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Adeyemi OS, Ishii K, Kato K. L-tryptophan-titanium oxide nanoparticles showed selective anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity and improved host biocompatibility. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114597. [PMID: 36989712 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, the etiological agent of toxoplasmosis, currently affects nearly one-third of the human population. Treatment options for toxoplasmosis are limited, which underscores the need for new drugs. In the present study, we screened nanoparticles (NPs) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and molybdenum (Mo) for their potential to inhibit the growth of T. gondii in vitro. NPs of TiO2 and Mo showed non-dose-dependent anti-T. gondii activity with EC50 values of 157.6 and 253 µg/mL, respectively. Previously, we showed that amino acid modification of NPs enhances their selective anti-parasite toxicity. Therefore, to enhance the selective anti-parasitic action of TiO2, we modified the NP surface using alanine, aspartate, arginine, cysteine, glutamate, tryptophan, tyrosine, and bovine serum albumin. The bio-modified TiO2 showed anti-parasite activity with EC50 values ranging from 45.7 to 286.4 µg/mL. At effective anti-parasite concentrations, modified-TiO2 showed no appreciable host cytotoxicity. Of the eight bio-modified TiO2, tryptophan-TiO2 showed the most promising anti-T. gondii specificity and improved host biocompatibility with a selectivity index (SI) of 49.1 versus 7.5 for TiO2 (note, pyrimethamine, a standard drug for toxoplasmosis, has an SI of 2.3). Furthermore, our data indicate that redox modulation may be part of the anti-parasite action of these NPs. Indeed, augmentation with trolox and l-tryptophan reversed the growth restriction caused by the tryptophan-TiO2 NPs. Collectively, these findings suggest that the parasite toxicity was selective and not a result of general cytotoxic action. Furthermore, surface modification with amino acids such as l-tryptophan not only enhanced the anti-parasitic action of TiO2 but also improved the host biocompatibility. Overall, our findings indicate that the nutritional requirements of T. gondii represent a viable target for the development of new and effective anti-T. gondii agents.
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Adeyemi OS, Ishii K, Kato K. The In Vitro Anti-Parasitic Activities of Emodin toward Toxoplasma gondii. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030447. [PMID: 36986545 PMCID: PMC10053859 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, toxoplasmosis affects nearly one-third of the world’s population, but the available treatments have several limitations. This factor underscores the search for better therapy for toxoplasmosis. Therefore, in the current investigation, we investigated the potential of emodin as a new anti-Toxoplasma gondii while exploring its anti-parasitic mechanism of action. We explored the mechanisms of action of emodin in the presence and absence of an in vitro model of experimental toxoplasmosis. Emodin showed strong anti-T. gondii action with an EC50 value of 0.03 µg/mL; at this same effective anti-parasite concentration, emodin showed no appreciable host cytotoxicity. Likewise, emodin showed a promising anti-T. gondii specificity with a selectivity index (SI) of 276. Pyrimethamine, a standard drug for toxoplasmosis, had an SI of 2.3. The results collectively imply that parasite damage was selective rather than as a result of a broad cytotoxic effect. Furthermore, our data confirm that emodin-induced parasite growth suppression stems from parasite targets and not host targets, and indicate that the anti-parasite action of emodin precludes oxidative stress and ROS production. Emodin likely mediates parasite growth suppression through means other than oxidative stress, ROS production, or mitochondrial toxicity. Collectively, our findings support the potential of emodin as a promising and novel anti-parasitic agent that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki 989-6711, Miyagi, Japan
- Medicinal Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Kosei Ishii
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki 989-6711, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki 989-6711, Miyagi, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-229-84-7391
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Besednova NN, Zaporozhets TS, Andryukov BG, Kryzhanovsky SP, Ermakova SP, Kuznetsova TA, Voronova AN, Shchelkanov MY. Antiparasitic Effects of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Hydrobionts. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:637. [PMID: 34822508 PMCID: PMC8624348 DOI: 10.3390/md19110637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents materials characterizing sulfated polysaccharides (SPS) of marine hydrobionts (algae and invertebrates) as potential means for the prevention and treatment of protozoa and helminthiasis. The authors have summarized the literature on the pathogenetic targets of protozoa on the host cells and on the antiparasitic potential of polysaccharides from red, brown and green algae as well as certain marine invertebrates. Information about the mechanisms of action of these unique compounds in diseases caused by protozoa has also been summarized. SPS is distinguished by high antiparasitic activity, good solubility and an almost complete absence of toxicity. In the long term, this allows for the consideration of these compounds as effective and attractive candidates on which to base drugs, biologically active food additives and functional food products with antiparasitic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya N. Besednova
- G.P. Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (T.S.Z.); (B.G.A.); (T.A.K.); (A.N.V.); (M.Y.S.)
