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Bauer J, Kaske M, Oehm A, Schnyder M. A pilot study for the isolation of Eimeria spp. oocysts from environmental straw samples in comparison with individual faecal examination of fattening calves. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07876-6. [PMID: 37256315 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of eimeriosis in calves mainly relies on the presence of diarrhoea and the excretion of Eimeria oocysts in the faeces. Restraining the animals to collect rectal samples for diagnostic purposes is stressful and time-consuming. The aim of this study was to evaluate a method for the quantification of oocysts in environmental barn straw samples. To investigate the recovery rate of the method, straw and Eimeria negative faeces were spiked with Eimeria oocysts in plastic bags and mixed with water and 0.05% Tween 20 (v/v); the liquids were filtered twice through sieves (mesh size 300 and 52 μm), centrifuged and the number of oocysts in the sediment determined using a McMaster counting chamber. A recovery rate of 52.4% (95% confidence interval: 48.2-56.5%) was obtained. In the following, field straw (n = 156) and individual faecal samples (n = 195, also analysed by McMaster counting chambers) were collected on four different farms. Eimeria oocysts were present on all farms in faecal (84/195, 43.1%) and straw samples (119/156, 76.3%). In 37 (23.7%) straw samples, sporulated oocysts were observed, with a sporulation rate ranging from 0 to 40%. Despite high variability between farms and examination days, mean numbers of oocysts in the straw positively correlated with mean numbers of oocysts excreted in the faeces (ρSpearman = 0.60). The examination of environmental straw samples may represent an easy-to-perform, non-invasive, inexpensive preliminary diagnostic approach for surveillance of eimeriosis at group level, having the potential to assess the infection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bauer
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266 A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kaske
- Swiss Calf Health Service, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Oehm
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266 A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Schnyder
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266 A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hastutiek P, Lastuti NDR, Suwanti LT, Sunarso A, Kurniawati DA, Yudhana A. Occurrence and biodiversity of Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in Madura cattle reared on Kamal Subdistrict, Madura Island, Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:2084-2088. [PMID: 36313831 PMCID: PMC9615507 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2084-2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: In Indonesia, Madura cattle are native breeds that are expected to contribute to the improvement of regional meat self-sufficiency. Eimeria spp. are protozoans that are commonly found in ruminants. This study aimed to identify the occurrence and diversity of Eimeria spp. in Madura cattle. Materials and Methods: In this study, fresh fecal samples were collected from 100 cattle in Kamal Subdistrict, Bangkalan District, Madura Island, Indonesia. Morphological detection was performed using a light microscope, and molecular identification was performed using a polymerase chain reaction. DNA amplification was conducted using various species-specific primers for Eimeria bovis, Eimeria zuernii, Eimeria auburnensis, Eimeria alabamensis, Eimeria ellipsoidalis, and Eimeria cylindrica. Results: The results obtained 21% (21/100) of Eimeria spp. based on morphological detection. A total of 15 positive samples with 500–25,000/mL oocysts were selected for DNA extraction and amplification, resulting in 12 positive samples. Four Eimeria spp. were obtained based on molecular identification: E. bovis, E. zuernii, E. auburnensis, and E. cylindrica. Conclusion: Four species of Eimeria namely E. bovis, E. zuernii, E. auburnensis, and E. cylindrica were identified from fecal sample of Madura cattle using PCR method in this study. Further comprehensive studies are required to investigate the pathogenicity of Eimeria spp. in Madura cattle. Therefore, improved and integrated management practices should be strengthened by local governments to prevent pathogenic diseases and increase national livestock productivity in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poedji Hastutiek
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nunuk Dyah Retno Lastuti
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Lucia Tri Suwanti
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Agus Sunarso
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Ayu Kurniawati
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Sciences, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture Republic Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Aditya Yudhana
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi, Indonesia
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Andreopoulou M, Chaligiannis I, Sotiraki S, Daugschies A, Bangoura B. Prevalence and molecular detection of Eimeria species in different types of poultry in Greece and associated risk factors. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2051-2063. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ekawasti F, Nurcahyo RW, Nashrulloh MF, Priyowidodo D, Prastowo J. Development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction technique for detection and discrimination of Eimeria spp. in cattle in Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:975-980. [PMID: 35698511 PMCID: PMC9178595 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.975-980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Bovine eimeriosis is a disease caused by apicomplexan parasites of the genus Eimeria. It is one of the most important and widespread bovine illnesses in the world. Some of the identified species of bovine eimeriosis have morphologically similar oocysts that are difficult to differentiate. For the identification of particular Eimeria spp., diagnostic laboratories are increasingly turning to DNA-based technology. This study aims to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) technique based on the internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) gene for the simultaneous identification of pathogenic Eimeria spp. in cattle from Sulawesi Island, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted by the DNAzol reagent from the purified Eimeria oocysts. Species-specific primers targeting the ITS-1 region were used to amplify the distinct Eimeria spp.
