua, Strix nebulosa, and Pulsatrix perspicillata (Strigiformes: Strigidae) and identified as Avispora henryae (Yakimoff & Matikaschwaili, 1932) described from Bubo bubo (Strigiformes: Strigidae). Eumonospora henryae (Yakimoff & Matikaschwili, 1932) comb. nov. is redescribed for this species based not only on morphological features but also on phylogenetical analyses. The key of the genus Eumonospora and a list to the species known at present are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyun Chou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tokiwa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Hadano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
| | - Nobumoto Izawa
- Bird and Little Animal Clinic FALCONEST, Senjunakaicho, Adachi, Tokyo 120-0035, Japan
| | - Michihiro Ueda
- Takatsuki Bird Clinic, Kitazonomachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-0802, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kojima
- Little Animal and Bird Clinic LITTLE BIRD, Gotokuji, Setagaya, Tokyo 154-0021, Japan; Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Deseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
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Liu D, Brice B, Elliot A, Ryan U, Yang R. Molecular and morphological analysis of a Caryospora-like isolate (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the magpie-lark (Grallina cyanoleuca) (Latham, 1801) in Western Australia. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:611-621. [PMID: 31754855 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new Caryospora-like isolate is described from a magpie-lark (Grallina cyanoleuca) in Western Australia. Sporulated oocysts of the Caryospora-like isolate (n = 35) are subspherical with a shape index of 1.13 ((21.5 (19.7-23.6) × 19.0 (18.1-19.8) μm). The bilayered oocyst wall is smooth. Micropyle, polar granule and oocyst residuum are absent. The sporocyst is ellipsoidal, 18.9 (17.2-20.8) × 12.3 (11.9-12.8) μm, with a shape index (length/width) of 1.54. The sporocyst wall is bilayered. Stieda and substieda bodies are present, the Stieda body is small and flattened and the substieda is trapezoidal. Sporocyst with eight sporozoites arranged head to tail. The sporozoites are vermiform, 18.9 (17.2-20.8) × 12.3 (11.9-12.8) μm and have striations at the anterior end. Each sporozoite has both anterior and posterior refractile bodies. A sporocyst residuum is present. Molecular characterization of the isolated Caryospora-like oocysts was conducted at the 18S ribosomal RNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) loci. At the 18S rRNA locus, the Caryospora-like isolate exhibited 88.8% to 96.5% similarity with other Caryospora spp. from different hosts. At the COI locus, it showed 91.5% similarity to Caryospora cf. bigenetica JB-2013 (KF859856) from the rattlesnake, Sistrurus catenatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Belinda Brice
- Kanyana Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, 120 Gilchrist Road, Lesmurdie, Kalamunda, Western Australia, 6076, Australia
| | - Aileen Elliot
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Rongchang Yang
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
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Mateuta VDS, Samour JH. Prevalence of Caryospora Species (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in Falcons in the United Arab Emirates. J Avian Med Surg 2019; 31:327-334. [PMID: 29327954 DOI: 10.1647/2016-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 3975 fecal samples, originated from the same number of individual birds, from 7 dedicated falcon hospitals, were examined to determine the prevalence of Caryospora species in the falcon population used in the sport of falconry in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). From that total, 297 (7.5%) were positive for the presence of Caryospora species. The falcons were all captive bred within the UAE and abroad, mainly from Germany, Spain, the United States, and Canada. Positive samples for the presence of Caryospora species were sporulated, and the taxonomy was established based on morphologic characteristics. The results showed the prevalence of the following Caryospora species: C kutzeri 41.4%, C neofalconis 25.6%, C megafalconis 18.2%, C falconis 10.4%, C cherrughi 3.7%, and C boeri 0.7%. The prevalence of Caryospora species among the various falcon species in this study was: gyr × peregrine hybrid falcons ( Falco rusticolus × Falco peregrinus), 27.3%; gyr falcons ( Falco rusticolus), 25.6%; peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus), 20.5%; saker falcons ( Falco cherrug), 16.5%; gyr × saker hybrid falcons ( Falco rusticolus × Falco cherrug), 8.1%; Eurasian kestrels ( Falco tinnunculus), 1%; red-napped shaheen ( Falco pelegrinoides babylonicus), 0.7%; and American kestrels ( Falco sparverius), 0.3%.