| | - Tatyana S. Zaporozhets
- G.P. Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (T.S.Z.); (B.G.A.); (T.A.K.); (A.N.V.); (M.Y.S.)
| | - Boris G. Andryukov
- G.P. Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (T.S.Z.); (B.G.A.); (T.A.K.); (A.N.V.); (M.Y.S.)
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sergey P. Kryzhanovsky
- Medical Association of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Svetlana P. Ermakova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Tatyana A. Kuznetsova
- G.P. Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (T.S.Z.); (B.G.A.); (T.A.K.); (A.N.V.); (M.Y.S.)
| | - Anastasia N. Voronova
- G.P. Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (T.S.Z.); (B.G.A.); (T.A.K.); (A.N.V.); (M.Y.S.)
| | - Mikhail Y. Shchelkanov
- G.P. Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (T.S.Z.); (B.G.A.); (T.A.K.); (A.N.V.); (M.Y.S.)
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
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Screening of compound libraries for inhibitors of Toxoplasma growth and invasion. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1675-1681. [PMID: 32236711 PMCID: PMC7223663 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii can infect virtually all warm-blooded animals, including humans. It can differentiate between rapidly replicating tachyzoites that cause acute infection and slowly growing bradyzoites in tissue cysts. Treatment options for toxoplasmosis are challenging because current therapies cannot eradicate the latent T. gondii infection that is mainly caused by the bradyzoite forms. Accordingly, recurrence of infection is a problem for immunocompromised patients and congenitally infected patients. Protein kinases have been widely studied in eukaryotic cells, and while little is known about signaling in Toxoplasma infection, it is likely that protein kinases play a key role in parasite proliferation, differentiation, and probably invasion. To identify optimized new kinase inhibitors for drug development against T. gondii, we screened a library of kinase inhibitor compounds for anti-Toxoplasma activity and host cell cytotoxicity. Pyrimethamine served as a positive control and 0.5% DMSO was used as a negative control. Among the 80 compounds screened, 6 compounds demonstrated ≥ 80% parasite growth inhibition at concentrations at which 5 compounds did not suppress host cell viability, while 3 kinase inhibitors (Bay 11-7082, Tyrphostin AG 1295 and PD-98059) had suppressive effects individually on parasite growth and host cell invasion, but did not strongly induce bradyzoite formation.
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Saito H, Murata Y, Nonaka M, Kato K. Screening of a library of traditional Chinese medicines to identify compounds and extracts which inhibit Toxoplasma gondii growth. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:184-187. [PMID: 31904004 PMCID: PMC7041978 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii can cause severe encephalitis in immunocompromised
patients. Although pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine have been standard therapeutic agents
for the treatment of acute toxoplasmosis, they have toxic side effects. Therefore, there
is a need to identify new drugs that are less toxic. Some traditional Chinese medicines
(TCMs) have shown good efficacy in controlling T. gondii replication in
mouse models. Here, we screened a natural product library comprising TCMs with the aim of
identifying compounds and extracts with anti-toxoplasmosis activities. We found several
hit compounds and extracts that could be candidates for new drugs against T.
gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harunobu Saito
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yuho Murata
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nonaka
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.,Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan
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Atolani O, Areh ET, Oguntoye OS, Zubair MF, Fabiyi OA, Oyegoke RA, Tarigha DE, Adamu N, Adeyemi OS, Kambizi L, Olatunji GA. Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-lipooxygenase, antimicrobial, anti-parasite and cytotoxic activities of Polyalthia longifolia seed oil. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Therapeutic strategies to target microbial protein-glycosaminoglycan interactions. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1505-1515. [PMID: 30381333 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are involved in a plethora of human pathologies including infectious diseases. Especially, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), like heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, have been found to be involved in different crucial stages of microbial invasion. Here, we review various therapeutic approaches, which target the interface of host GAGs and microbial proteins and discuss their limitations and challenges for drug development.