Results: Using PCR ITS-1, this study showed that 36 of 120 fecal samples (30%) were infected by Eimeria spp. The multiplex PCR assay allowed for the simultaneous identification of six major Eimeria spp. in a single-tube reaction. The proportion of mixed Eimeria spp. infections was 100% (36/36). The maximum number of Eimeria spp. was five, and the minimum number was two.
Conclusion: Identification of six pathogenic Eimeria spp. in cattle was successfully carried out by nested multiplex PCR using ITS-1 gene. In the future, a procedure to detect pathogenic Eimeria spp. in one tube reaction will offer economical and save diagnostic time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitrine Ekawasti
- Indonesia Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, 16114, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Mukh Fajar Nashrulloh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Applied Zoology Research Center, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Priyowidodo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Joko Prastowo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Hastutiek P, Lastuti NDR, Suwanti LT, Sunarso A, Suprihati E, Kurniawati DA, Matsubayashi M. Coproparasitological examinations and molecular determination of Eimeria species in Madura cattle reared on Madura Island, Indonesia. Parasitol Int 2021; 86:102478. [PMID: 34626806 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Madura cattle, which are native to Indonesia and mainly kept on Madura Island, East Java, are expected to contribute to improving the regional meat self-sufficiency. Eimeria spp. are the most pathogenic protozoans among gastrointestinal parasites in livestock but no molecular surveys of Eimeria spp. in Madura cattle have been conducted to date. In this study, a total of 183 fecal samples were collected from Madura cattle and 60 (32.8%) were positive for parasites of protozoans and nematodes by the sugar floatation method. Among the samples with parasites, Eimeria spp. oocysts were detected in 50 samples (27.3%) with an average OPG value of 1686.1. Eimeria spp. were successfully identified to the species level in 26 samples with Eimeria bovis being the most prevalent, followed by E. zuernii and E. aubrunensis. A total of 21 samples showed mixed infection of more than two species of Eimeria. E. bovis and E. zuernii have been recognized as having high virulency and, thus, these parasites are potential sources of severe coccidiosis and the cause of infections in other cattle. Although additional studies are warranted, these results can be helpful for improving the management and productivity of Madura cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poedji Hastutiek
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nunuk Dyah Retno Lastuti
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Lucia Tri Suwanti
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Agus Sunarso
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Endang Suprihati
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Ayu Kurniawati
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.
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Cruvinel LB, Ferreira LL, Nicaretta JE, Couto LFM, Zapa DMB, de Assis Cavalcante AS, Heller LM, de Melo Junior RD, de Aquino Gontijo LM, Suzuki K, Soares VE, Lopes WDZ. Eimeria spp. in naturally infected beef cattle: Dynamics of oocysts excretion, prevalence, and comparison between parasitological diagnostics. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105447. [PMID: 34333412 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria spp. infections cause mortality, reduced well-being, and substantial economic losses implications for cattle production worldwide. The present work followed up the excretion of Eimeria spp. oocysts in two naturally infected beef herds, from two different properties, to investigate the dynamics of oocyst excretion and the prevalence of Eimeria spp. in different animal categories and seasons of the year (rainy season - October to April; dry season - May to September). Even that, the species of Eimeria were identified and the parasitological techniques of Gordon and Whitlock modified and Mini-FLOTAC were used. In both herds, animals up to 14 months had a mean total OPG counts higher than older animals (after 15-16 months of age), and the species E. zuernii and E. bovis were more frequently identified, the first species being more frequent in animals from 1 to 2 months of age, while E. bovis prevailed from three months old. On property 1, the highest mean OPG counts (P ≤ 0.05) were obtained between October 2017 and September 2018, with the highest mean OPG counts in October 2017, when the animals were aged between 4-5 months. The prevalence of the pathogen on property 1 was 59.16 % and 43.62 % in the rainy and dry season, respectively, a higher parasitic load (P ≤ 0.05) was verified in the rainy season. On property 2, the mean OPG counts of Eimeria spp. was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in animals between 8-16 months, with the highest peak in November 2019, when they were one year old. The on-site prevalence during the rainy season on property 2 was 53.09 % and 49.79 % on dry season, and no difference (P = 0.92) in the mean OPG counts of Eimeria spp. during the seasons. There was a difference (P ≤ 0.05) in the count of oocysts in females after 18 months of age than males, which was probably due to the increase in animal density. Both tested techniques can be used for quantification of the excretion of oocysts of Eimeria spp. in cattle feces showing the same OPG mean count (r = 0.9287; p = 0.0025; R² = 0.8625). Mini-FLOTAC showed higher prevalence for Eimeria spp., however, can be an obstacle depending on the number of fecal samples that need to be processed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karina Suzuki
- Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Morgoglione ME, Bosco A, Maurelli MP, Alves LC, Saralli G, Bruni G, Cringoli G, Rinaldi L. A 10-Year Surveillance of Eimeria spp. in Cattle and Buffaloes in a Mediterranean Area. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:410. [PMID: 32851006 PMCID: PMC7417623 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis due to Eimeria spp. are widespread parasitic infections in cattle and water buffaloes and may impair health, welfare, and production of these livestock species. The aims of this study were (i) to investigate the prevalence and seasonal dynamics of eimeriosis and (ii) to characterize the Eimeria species in large ruminants in a Mediterranean area, in order to plan effective control strategies. Parasitological data were obtained from a 10-year surveillance program (2010–2019) on 3,631 farms (2,089 buffalo and 1,542 cattle farms) sampled in central and southern Italy. Pooled fecal samples were analyzed using the FLOTAC technique with an analytic sensitivity of 2 oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) utilizing a saturated sodium chloride flotation solution (specific gravity = 1.200). Eimeria species identification was performed by morphometric analysis after a one week incubation of oocysts in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. The results showed high prevalence of Eimeria (up to 100%) in both cattle and buffaloes in the 10 years of surveillance, even if a slight reduction was reported in the last three years. The overall prevalence of eimeriosis was 91.7% (95% confidence interval, 95% CI = 90.2–93.1) in cattle farms and 81.5% (95% CI = 79.8–83.1) in water buffalo farms. The mean OPG value was 66.8 (min = 2; max = 8,065) in cattle and 55.9 (min = 2; max = 15,415) in water buffaloes, but this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In total, nine species of Eimeria were found in cattle the most prevalent being Eimeria bovis, E. ellipsoidalis, E. cylindrica, and E. zuernii, whereas in water buffaloes eight species of Eimeria were found, the most prevalent being E. ellipsoidalis, E. auburnensis, E. bovis, and E. zuernii. Mixed infections were common in both ruminant species. The seasonal pattern showed a higher prevalence of eimeriosis in cattle in spring (86.9%) whereas in buffalo farms the prevalence was higher in winter (82.3%) and summer (82.4%). In conclusion, the 10-year surveillance program indicates that eimeriosis is common in cattle and water buffaloes and therefore continuous effective control strategies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Morgoglione
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Leucio Camara Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Giorgio Saralli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Bruni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Campania Region, Naples, Italy
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Molecular characterization of highly pathogenic Eimeria species among beef cattle on Java Island, Indonesia. Parasitol Int 2019; 72:101927. [PMID: 31108220 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasites including Eimeria spp. are known to affect domestic animal productivity causing watery or lethal bloody diarrhea. However, there are few reports on the detailed distribution of bovine Eimeria spp. in cattle, particularly in developing tropical and sub-tropical areas. Using a total of 289 fecal samples collected from beef cattle on Java Island, one of the five main islands of Indonesia, fecal examinations by the Whitlock and sugar flotation methods and molecular surveys were conducted to reveal the prevalence of 6 Eimeria spp. As a result of morphological screening using Whitlock methods and sugar flotation, Eimeria spp. prevalences of 9.4% and 52.3% were confirmed, respectively. The prevalence was higher in younger cattle [under 1 year (63.9%), 1-2 years (75.0%) and more than in 2 year old cattle (42.3%)]. The prevalences of identified species were as follows: 10.4% for E. bovis, 2.8% for E. ellipsoidalis, 2.1% for E. alabamensis, 1.4% for E. zuernii, 1.1% for E. auburnensis, and 0.4% for E. cylindrica. Moreover, prevalences of 12.8% for Strongyloides papillosus, 7.3% for Trichuris globulosa, and 0.3% for Capillaria bovis were detected. Although the average number of oocysts per gram of feces was <100 among the positive samples, and cases of heavy infection were limited, the endemicity of these pathogenic Eimeria species among farms in Indonesia should be noted.
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Lee SH, Kim HY, Lee H, Kim JW, Lee YR, Chae MJ, Oh SI, Kim JH, Rhee MH, Kwon OD, Goo YK, Kim TH, Geraldino PJL, Kwak D. Eimeria
species in cattle with diarrhoea in the Republic of Korea regarding age, season and nature of diarrhoea. Vet Rec 2018; 183:504. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro Hokkaido Japan
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency; Gimcheon Republic of Korea
| | - Haeseung Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wan Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency; Gimcheon Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ran Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency; Gimcheon Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Ju Chae
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency; Gimcheon Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Oh
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency; Gimcheon Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency; Gimcheon Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Kyoung Goo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine; School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Paul John L Geraldino
- Department of Biology; School of Arts and Sciences, University of San Carlos; Cebu Philippines
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
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