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7
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Cardozo SV, Berto BP, Caetano I, Maniero VC, Fonseca IPD, Lopes CWG. Caryospora peneireiroi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in the common kestrel, Falco tinnunculus (Falconiformes: Falconidae), in mainland Portugal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:202-6. [PMID: 27334821 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The common kestrel Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758, is a widespread raptor, native in Europe, Asia and Africa, and vagrant in the Americas. In the current work, 27 fecal samples were collected from common kestrels kept in the Lisbon Center for Wild Animal Recovery, located at Monsanto Forest Park, Lisbon, Portugal. Five (19%) of them were found to be passing an undescribed species of Caryospora in their feces. The oocysts of Caryospora peneireiroi n. sp. were ellipsoidal with a bilayered wall and measured 47.1 × 37.6 µm with a shape index of 1.25. No micropyle, oocyst residuum or polar granule was present. The sporocysts were subspherical, measuring 25.1 × 24.3 µm. Stieda, sub-Stieda and para-Stieda bodies were absent. The sporocyst residuum was composed of many homogenous globules scattered throughout the periphery of the sporocyst. This is the fourth caryosporan species reported from F. tinnunculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergian Vianna Cardozo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade do Grande Rio, Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias RJ , Brasil, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade do Grande Rio - UNIGRANRIO, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação em Agropecuária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica RJ , Brasil, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação em Agropecuária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Bruno Pereira Berto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica RJ , Brasil, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Inês Caetano
- Centro de Recuperação de Animais Silvestres de Lisboa, Parque Florestal de Monsanto, Parque Florestal de Monsanto, Lisboa , Portugal, Centro de Recuperação de Animais Silvestres de Lisboa, Parque Florestal de Monsanto, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Viviane Camara Maniero
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade do Grande Rio, Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias RJ , Brasil, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade do Grande Rio - UNIGRANRIO, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa , Portugal, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Wilson Gomes Lopes
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica RJ , Brasil, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
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Santana-Sánchez G, Flores-Valle IT, González-Gómez M, Vega-Sánchez V, Salgado-Miranda C, Soriano-Vargas E. Caryospora neofalconis and other enteroparasites in raptors from Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 4:351-5. [PMID: 26543806 PMCID: PMC4589831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A coprological survey of enteroparasites in raptors (60 Falconiformes) from Central Mexico is reported. Three samples contained coccidian unsporulated oocysts, one contained Eimeria sp., one contained trematode eggs and one contained capillarid and trematode eggs and Eimeria sp. After sporulation at the laboratory, oocysts from a Falco peregrinus were identified as Caryospora neofalconis. The phylogenetic analysis of the C. neofalconis (GenBank accession number KT037081) showed a close relationship to the Australian strain RY 2014 isolate 16710 (GenBank accession number KJ634019) of Caryosporadaceloe, with 99.2% similarity. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of C. neofalconis in raptors from Mexico and the Americas. Coprological survey of enteroparasites present in 60 Falconiformes from Central Mexico. Caryospora neofalconis identified in one Falco peregrinus. First record of C. neofalconis from raptors from Mexico and the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Santana-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco km 15.5, Toluca 50200, México, Mexico
| | - I T Flores-Valle
- Universidad Politécnica del Valle de Toluca, Toluca 50904, México, Mexico
| | - M González-Gómez
- Universidad Politécnica del Valle de Toluca, Toluca 50904, México, Mexico
| | - V Vega-Sánchez
- Universidad Politécnica del Valle de Toluca, Toluca 50904, México, Mexico
| | - C Salgado-Miranda
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco km 15.5, Toluca 50200, México, Mexico
| | - E Soriano-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco km 15.5, Toluca 50200, México, Mexico
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Berto BP, McIntosh D, Lopes CWG. Studies on coccidian oocysts (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidiorida). REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:1-15. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The oocysts of the coccidia are robust structures, frequently isolated from the feces or urine of their hosts, which provide resistance to mechanical damage and allow the parasites to survive and remain infective for prolonged periods. The diagnosis of coccidiosis, species description and systematics, are all dependent upon characterization of the oocyst. Therefore, this review aimed to the provide a critical overview of the methodologies, advantages and limitations of the currently available morphological, morphometrical and molecular biology based approaches that may be utilized for characterization of these important structures. It has become apparent that no single methodology is sufficient to fully characterize these structures and the majority of researchers favor the use of combinational or polyphasic approaches.
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