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Adeyemi OS, Molefe NI, Awakan OJ, Nwonuma CO, Alejolowo OO, Olaolu T, Maimako RF, Suganuma K, Han Y, Kato K. Metal nanoparticles restrict the growth of protozoan parasites. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S86-S94. [PMID: 30033773 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1489267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The Trypanosoma and Toxoplasma spp, are etiological agents of diseases capable of causing significant morbidity, mortality and economic burden, predominantly in developing countries. Currently, there are no effective vaccines for the diseases caused by these parasites; therefore, therapy relies heavily on antiprotozoal drugs. However, the treatment options for these parasitic diseases are limited, thus underscoring the need for new anti-protozoal agents. Here, we investigated the anti-parasite action of nanoparticles. We found that the nanoparticles have strong and selective in vitro activity against T. b. brucei but moderate in vitro activity against T. congolense and T. evansi. An estimation of the in vitro anti-Trypanosoma efficacy showed that the nanoparticles had ≥200-fold selective activity against the parasite versus mammalian cells. Moreover, the nanoparticle alloys moderately suppressed the in vitro growth of T. gondii by ≥60%. In our in vivo study, the nanoparticles appeared to exhibit a trypanostatic effect, but did not totally suppress the rat parasite burden, thereby failing to appreciably extend the survival time of infected animals compared with the untreated control. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate the selective in vitro anti-Trypanosoma action of nanoparticles and thus supports the potential of nanoparticles as alternative anti-parasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- a Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences , Landmark University , Omu-Aran , Nigeria
| | - Nthatisi Innocentia Molefe
- b National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Obihiro , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Oluwakemi Josephine Awakan
- a Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences , Landmark University , Omu-Aran , Nigeria
| | - Charles Obiora Nwonuma
- a Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences , Landmark University , Omu-Aran , Nigeria
| | - Omokolade Oluwaseyi Alejolowo
- a Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences , Landmark University , Omu-Aran , Nigeria
| | - Tomilola Olaolu
- a Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences , Landmark University , Omu-Aran , Nigeria
| | - Rotdelmwa Filibus Maimako
- a Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences , Landmark University , Omu-Aran , Nigeria
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- b National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Obihiro , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Yongmei Han
- b National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Obihiro , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- b National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Obihiro , Hokkaido , Japan
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Screening of chemical compound libraries identified new anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:355-363. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Adeyemi OS, Murata Y, Sugi T, Han Y, Kato K. Modulation of host HIF-1α activity and the tryptophan pathway contributes to the anti- Toxoplasma gondii potential of nanoparticles. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 11:84-92. [PMID: 28955772 PMCID: PMC5614707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasmosis constitutes a large global burden that is further exacerbated by the shortcomings of available therapeutic options, thus underscoring the urgent need for better anti-Toxoplasma gondii therapy or strategies. Recently, we showed that the anti-parasitic action of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) could, in part, be due to changes in redox status as well as in the parasite mitochondrial membrane potential. Methods In the present study, we explored the in vitro mode of action of the anti-T. gondii effect of NPs by evaluating the contributions of host cellular processes, including the tryptophan pathway and hypoxia-inducing factor activity. NPs, at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 200 µg/ml were screened for anti-parasitic activity. Sulfadiazine and/or pyrimethamine served as positive controls. Results We found that interplay among multiple host cellular processes, including HIF-1α activity, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity, and to a larger extent the tryptophan pathway, contribute to the anti-parasitic action of NPs. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an effect of NPs on the tryptophan and/or kynurenine pathway. General significance Our findings deepen our understanding of the mechanism of action of NPs and suggest that modulation of the host nutrient pool may represent a viable approach to the development of new and effective anti-parasitic agents. L-tryptophan relieved parasite growth restriction by nanoparticles. Nanoparticles modulate host HIF-1α and IDO activity while mildly activating kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.,Medicinal Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1004, Ipetu Road, Omu-Aran 370102, Nigeria
| | - Yuho Murata
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Sugi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yongmei Han
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Identification of compounds that suppress Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and bradyzoites. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178203. [PMID: 28609444 PMCID: PMC5469451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug treatment for toxoplasmosis is problematic, because current drugs cannot eradicate latent infection with Toxoplasma gondii and can cause bone marrow toxicity. Because latent infection remains after treatment, relapse of infection is a problem in both infections in immunocompromised patients and in congenitally infected patients. To identify lead compounds for novel drugs against Toxoplasma gondii, we screened a chemical compound library for anti-Toxoplasma activity, host cell cytotoxicity, and effect on bradyzoites. Of 878 compounds screened, 83 demonstrated >90% parasite growth inhibition. After excluding compounds that affected host cell viability, we further characterized two compounds, tanshinone IIA and hydroxyzine, which had IC50 values for parasite growth of 2.5 μM and 1.0 μM, respectively, and had no effect on host cell viability at 25 μM. Both tanshinone IIA and hydroxyzine inhibited parasite replication after invasion and both reduced the number of in vitro-induced bradyzoites, whereas, pyrimethamine, the current therapy, had no effect on bradyzoites. Both tanshinone IIA and hydroxyzine are potent lead compounds for further medicinal chemistry. The method presented for evaluating compounds for bradyzoite efficacy represents a new approach to the development of anti-Toxoplasma drugs to eliminate latency and treat acute infection.
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Adeyemi OS, Murata Y, Sugi T, Kato K. Inorganic nanoparticles kill Toxoplasma gondii via changes in redox status and mitochondrial membrane potential. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:1647-1661. [PMID: 28280332 PMCID: PMC5339004 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s122178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the anti-Toxoplasma gondii potential of gold, silver, and platinum nanoparticles (NPs). Inorganic NPs (0.01–1,000 µg/mL) were screened for antiparasitic activity. The NPs caused >90% inhibition of T. gondii growth with EC50 values of ≤7, ≤1, and ≤100 µg/mL for gold, silver, and platinum NPs, respectively. The NPs showed no host cell cytotoxicity at the effective anti-T. gondii concentrations; the estimated selectivity index revealed a ≥20-fold activity toward the parasite versus the host cell. The anti-T. gondii activity of the NPs, which may be linked to redox signaling, affected the parasite mitochondrial membrane potential and parasite invasion, replication, recovery, and infectivity potential. Our results demonstrated the antiparasitic potential of NPs. The findings support the further exploration of NPs as a possible source of alternative and effective anti-T. gondii agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan; Medicinal Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | - Yuho Murata
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Sugi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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13
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Human toxoplasmosis–Searching for novel chemotherapeutics. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:677-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Kato K, Murata Y, Horiuchi N, Inomata A, Terkawi MA, Ishiwa A, Ogawa Y, Fukumoto S, Matsuhisa F, Koyama K. Dextran sulfate inhibits acute Toxoplama gondii infection in pigs. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:134. [PMID: 26956033 PMCID: PMC4784389 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii is a highly prevalent protozoan that can infect all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Its definitive hosts are Felidae and its intermediate hosts include various other mammals and birds, including pigs. It is found in the meat of livestock which is a major source of human infection. Hence the control of toxoplasmosis in pigs is important for public health. We previously showed that dextran sulfate (DS), especially DS10 (dextran sulfate MW 10 kDa), is effective against T. gondii infection both in vitro and in mice. In this study, we asked whether DS affects T. gondii infection of pigs, one of the main animal sources of toxoplasmosis transmission to humans. Methods Fourteen-day-old male pigs (n = 10) were infected with T. gondii and then immediately treated with different doses of DS10; clinical, pathological, and immunological analyses were performed 5 days post-infection. Results DS10 had an inhibitory effect on toxoplasmosis in pigs. Intravenous injection of DS10 prevented the symptoms of toxoplasmosis and reduced the parasite burden and inflammation induced by T. gondii infection. High-dose DS10 (500 μg per head) caused reversible hepatocellular degeneration of the liver; middle-dose DS10 (50 μg per head) was effective against toxoplasmosis in pigs without causing this side effect. Conclusions Our data suggest that middle-dose DS10 led to minimal clinical symptoms of T. gondii infection and caused little hepatocellular degeneration in our pig model, thereby demonstrating its potential as a new treatment for toxoplasmosis. These data should be very beneficial to those interested in the control of toxoplasmosis in pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1421-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Yuho Murata
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Horiuchi
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Inomata
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Mohamad Alaa Terkawi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Akiko Ishiwa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Yohsuke Ogawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Fumikazu Matsuhisa
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Kenji Koyama
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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15
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Inomata A, Murakoshi F, Ishiwa A, Takano R, Takemae H, Sugi T, Cagayat Recuenco F, Horimoto T, Kato K. Heparin interacts with elongation factor 1α of Cryptosporidium parvum and inhibits invasion. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11599. [PMID: 26129968 PMCID: PMC4486996 DOI: 10.1038/srep11599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an apicomplexan parasite that can cause serious watery diarrhea, cryptosporidiosis, in human and other mammals. C. parvum invades gastrointestinal epithelial cells, which have abundant glycosaminoglycans on their cell surface. However, little is known about the interaction between C. parvum and glycosaminoglycans. In this study, we assessed the inhibitory effect of sulfated polysaccharides on C. parvum invasion of host cells and identified the parasite ligands that interact with sulfated polysaccharides. Among five sulfated polysaccharides tested, heparin had the highest, dose-dependent inhibitory effect on parasite invasion. Heparan sulfate-deficient cells were less susceptible to C. parvum infection. We further identified 31 parasite proteins that potentially interact with heparin. Of these, we confirmed that C. parvum elongation factor 1α (CpEF1α), which plays a role in C. parvum invasion, binds to heparin and to the surface of HCT-8 cells. Our results further our understanding of the molecular basis of C. parvum infection and will facilitate the development of anti-cryptosporidial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Inomata
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fumi Murakoshi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishiwa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ryo Takano
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takemae
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Sugi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Frances Cagayat Recuenco
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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16
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Kato K, Ishiwa A. The role of carbohydrates in infection strategies of enteric pathogens. Trop Med Health 2014; 43:41-52. [PMID: 25859152 PMCID: PMC4361345 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2014-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens cause considerable public health concerns worldwide including tropical regions. Here, we review the roles of carbohydrates in the infection strategies of various enteric pathogens including viruses, bacteria and protozoa, which infect the epithelial lining of the human and animal intestine. At host cell entry, enteric viruses, including norovirus, recognize mainly histo-blood group antigens. At the initial step of bacterial infections, carbohydrates also function as receptors for attachment. Here, we describe the function of carbohydrates in infection by Salmonella enterica and several bacterial species that produce a variety of fimbrial adhesions. During invasion by enteropathogenic protozoa, apicomplexan parasites utilize sialic acids or sulfated glycans. Carbohydrates serve as receptors for infection by these microbes; however, their usage of carbohydrates varies depending on the microbe. On the surface of the mucosal tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, various carbohydrate moieties are present and play a crucial role in infection, representing the site of infection or route of access for most microbes. During the infection and/or invasion process of the microbes, carbohydrates function as receptors for various microbes, but they can also function as a barrier to infection. One approach to develop effective prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial agents is to modify the drug structure. Another approach is to modify the mode of inhibition of infection depending on the individual pathogen by using and mimicking the interactions with carbohydrates. In addition, similarities in mode of infection may also be utilized. Our findings will be useful in the development of new drugs for the treatment of enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan ; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishiwa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan ; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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